粗糙表面接触模型的研究进展

实际工程中的接触表面都不是绝对光滑的,当两物体相互接触时,真实表面的接触实际上是微凸体间的接触.粗糙表面间的接触行为对摩擦、磨损、润滑、密封和传热等有着重要的影响,是摩擦学研究的主要课题之一.介绍了Hertz弹性接触模型、统计学接触模型和分形接触模型,对粗糙表面接触模型的研究现状和进展作了分析和评述.由Hertz模型只能求解一些几何形状比较规则的物体,应用范围非常有限;各种统计学模型都是经过简化的理想模型,这些简化究竟能导致多大误差目前还没有精确的分析;分形模型利用了包含全部表面粗糙度信息的分形参数D和G,其对粗糙表面接触性质的预测不受仪器分辨率和取样长度的影响,使预测具有惟一性或确定性.     

粗糙表面微峰接触模型在部分膜弹流润滑中的应用

一、引言工程零件的表面都是粗糙的,粗糙表面接触时,真实接触面积和微峰接触载荷的确定很重要,这是由于引起摩擦磨损的表面间的相互作用都是在实际斑点上进行的。接触表面的变形模式取决于外压力、表面形貌及材料特性。通常粗糙表面接触模型按接     

基于分形理论的滑动摩擦表面接触力学模型

依据分形理论,考虑微凸体变形特征及摩擦作用的影响建立滑动摩擦表面接触力学模型。采用一个三次多项式来表达弹塑性变形微凸体的接触压力与接触面积的关系,从而满足在变形状态转变临界点处的微凸体接触面积与接触压力转化皆是连续和光滑的条件。推导出滑动摩擦表面临界弹性变形微接触面积、临界塑性变形微接触面积、量纲一真实接触面积的数学表达式。理论计算结果表明,表面形貌一定时,真实接触面积随着载荷的增大而增大;载荷一定时,真实接触面积随着特征尺度系数的增大而减小,随着分形维数的增大先增大后减小;当表面较粗糙时,摩擦因数对真实接触面积的影响很小;随着表面光滑程度的增大,摩擦因数对真实接触面积的影响增大,真实接触面积随着摩擦因数的增大而增大,特别是当摩擦因数较大时,真实接触面积增大的幅度也较大。接触力学模型的建立,为研究滑动摩擦表面间的摩擦磨损性能提供了依据。     

一种点接触粗糙表面摩擦行为的预估方法研究

针对润滑状态下连接界面的接触问题,对流体动力油膜和粗糙表面的摩擦特性进行了研究,提出了一种点接触粗糙表面摩擦行为的预估方法。首先,基于载荷分配思想建立了粗糙表面摩擦模型,利用Hertz理论中的最大接触压力分别确定了微凸体高度分布服从高斯分布、指数分布以及三角分布时粗糙表面的接触载荷;然后,通过弹性流体动力润滑膜厚公式求解了流体动力油膜承担的载荷;最后,绘制了滑动速度-摩擦系数曲线,模拟了整个润滑过程中连接界面摩擦系数的变化。研究结果表明:仿真结果与试验数据具有一致性,且不同法向载荷、粗糙表面形貌、润滑剂粘度以及假设的微凸体高度分布对摩擦系数的影响程度不同;微凸体假设为高斯分布时,仿真结果更接近试验数据;该方法可以为机械结构的润滑状态预测提供理论基础。     

表面形貌在面面接触乏油状态下的减阻效果实验

采用磨削加工处理和刮研处理加工了2种表面形貌,在Falex摩擦磨损实验机上进行了2种表面形貌在平面-平面接触、乏油润滑状态下的减阻效果实验。结果表明,与磨削加工处理的接触表面相比,宽刮加工处理的表面具有某种特殊的鱼鳞状浅坑形貌,摩擦面间摩擦力显著较小,即平面-平面接触、乏油润滑状态下有一定减阻效果。     

低速大偏心滑动轴承润滑状态转变及特性分析

以动压滑动轴承为研究对象,建立了完全流体润滑模型和混合润滑模型。采用有限差分法进行数值求解,得到摩擦阻力、摩擦因数、承载力和端泄油温升等特性参数;通过膜厚比和摩擦因数判断轴承所处润滑状态,分析润滑状态转变后表面粗糙度对轴承特性的影响;并基于M2000型摩擦磨损实验机进行了混合润滑状态摩擦副跑合实验。结果表明,低转速下增大偏心率,轴承润滑状态从完全流体润滑转变为混合润滑,且综合表面粗糙度越大,润滑状态转变所需偏心率越小;混合润滑状态粗糙峰接触可以提高承载力,但导致轴承摩擦阻力和端泄油温升迅速升高;大偏心下实验结果与混合润滑理论计算结果基本一致。     

纳米级混合润滑研究

混合润滑是机械中广泛存在的润滑状态。从试验方面研究了由接触、边界润滑和薄膜润滑组成的点接触区混合润滑状态的特性,提出使用动态接触率来描述混合润滑状态,并研究了各种参数对动态接触率的影响。结果表明,在混合润滑状态下,动态接触率与接触中心平均膜厚成指数函数关系。速度和粘度的增大会减小动态接触率,载荷的增加则会增大接触率,极性添加剂分子的使用会减小实际粗糙峰之间的接触,从而降低动态接触率。另外,低速下,综合粗糙度小的摩擦副表面的接触率要大于粗糙度大的表面的接触率;随着卷吸速度的提高,粗糙度小的表面的动态接触率小于粗糙度大的表面的动态接触率。     

混合润滑下粗糙表面的接触刚度研究*

针对润滑状态下结合面的接触刚度问题,建立一种混合润滑状态下粗糙表面接触刚度等效薄层模型,将接触界面的总刚度等效为固体接触刚度和润滑剂接触刚度之和,研究不同实际接触面积下的表面形貌和润滑剂类型对法向接触刚度的影响,并讨论固体刚度和润滑剂刚度占总法向刚度的比例。结果表明：粗糙界面的法向接触刚度随法向载荷的增加而增加,且混合润滑状态下的接触刚度大于干接触条件下的接触刚度;在初始接触时,法向接触刚度敏感地依赖于润滑性能;随着实际接触面积的增大,表面形貌对接触刚度的影响变得更加明显。     

等温密封环摩擦状态演变预测与试验研究

结合浮动密封环的工作特点,提出一种基于载荷分配概念的密封摩擦状态演变预测模型。设定载荷分配系数,对粗糙表面微凸体接触和流体润滑接触两个部分摩擦力进行建模计算,根据微凸体承载力和总承载力等参数信息获得总摩擦因数值。模拟计算获得反映密封接触特性的摩擦因数与转速、压力以及表面粗糙度的关系曲线,仿真曲线历经完整的摩擦与润滑区,能够对不同摩擦状态下的接触特性进行预测。利用密封系统试验台对模型进行分析和验证,结果表明两者变化趋势保持一致,具有共同特征,说明密封摩擦预测模型能够真实反映密封摩擦副的接触规律及其变化情况,是预测密封摩擦状态的有效方法。     

织构化滑动轴承混合润滑与磨损耦合数值模型

基于统计学模型建立织构化轴承混合润滑与磨损的计算模型,通过生成轴瓦虚拟粗糙表面,分别利用平均流量雷诺方程、K-E弹塑性接触模型、Boussinesq积分、Archard型磨损方程求解油膜压力、粗糙峰接触压力、轴瓦的弹性变形和轴瓦表面磨损量。通过有限差分法和牛顿下山法对模型进行数值模拟,得到不同偏心率下的油膜压力、油膜厚度、轴瓦弹性变形、轴瓦表面粗糙峰接触压力及磨损量,并与其他混合润滑模型进行对比,验证了该模型的有效性。以圆形凹坑织构为例,研究在多种工况下,润滑状态转化以及织构对磨损过程的影响。研究表明:织构可以形成二次润滑,有利于流体润滑;随偏心率增大,进入混合润滑状态后,承载能力、粗糙峰接触载荷迅速增加,摩擦因数出现拐点;在混合润滑状态下,磨损过程前期表面织构会造成轴承承载性能降低和增大磨损,随着滑动轴承进一步磨损,表面织构可以起到减磨作用。     

粗糙表面弹性微动接触数值研究

由于实际工程表面多为粗糙表面,这里研究了粗糙表面对微动接触中压力和切向应力的影响.研究接触过程中法向载荷保持不变,切向载荷为周期性的交变载荷.首先,建立接触算法和模型,其算法核心是利用共轭梯度法(CGM)计算微动接触中的表面压力及切向应力并使用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)加快计算速度.然后,在验证算法正确的基础上,分析正弦...     

An Integrated Mechanical–Electrical Predictive Model of Electrical Contact Resistance between Two Rough Surfaces

This article introduces a novel approach for predicting the electrical contact resistance (ECR) between two rough surfaces based on a combination of contact modeling with surface topography analysis. Firstly, asperities distributed on rough surfaces are simulated as parabolas. An asperity shoulder-shoulder contact model is developed, which is similar to the well-known Kogut-Etsion (KE) model but requires extended capability regarding different degrees of contact misalignment. On the basis of such a contact model, Holm's principle is then incorporated to create a new theoretical formulation revealing the constitutive relations between the ECR and the deformation patterns of microcontacts arising at the contact interface. Then, a watershed approach is employed to get the contact surface topographies with which an iterative computational strategy is then proposed to alleviate the programming and computing efforts for implementing the calculation of the total ECR at the contact interface. To verify the feasibility of the proposed method, aiming at one case, the KE-based model is reviewed and compared numerically to the new model. The comparison shows good agreement between the two models. A slight difference is that the suggested model gives a relative lower estimation on the ECR value, which is mainly attributed to the different judgment of the deformation mechanism.     

Effect of asperity interactions on rough surface elastic contact behavior: Hard film on soft substrate

An improved elastic micro-contact model of rough surfaces accounting for asperity interactions is proposed. The contact behavior of a single asperity system is composed of a stiffer hemi-spherical asperity deformation and bellowing softer substrate deformation, which is then extended to rough surface contact including asperity interactions. Using the solution of substrate deformation, normal positions of individual asperities are adjusted during quasi-static contact, from which surface interactive forces are obtained. Analytical simulations are performed using the proposed rough surface contact model, whose results are compared to Greenwood-Williamson-based models and with experimental measurements.     

A finite element-based model of normal contact between rough surfaces

Engineering surfaces can be characterized as more or less randomly rough. Contact between engineering surfaces is thus discontinuous and the real area of contact is a small fraction of the nominal contact area. The stiffness of a rough surface layer thus influences the contact state as well as the behavior of the surrounding system. A contact model that takes the properties of engineering surfaces into account has been developed and implemented using finite element software. The results obtained with the model have been verified by comparison with results from an independent numerical method. The results show that the height distribution of the topography has a significant influence on the contact stiffness but that the curvature of the roughness is of minor importance. The contact model that was developed for determining the apparent contact area and the distribution of the mean contact pressure could thus be based on a limited set of height parameters that describe the surface topography. By operating on the calculated apparent pressure distribution with a transformation function that is based on both height and curvature parameters, the real contact area can be estimated when the apparent contact state is known. The model presented is also valid for cases with local plastic flow in the bulk material.     

The Effect of Scale-Dependent Hardness on Elasto-Plastic Asperity Contact between Rough Surfaces

Statistical methods are used to model elasto-plastic contact between two rough surfaces using a recent finite element model of elasto-plastic hemispherical contact and also recent advances in strain gradient modeling. The elasto-plastic hemispherical contact model used to model individual asperities accounts for a varying hardness effect due to deformation of the contact geometry that has been documented by other works. The strain gradient model accounts for changes in hardness due to scaling effects. The contact between surfaces with hypothetical material and surface properties, such as the elastic modulus, yield strength, and roughness are modeled. A model is also constructed to consider a variable asperity contact radius to evaluate if the strain gradient model will affect it differently. The models produce predictions for contact area, contact force, and surface separation. The strain gradient effects decrease the real area of contact and increase the average contact load in comparison to the model without these effects. The strain gradient model seems to have a larger influence on the predictions of contact load and area than does considering a variable asperity contact radius for the cases considered in this work.     

Mathematical modeling of the thermal relaxation of nominally flat surfaces in contact using fractal geometry: Maxwell type medium

This work aims at studying the stress relaxation behavior of a nominally flat (rough) surface of a viscoelastic material in contact with a rigid half space. The effect of temperature will be included through the concept of activation energy using Arrhenius's equation. A synthesized Cantor-Borodich (C_B) profile is used to construct the rough surface. C_B profile has two scaling parameters, a and b, and different heights h_i for each generation of asperities. This simple model is applicable for fractal surfaces in which a single exponent (the fractal dimension) is enough to describe their quality.The surfaces in contact are viscoelastic, and they are assumed to behave according to the linear Maxwell model. An asymptotic power law is obtained, which relates the force and the bulk temperature acted on the punch to its approach. This model is valid only when the approach between the punch and the half space is in the range of the roughness size. The proposed model admits an analytical solution for the case when the deformation is linear thermo-viscoelastic. The obtained model shows a good agreement when compared with the experimental results obtained by Handzel-Powierza et al. [Handzel-Powierza Z, Klimczak T, Polijaniuk A. On the experimental verification of the Greenwood-Williamson model for the contact of rough surfaces. Wear 1992;154:115-24].     

Validation of a simplified numerical contact model

Surface roughness tends to have a significant effect on how loads are transmitted at the contact interface between solid bodies. Most numerical contact models for analyzing rough surface contacts are computational demanding and more computationally efficient contact models are required. Depending on the purpose of the simulation, simplified and less accurate models can be preferable to more accurate, but also more complex, models. This paper discusses a simplified contact model called the elastic foundation model and its applicability to rough surfaces. The advantage of the model is that it is fast to evaluate, but its disadvantage is that it only gives an approximate solution to the contact problem. It is studied how surface roughness influences the errors in the elastic foundation solution in terms of predicted pressure distribution, real contact area, and normal and tangential contact stiffness. The results can be used to estimate the extent of error in the elastic foundation model, depending on the degree of surface roughness. The conclusion is that the elastic foundation model is not accurate enough to give a correct prediction of the actual contact stresses and contact areas, but it might be good enough for simulations where contact stiffness are of interest.     

A statistical model of elasto-plastic asperity contact between rough surfaces

This work models statistically elasto-plastic contact between two rough surfaces using the results of a previous finite element analysis of an elasto-plastic sphere in contact with a rigid flat. The individual asperity contact model used accounts for a varying geometrical hardness effect that has recently been documented in previous works (where geometrical hardness is defined as the uniform pressure found during fully plastic contact). The contact between real surfaces with known material and surface properties, such as the elastic modulus, yield strength, and roughness are modeled. The asperity is modeled as an elastic-perfectly plastic material. The model produces predictions for contact area, contact force, and surface separation. The results of this model are compared to other existing models of asperity contact. Agreement exists in some cases and in other cases it corrects flaws, especially at large deformations. The model developed by Chang, Etsion and Bogy is also shown to have serious flaws when compared to the others. This work also identifies significant limitations of the statistical models (including that of Greenwood and Williamson).