货车侧墙薄板结构的焊接变形预测与控制

货车侧墙薄板结构在焊接过程中由于焊缝处收缩产生压应力导致侧墙板失稳,产生波浪变形,一方面使结构强度降低,另一方面影响了表面的平整和美观,有效预测和控制它的焊接变形是个难题.基于固有应变等效载荷的有限元方法,对货车侧墙的焊接变形进行预测,分析其焊接变形的规律.结果表明,仿真数值与实测数值基本一致.同时在此仿真模型的基础上,通过正交设计方法调整设计参数与焊接参数,研究不同因素对焊接变形的影响程度,最后得出最优方案,从而为控制薄板侧墙的焊接变形提供理论根据.     

基于等效载荷法的复杂结构焊接变形预测

采用固有应变等效载荷法,对复杂结构焊接变形进行预测.以焊接热过程产生的广义固有应变作为等效载荷,通过确定等效载荷的大小、加载区域和方式,编制等效载荷的施加程序,经过一次弹性有限元计算出焊接变形.以某51 000t散货船的双层底分段为例.采用等效载荷法对其焊接变形进行预测计算结果与实测数据进行比较,验证了固有应变等效载荷法预测船体双层底结构焊接变形的可行性,结果表明,固有应变法预测焊接变形结果与实测数据具有良好的一致性,且预测效率较高.     

应力应变、疲劳与脆断、断裂力学

货车侧墙薄板结构在焊接过程中由于焊缝处收缩产生压应力导致侧墙板失稳,产生波浪变形,一方面使结构强度降低,另一方面影响了表面的平整和美观,有效预测和控制其焊接变形是个难题。基于固有应变等效载荷的有限元方法,对货车侧墙的焊接变形进行预测,分析其焊接变形的规律。结果表明,仿真数值与实测数值基本一致。     

焊接薄板失稳变形预测方法

采用预测大型复杂薄板结构焊后变形的数值分析技术，对大形薄板焊接后的失稳变形进行预测。这种技术是将二维热弹塑性数值模拟与三维板结构的屈曲分析结合起来，由二维热弹塑性模拟计算出的应力场，加到三维薄板结构模型上，进行三维薄板结构的弹性屈曲分析。最后通过摄动解析解，求出焊接薄板的失稳变形量，并可从工艺和设计上探讨减少薄板结构焊后失稳变形的措施。该预测方法与郭德伦，关桥提出的方法分别对Q235钢和LF6铝合金两种材料薄板对接焊薄板失稳变形的试验结果进行了比较，结果表明预测结果与试验结果吻合良好，证明了该预测方法的有效性。     

P70端墙结构的焊接变形仿真与控制

货车端墙结构在焊接过程中由于焊缝处收缩产生压应力导致端墙结构失稳,产生波浪变形,一方面使结构强度降低,另一方面影响了表面的平整和美观。采用固有应变有限元法可以避开整个焊接过程,着眼于焊接以后在焊缝和近缝区存在的固有应变,找出固有应变大小和分布与焊接参数以及焊件尺寸等的关系,将固有应变作为初始应变值进行一次弹性有限元计算,就可以得到整个焊件的残余应力和变形。通过将固有应变等效为焊缝及热影响区的热载荷,可以进行线性失稳分析确定临界载荷,然后采用非线性失稳分析确定失稳变形的大小。同时在仿真模型的基础上,研究不同线能量对焊接变形的影响程度。     

薄板焊接失稳变形的影响因素

结合算例对薄板焊接失稳变形的影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,对于给定的材料,板的临界失稳载荷主要取决于边界支撑条件、板厚及板的面积;焊接热输入、板厚度和支承条件对临界板宽bcr有显著影响,但材料性能的影响较小;初始板面越不平,其临界失稳载荷越低,即越容易发生失稳变形.     

薄板焊接特征屈曲的数值分析

在薄板焊接中,由于局部加热和迅速冷却产生了沿焊缝方向的焊接收缩应力,而导致焊接薄板发生屈曲变形.本文采用以热弹性为基础的有限元数值模拟与薄板结构稳定理论相结合的方法,对薄板焊接屈曲变形进行计算机数值模拟,并且分析了约束类型、单元尺寸、长宽比对薄板焊接屈曲载荷的影响,最后得出焊接薄板的屈曲失稳判据.     

大型客车侧墙薄板结构焊接变形的数值模拟

铁路客车侧墙薄板结构的焊接变形主要是焊后失稳变形,通过选择包括连续焊、电铆焊、断续焊和塞焊代表性的区域,利用热-弹塑性数值模拟与解析法相结合的方法,计算薄板结构的焊后失稳变形.结果表明,横向加强筋和纵向加强筋与薄板连接时所采用的断续焊和塞焊工艺是产生薄板失稳变形的主要原因.薄板自由边的存在明显降低失稳载荷,增大失稳变形量.对焊接变形进行了实地测量,模拟结果与测量结果相吻合,说明数值模拟具有可靠性.     

试件尺寸对Q345薄板单道堆焊接头变形的影响

基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,开发了考虑移动热源、材料非线性和几何非线性的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法,用于模拟薄板焊接接头的温度场和焊接变形. 利用所开发的方法数值研究了试件尺寸对板厚为2 mm Q345低合金高强钢单道堆焊接头焊接变形的影响. 同时,采用试验方法测量了薄板接头的面外变形. 通过数值模拟结果与实测值的比较,验证了所开发的非线性有限元方法的有效性. 结果表明,试件尺寸对Q345薄板接头的变形量和变形分布都有显著影响. 此外,还详细讨论了在不同长宽比条件下薄板面外变形的产生机理.     

整体加热减少薄板焊件失稳变形试验研究

对利用整体加热减少薄板焊件失稳变形的可行性进行了试验研究.结果表明,不借助夹具,该方法也能减少焊接失稳变形.整体加热减小焊接失稳变形的效果因焊件焊接方法的不同存在差异.焊件上的纵向等效压应力和板件的失稳临界应力会随温度的升高而减小,前者的减小速度大于后者是薄板焊件失稳变形得到改善的原因.     

采用三维光学测量技术对薄板焊接失稳变形的分析

采用一种新的测试方法——三维光学面扫描测量系统对低碳钢板平板堆焊过程中的失稳变形进行了研究,通过对低碳钢薄板焊前和焊后状态进行测量,得到薄板焊前和焊后的全场面外变形形貌;并结合基于固有应变法的有限元数值模拟,分析可知焊接引起的这种凹_凸变形属于失稳变形.进而采用小孔法进行残余应力测量.结果表明,远离焊缝区存在较大的残余压应力,纵向残余压应力是导致失稳变形的主要作用力.采用三维光学全场测试技术结合有限元数值模拟分析的方法,对薄板失稳变形的机理及影响因素的探究更加深入、准确.     

受约束内覆薄壁管对接焊温度场和应力场的数值模拟

针对复合管对接焊时,较厚的外层基材对内衬薄管焊接的温度场分布和应力场变化的约束影响,以及基材与薄管的接触效应,运用有限元法,在焊接过程使用"时间幅值"和"单元联接"等技术,建立了相应的有限元分析模型,计算了复合管对接焊内衬薄管的温度场变化和焊后残余应力的分布状况.通过计算,对薄管焊接速度、应力进行了分析讨论,并对薄板材料性质、结构尺寸、焊接热输入等焊接失稳变形的影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,薄板结构尺寸、焊接热输入对变形影响较大,而材料性质相对影响较小.     

焊接顺序对大型薄板装甲钢结构焊接变形的影响

基于有限元软件SYSWELD建立了大型薄板装甲钢结构的焊接有限元模型,采用Local-Global方法研究了焊接顺序对薄板结构焊接变形的影响. 通过对比焊缝截面宏观形貌,利用SYSWELD热源拟合工具,建立了适合现场焊接工艺的双椭球热源模型. 采用热弹塑性有限元法分析了T形和对接接头的焊接过程,获得了局部塑性应变和焊缝刚度,进而模拟了不同焊接顺序下薄板结构变形情况. 结果表明,现场焊接顺序下结构中部薄板焊接变形严重,最大变形量为9.6 mm,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好;采用优化的焊接顺序,可有效控制薄板焊接变形,最大变形量可减小75%.     

采用固有应变法预测超薄板的焊接变形

文中以汽车制造中常用的1 mm厚的薄板为分析对象,采用热-弹-塑性有限元分析了焊缝长度对固有变形分布特征的影响,通过比较热-弹-塑性有限元法及固有应变法预测的变形结果,定量分析了焊缝长度对固有应变法预测超薄板焊接变形时计算精度的影响.结果表明,当焊缝长度达到一定临界长度时,固有应变法可适用于板厚为1 mm左右超薄板焊接接头的焊接变形预测.     

Comparative study on evaluation of tendon force for welding distortion prediction in thin plate fabrication*

Tendon force is an essential concept to predict welding distortion such as longitudinal shrinkage and welding induced buckling in thin plate fabrication.In this study,three approaches with experimental,theoretical and computational analysis,are examined to evaluate the magnitude of tendon force.In detail,inherent deformation theory is introduced first,the theoretical analysis to obtain the inherent strain solution is also reviewed;and then analytical solution for tendon force is achieved.Also,the theory of FE analysis for welding is introduced and implemented in a computation to obtain the transient temperature distribution,plastic strain,residual stress and welding distortion in a bead-on-plate welded joint with 2.28 mm in thickness.The longitudinal displacement is employed to evaluate tendon force directly,and these computed inherent strain and inherent stress can also be employed to evaluate tendon force by integration approach later.All the evaluated magnitudes of tendon force have a good agreement with each other.     

LF6铝合金薄板平面内环焊缝焊接应力与变形的数值模拟

从力学角度出发,以LF6铝合金薄板平面内环焊缝的焊接为例,对其焊接残余应力和变形的特点进行了探讨。采用非线性有限元技术,对常规焊接条件下温度场和应力场进行了模拟,结合弹性稳定性理论对环焊缝焊接产生的特殊变形规律进行了研究。数值模拟结果表明,在环焊缝焊接过程中形成了与常规对接焊完全不同的焊接热循环过程,残余应力状态复杂;焊缝外侧的压应力超过了失稳变形极限,造成了铝合金薄板的失稳变形。     

Predictive analysis of buckling distortion of thin-plate welded structures

The welding buckling distortions of thin-plated structures were investigated based on finite element methods.An engineering treatment method for predicating the buckling distortion was proposed.The equivalent applied thermal-load was used to simulate the welding residual stress,thus the calculation of complex welding distortion can be transformed into 3D elastic structural applied-load analyses,which can reduce the quantities of calculating work effectively.The validation of the method was verified by comparison of the numerical calculation with experimental results.The prediction of buckling distortion for side-walled structures of passenger train was performed and the calculation was in agreement with measuring results in general.It is shown that the main factors for producing the buckling are the intermittent fillet and plug weld during welding general.It is shown that the main foactors for groducing the buckling are the intermittent fillet and plug weld during welding the stiffened beams and columns to the panel.     

A mechanism of formation of a single section of a vacuum discontinuous coating

A welding distortion prediction method based on the inherent strain concept is presented. In the proposed method, welding distortion of large-welded structures could be estimated by elastic analysis using the result of thermal-elastic–plastic analysis and the result of smaller welded joints or components. Thermal-elastic–plastic analysis is performed to calculate residual plastic strain distribution, which is the input data for the elastic analysis of welding distortion. The obtained residual plastic strain distribution is mapped to non-deformed finite element models to calculate welding distortion by elastic analysis. The mapping procedure is done in different ways for welding start/end parts and the rest of the weld length in order to take into consideration the unsteady strain distribution at the start/end of welds. For start/end parts, strain distribution used is identical with thermal-elastic–plastic analysis. For the part except start/end parts, strain distribution obtained by thermal-elastic–plastic analysis is extracted from the centre of weld length and is extruded along the welding direction.

The proposed method was applied to the welding distortion prediction of joints with weld length of 900 and 1200 mm based on the thermal-elastic–plastic analysis result of a joint with weld length 600 mm. The estimated results were in good agreement with the thermal-elastic–plastic analysis results of models of corresponding weld length to show the validity of the proposed method.     

Prediction of welding distortion during assembly process of thin plate structures

0IntroductionApplication of welding process in fabricating largestructures offers several advantages over mechanical joiningmethods such as improved structural performance,flexibil-ity of design,weight reduction and cost savings etc.Inship and automobile …