新的粗糙表面弹塑性接触模型

提出一种新型的粗糙表面弹塑性微观接触模型.该模型的建立基于接触力学理论和接触微凸体由弹性变形向弹塑性变形及最终向完全塑性变形的转化皆是连续和光滑的假设.研究单个微凸体在载荷逐渐增加时的变形规律,并重点推出弹塑性变形区间的接触方程.在此基础上应用概率统计理论导出了粗糙表面的接触载荷、平均分离和实际接触面积之间的数学关系式.在不同的塑性指数和载荷条件下,该模型与GW弹性模型和CEB弹塑性模型就实际接触面积和法向距离的预测结果进行了对比.结果表明,在同样塑性指数和载荷条件下比GW模型预测的实际接触面积大但法向距离小,且两者的差距随塑性指数和载荷的增加而增大.因此该模型的预测结果更加符合人们的试验观察和直觉,能够更加科学和合理地描述两个粗糙表面的微观和宏观接触状态.     

三维分形粗糙表面的修正接触模型

基于分形理论,建立了粗糙表面的接触行为预估模型,采用了包含弹性、弹塑性和塑性全状态的微凸体接触模型并将其扩展到粗糙表面接触问题,实现了对传统二维分形粗糙表面接触模型的修正,构建了三维分形接触模型。通过计算结果与实验数据的对比可知:修正后的三维分形接触模型(修正Y-K模型)的计算结果与实验测试值比较接近,而Y-K模型的计算结果则与实验值相差甚远,尤其是在载荷较大时。修正Y-K模型的结果虽然与实验值有一定差距,但相较Y-K模型已有了相当的改善,为分形接触计算提供了更为准确的理论方法。     

粗糙表面分形接触模型的研究进展

工程表面具有分形特征,利用分形参数对表面形貌进行表征不受仪器分辨率和取样长度的影响。2个粗糙表面之间的接触行为对摩擦、磨损、润滑、密封和传热等均有着重要的影响,因而一直是摩擦学研究的重要课题之一。基于表面的分形特性而建立的接触模型,可使表面接触的分析结果具有确定性和唯一性。介绍分形表面形貌的Weierstrass-Mandelbrot函数生成方法并给出利用MATLAB程序生成的分形曲线和曲面,分析和评述近二十年来分形接触模型中单个微凸体的接触行为、接触面积分布与真实接触面积、接触变形方式与接触载荷以及总的真实接触面积与接触载荷之间的关系等方面的研究情况,并简单列举分形接触模型在机械学科中的应用情况。指出结合分形理论对表面接触行为进行研究是接触理论发展的必然趋势,为摩擦学研究提供新的思路。     

平面磨削粗糙表面的微观接触模型

通过拟合实测平面磨削表面单个微凸体的轮廓数据,提出一种采用半周期余弦曲线回转体等效微凸体的方法。通过对实测表面轮廓的峰谷标记处理,获得了等效微凸体轮廓的尺寸参数。结合高斯分布,建立了能够更加准确表征平面磨削表面形貌特征的模拟表面。在模拟表面的基础上,基于接触力学理论与统计学理论,重新解算了微凸体在弹塑性变形区间的临界压入深度。推导出接触区域内接触参数与接触压力的解析关系,进而建立起一种针对平面磨削表面的微观接触模型。最后将实测平面磨削表面的统计参数作为接触模型数据仿真的初始值,将本文模型与CEB模型以及KE模型就平均距离和真实接触面积的预测结果进行了对比分析。结果显示,在相同接触压力的条件下,该模型相比CEB模型与KE模型所得到的平均距离与真实接触面积的预测值更大,并且三者之间的差值随着接触压力的增加而逐渐增大。结合不同微凸体轮廓假设对平面磨削表面微凸体轮廓数据的拟合结果来看,该模型对于平面磨削表面接触参数的预测结果更加准确且合理。     

考虑两粗糙面分形特性的接触模型

基于M-B分形接触模型,通过构建接触系数建立了考虑两粗糙面分形特征的接触模型。分析结果表明,修正模型能较好地与实验数据相吻合,并适用于更大的载荷,修正模型综合考虑两粗糙面的特性,其计算结果与实际接触情况更相符,为摩擦磨损预测、磨粒分析以及不同粗糙度表面的接触分析提供了参考。     

粗糙齿面啮合弹塑性接触分析

为研究粗糙齿面啮合过程中弹塑性接触行为,从粗糙曲面弹性接触算法出发,结合ZMC弹塑性接触模型,得到适于齿轮传动啮合计算的粗糙曲面弹塑性接触算法.同时,为减小粗糙齿面接触建模过程中采样间隔影响,利用微观形貌拟合方法作几何预处理,计算得到相对稳定的微凸体分布参数.针对实测粗糙齿面形貌,基于所提方法开展齿轮啮合过程弹塑性接触...     

螺栓结合面微观接触模型

针对螺栓结合面弹塑性区域内的接触机理难以确定问题,根据在变形状态转变的临界点处微凸体真实接触面积与接触载荷转化均满足连续和光滑条件,构造新的多项式函数来描述接触变形与接触面积之间的关系。利用统计学方法建立螺栓结合面真实接触面、接触载荷与接触刚度模型。理论计算结果表明:随着平均表面距离的减少,接触载荷、接触面积和接触刚度随之增加;接触面积和接触刚度,随着接触载荷的增加而增加,当接触载荷增加一定程度后接触刚度和接触面积值分别趋于理想接触刚度和名义接触面积值;当螺栓结合面处于弹性和弹塑性接触状态时,塑性指数越大,接触面积越大,而平均接触距离和接触刚度就越小,当处于完全塑性状态时,塑性指数越大,刚度和平均接触距离就越大,而真实接触面积影响较小。     

基于力磁效应的磨削粗糙表面接触性能的研究

根据微凸体的力磁效应,采用45#钢磨削粗糙表面轮廓数据,利用ANSYS建立了二维粗糙表面和周边空气的实体模型和二维有限元模型,分析了粗糙表面与刚性平面接触,在0～10 MPa法向载荷下的接触性质.并在接触分析的基础上结合力磁耦合模型,运用APDL语言进行静磁分析,获得一定的提离高度下,接触表面上方空气层的漏磁场分布.仿...     

基于分形理论的滑动摩擦表面接触力学模型

依据分形理论,考虑微凸体变形特征及摩擦作用的影响建立滑动摩擦表面接触力学模型。采用一个三次多项式来表达弹塑性变形微凸体的接触压力与接触面积的关系,从而满足在变形状态转变临界点处的微凸体接触面积与接触压力转化皆是连续和光滑的条件。推导出滑动摩擦表面临界弹性变形微接触面积、临界塑性变形微接触面积、量纲一真实接触面积的数学表达式。理论计算结果表明,表面形貌一定时,真实接触面积随着载荷的增大而增大;载荷一定时,真实接触面积随着特征尺度系数的增大而减小,随着分形维数的增大先增大后减小;当表面较粗糙时,摩擦因数对真实接触面积的影响很小;随着表面光滑程度的增大,摩擦因数对真实接触面积的影响增大,真实接触面积随着摩擦因数的增大而增大,特别是当摩擦因数较大时,真实接触面积增大的幅度也较大。接触力学模型的建立,为研究滑动摩擦表面间的摩擦磨损性能提供了依据。     

粗糙表面三体接触理论研究

摩擦表面间往往存在着硬质颗粒从而形成三体接触,而以前关于表面接触的理论和试验研究都停留在二体接触。通过理论分析得到了三体接触中接触副表面间距离、塑性变形量与第三体的粒度分布、外载荷、接触副表面微观几何参数及材料硬度间的关系,并进行了相应的数值计算和分析。结果表明,选择合适的表面粗糙度可使接触副的塑性变形量最小。     

粗糙表面接触模型的研究进展

实际工程中的接触表面都不是绝对光滑的,当两物体相互接触时,真实表面的接触实际上是微凸体间的接触.粗糙表面间的接触行为对摩擦、磨损、润滑、密封和传热等有着重要的影响,是摩擦学研究的主要课题之一.介绍了Hertz弹性接触模型、统计学接触模型和分形接触模型,对粗糙表面接触模型的研究现状和进展作了分析和评述.由Hertz模型只能求解一些几何形状比较规则的物体,应用范围非常有限;各种统计学模型都是经过简化的理想模型,这些简化究竟能导致多大误差目前还没有精确的分析;分形模型利用了包含全部表面粗糙度信息的分形参数D和G,其对粗糙表面接触性质的预测不受仪器分辨率和取样长度的影响,使预测具有惟一性或确定性.     

Elasto-Plastic Contact of Rough Surfaces

An isothermal elasto-plastic asperity contact model is developed and presented in this paper, which deals with micro plastic flows of materials and the influence of the elasto-plastic deformation of materials on the behavior of contacting surfaces. The model is solved with the incremental form of a simplex-type algorithm. The von Mises yield criterion is used to determine the onset of the plastic deformation. The effectiveness and validity of the model are studied through analyzing a Hertzian contact problem. Substrate stresses are calculated and differences are observed. Furthermore, the contact pressure, real area of contact, and average gap of real rough surfaces under the elastic, elastic-perfectly-plastic, and the elasto-plastic contact conditions are numerically investigated and the results are compared.     

An Analytical Solution for Elastic and Elastic-Plastic Contact Models

In tribology often a closed form solution for calculation of contact stress and real contact area is required for the purposes of, for example, developing wear maps and temperature profiles at asperities. In assuming a Gaussian distribution of asperity heights it is not possible to obtain an analytical solution for the contact load and real contact area for many analytical models such as those developed by Greenwood and Williamson (elastic model), Chang, et al. (elastic-plastic model) and Horng (elliptic elastic-plastic model). In this paper, two exponential functions have been derived from a fitting procedure applied to the numerical results of the Gaussian height distribution thus offering an analytical expression for the above three models. It has been demonstrated that the two exponential functions (φ₂* and φ₄*) can give a fair approximation to the contact load and the real contact area in the separation of 0 to 4σ. In addition, variations in plasticity index (ψ) and effective asperity radius (γ) do not significantly affect the approximated accuracy. The results obtained by the newly derived exponential functions have been compared with the exponential function φ₁*; suggested by Greenwood and Williamson, 1966 and it has been shown that use of φ₁* invariably gives a larger error than using two exponential functions over two ranges of separation distances.     

Simulated Effects of Measurement Noise on Contact Measurements Between Rough and Smooth Surfaces

To test the accuracy of optically measuring contact, we examined the height distribution histogram of a simulated rough surface contacting a smooth surface. We qualified the technique sensitivity as a function of the inverse signal-to-noise ratio having values ranging from 0 to 0.3. An explanation of how the analysis technique can be applied to Dual Emission Laser-Induced Fluorescence (DELIF) measurements is provided.     

On the Modeling of Elastic Contact between Rough Surfaces

The contact force and the real contact area between rough surfaces are important in the prediction of friction, wear, adhesion, and electrical and thermal contact resistance. Over the last four decades various mathematical models have been developed. Built on very different assumptions and underlying mathematical frameworks, model agreement or effectiveness has never been thoroughly investigated. This work uses several measured profiles of real surfaces having vastly different roughness characteristics to predict contact areas and forces from various elastic contact models and contrast them to a deterministic fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based contact model. The latter is considered “exact” because surfaces are analyzed as they are measured, accounting for all peaks and valleys without compromise. Though measurement uncertainties and resolution issues prevail, the same surfaces are kept constant (i.e., are identical) for all models considered. Nonetheless, the effect of the data resolution of measured surface profiles will be investigated as well. An exact closed-form solution is offered for the widely used Greenwood and Williamson (GW) model (Greenwood and Williamson, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, vol. 295, pp. 300–319), along with an alternative definition of the plasticity index that is based on a multiscale approach. The results reveal that several of the theoretical models show good quantitative and qualitative agreement among themselves, but though most models produce a nominally linear relationship between the real contact area and load, the deterministic model suggests otherwise in some cases. Regardless, all of the said models reduce the complicated surface profiles to only a few key parameters and it is therefore unrealistic to expect them to make precise predictions for all cases.     

Hybrid Atomistic/Continuum Study of Contact and Friction Between Rough Solids

A hybrid simulation method is used to study the effect of atomic structure and self-affine roughness on non-adhesive contact and friction between two-dimensional surfaces. Rough-on-flat and rough-on-rough contact are compared as a function of system size up to several micrometers. In order to contrast elastic and plastic behavior, interactions within the deformable substrate are either harmonic or Lennard-Jones. The ratio of lattice constants in the solids is varied to examine the effect of commensurability. In all cases the true area of contact rises linearly with load, but the slope is much larger than expected from continuum calculations. These calculations considered a continuous distribution of surface heights that is appropriate for large scales, rather than the discrete height distribution of the crystalline surfaces used here. The ratio of contact area to load depends on the ratio of lattice constants in the solids and varies with system size in small systems that deform plastically. While some dislocations are observed, plasticity is dominated by an asperity flattening mechanism where surface atoms are displaced into a lower layer. The kinetic friction rises linearly with load and is independent of system size, as predicted by Amontons’s laws. Variations in friction with commensurability are smaller for rough surfaces than for flat surfaces, because most of the contact area is in small patches. Asperity flattening increases patch sizes and thus the effect of commensurability on friction. Rough-on-rough contact leads to additional friction associated with the local slope of the contacting regions.

The Effect of Scale-Dependent Hardness on Elasto-Plastic Asperity Contact between Rough Surfaces

Statistical methods are used to model elasto-plastic contact between two rough surfaces using a recent finite element model of elasto-plastic hemispherical contact and also recent advances in strain gradient modeling. The elasto-plastic hemispherical contact model used to model individual asperities accounts for a varying hardness effect due to deformation of the contact geometry that has been documented by other works. The strain gradient model accounts for changes in hardness due to scaling effects. The contact between surfaces with hypothetical material and surface properties, such as the elastic modulus, yield strength, and roughness are modeled. A model is also constructed to consider a variable asperity contact radius to evaluate if the strain gradient model will affect it differently. The models produce predictions for contact area, contact force, and surface separation. The strain gradient effects decrease the real area of contact and increase the average contact load in comparison to the model without these effects. The strain gradient model seems to have a larger influence on the predictions of contact load and area than does considering a variable asperity contact radius for the cases considered in this work.     

The Subsurface Stress Field Created by Three-Dimensionally Rough Bodies in Contact with Traction

A numerical simulation technique for calculating the complete subsurface stress field for three-dimensionally rough bodies in sliding contact is described. The stresses are calculated using real digitized three-dimensional surface profiles. The effects of the surface roughness and the sliding friction are presented. Using an existing contact simulation code, the digitized surfaces are mathematically pressed together and the real areas of contact and the asperity pressures are calculated. The surfaces are assumed to remain elastic throughout the contact simulation process. The shear forces at the asperity contact interfaces are assumed to be proportional to their calculated normal pressures. The subsurface stresses are then determined with these known normal and tangential forces at the surface.