连杆大头孔磨料流加工的理论探讨及实验研究

针对H12V190Z柴油机连杆大头孔表面的磨料流加工方法进行了研究,利用CFD软件对其加工流场进行了模拟仿真,得到了流体磨料在流场中的压力和速度分布。结合工艺实验验证了经磨料流加工后连杆大头孔加工表面的粗糙度值有明显的减小,提高了连杆表面的质量,大大缩短了加工时间,提高了加工效率。     

针型喷嘴射流特性研究

运用FLUENT流体仿真软件的VOF两相流模型对针型喷嘴在不同入口压力、不同打击距离的喷嘴射流流场进行数值分析,得到针型喷嘴射流流场的速度和被清洗件承受的压力分布云图和压力分布曲线,研究针型喷嘴射流参数的变化对射流流场速度及压力的影响规律。结果表明:随着入口水压的增加,射流最大速度和被清洗件上承受的压力值增加,但增加趋势逐渐减小;随着打击距离的增加,清洗范围略微增大,被清洗件上承受的压力值减小,但减小程度逐渐下降;进而得出当入口压力为30 MPa,打击距离在90～100 mm范围内的针型喷嘴具有最佳清洗效果。     

磨粒流抛光阀块内孔道的数值模拟与试验研究

针对液压阀块孔道内部结构复杂难以进行精密加工的问题,提出利用磨粒流精密抛光技术来实现加工工艺。使用流体仿真软件Fluent进行数值模拟,研究进口压力、磨料浓度、磨粒粒度等对磨粒流加工效果的影响。以液压阀块内的孔道为研究对象,对不同的进口压力、磨料浓度、磨粒粒度下内孔道磨粒流的速度、湍流动能、静压、壁面剪切力进行仿真,得出结论：当入口压力为8 MPa、磨料浓度为0.1、磨粒粒度为200目时,阀块内孔道的抛光效果较好。以该参数进行相应的磨粒流加工实验,结果表明：阀块孔道内壁面的表面粗糙度明显降低,提高了孔道内壁面的表面质量。     

钛合金磨料流光整加工表面完整性研究

目的 研究磨料流光整加工钛合金格栅表面完整性。方法 用电火花加工制备钛合金试样,通过磨料粒径、加工压力、加工次数的单因素试验,来研究其对试样表面粗糙度和表面形貌的影响规律,选用三种初始粗糙度不同的钛合金试样来进行磨料流光整加工效果试验,对比分析磨料流光整加工对试样表面残余应力的影响,进行加工次数的单因素试验研究磨料流加工过程中其对工件表面显微硬度的影响。结果 对于钛合金试样来说,磨料粒径和加工压力越大,表面抛光效果越明显,表面粗糙度就越低。当磨料粒径从38 μm增加到420 μm时,相对应的表面粗糙度值Ra从5.815 μm降低到0.824 μm;当加工压力从8 MPa增加到24 MPa时,相对应的表面粗糙度值Ra从4.314 μm降低到1.398 μm。而随着加工次数的增加,表面粗糙度值Ra从整体上呈现下降趋势,最后趋于稳定,当加工次数从10增加到80时,相对应的表面粗糙度值Ra从5.925 μm降低到0.307 μm,并且最后稳定在0.300 μm附近。钛合金试样经磨料流光整加工之后,表面残余应力由原来的拉应力变成了压应力。随着加工次数的增加,钛合金试样表面显微硬度整体上呈现先减小后增大的趋势,当加工次数从10增加到50时,显微硬度值从532.83HV降到357.73HV,当加工次数从50增加到90时,显微硬度值从357.73HV上升到393.48HV,试样表面显微硬度的均匀性也显著增加。结论 增大磨料粒径和加工压力或者增加加工次数,都能降低工件表面粗糙度,钛合金工件经过磨料流光整加工之后,表面完整性有较大改善。     

数控车床高压冷却喷嘴的优化设计

为了研究高压冷却喷嘴结构参数对流体射流的影响,文章针对高压冷却系统的执行部件锥形喷嘴的收缩角、入口直径与出口直径的比值两个主要因素进行了结构参数的优化设计。采用计算流体动力学的分析软件Fluent对喷嘴的流场进行了数值模拟,通过仿真研究和分析对比其喷嘴流场的特性曲线获取了喷嘴的优化参数。基于Mixture多相流模型理论对其优化后的喷嘴进行了外部流场的气液两相模拟实验和车削断屑实验。研究结果表明:随着收缩角的增大,喷嘴射流的动压值先增大后减小,在α=25°时动压力达到了最大值;距喷嘴出口60 mm处截面上的径向速度随着距离的增加而下降,在α=25°时截面上的径向速度变化幅度最小;当喷嘴的直径比C_d=3时,射流初始段的轴向速度达到最大值,能产生更好的断屑效果。     

磨料浆体射流抛光模具钢的试验研究

通过磨料浆体射流抛光加工SKD12模具钢的试验研究,分析了浆体射流的加工参数与抛光加工工件表面质量之间的关系,得出了各个工艺参数对磨料浆体射流加工质量的影响规律。结果表明:模具钢抛光表面R_a值与磨料尺寸成正比,与工件的初始R_a值无关;走刀速度4 mm/s、喷射压力0.7 MPa、靶距5 mm、磨料浓度75 g/L时工件表面质量最佳;氧化铝磨料比碳化硅磨料抛光质量高;当走刀间距为1.25D时表面粗糙度值最低,且喷嘴直径越大表面R_a值越小。      

离心研磨过程中磨料流态特征受传动比影响的实验和理论研究

离心研磨过程中，磨料运动的流态特征对工件的加工质量和生产效率有明显影响。而研磨机的行星传动比是改变磨料流态特征的重要参数。本文以在离心场中运动的整团磨料为研究对象，从实验和理论两方面分析了离心式研磨在加工过程中行星传动比对加工质量和加工效率的影响。根据工件磨损率的测定，说明了不同行星传动比对加工过程的影响。理论方面利用液固两相流动力学模型分析了不同行星传动比时磨料的流态特征。用计算流体力学的方法描绘出典型行星传动比下磨料运动的形貌图形。图形反映出磨料团的浓度和速度分布。理论分析与实验结果是一致的。指出这种理论分析方法能够代替大量的实验对做离心运动的整团磨料不同区域的浓度、速度和加速度进行分析，对于优化设计参数、提高生产率十分经济有效。     

磨料水射流切割微晶复合材料的工艺参数对光滑区粗糙度的影响

本文通过单因素试验,研究了磨料水射流切割微晶复合材料时射流压力、靶距、切割速度和磨料流量对光滑区粗糙度的影响规律,进行了正交试验,得出了磨料水射流各工艺参数对光滑区粗糙度影响的重要程度主次顺序,并且得出了最优工艺参数组合。试验结果表明:在磨料水射流切割微晶复合材料时,射流压力增加,光滑区粗糙度先减小后增加;靶距增加,粗糙度增大;切割速度增加,粗糙度增大;磨料流量增加,粗糙度减小。优化后的加工工艺参数为:射流压力260 MPa、靶距4 mm、切割速度144mm/min、磨料流量590 g/min。     

主轴式滚磨光整加工中介质流场的数值模拟及作用机理分析

目的 研究主轴式滚磨光整加工中介质流场的作用机理和工艺参数对加工能力的影响规律。方法 基于多相流Mixture模型、标准k-ε湍流模型和压力速度耦合SIMPLEC算法,对主轴式滚磨光整加工中介质流场构成的固液两相湍流进行数值模拟。通过改变滚筒转速和工件轴心距筒壁距离等工艺参数,分析在不同参数下滚抛磨块的速度矢量和工件表面压力的分布规律,并通过测试实验验证模拟的有效性。结果 0?处静压值在32 MPa,为静压最大点;90?和270?处动压在35 MPa左右,为动压最大点。尾流区域总压力大幅削减为0°处的33%。工件表面的总压和滚筒转速成指数函数关系,且滚筒转速大于50 r/min时,0?和270?处总压值达到32 MPa,并迅速增大。工件轴心和筒壁的距离为65 mm的区域,工件表面的总压均值最大为19 MPa,且距离为30 mm时,270?处滚抛磨块受筒壁影响,总压变为负值。数值模拟和实验结果的压力平均误差为5.25%。结论 工件上正对滚抛磨块处为碰撞和挤压作用,两侧主要为滑擦作用。滚筒转速大于50 r/min且工件轴心和筒壁的距离为65 mm时,滚抛磨块对工件的加工能力较强。     

磨料射流铣削工艺参数优化

目的对表面粗糙度和材料去除率作为输出参数的磨料水射流铣削45#钢过程进行研究,旨在寻找最优加工参数。方法对射流去除材料机理进行了分析,设计并进行了以磨料粒度、射流压力、横向进给距离、靶距为加工工艺参数的田氏正交实验。采用Minitab对不同实验参数组合下磨料水射流加工45#钢的表面粗糙度、材料去除效率进行了数据分析,并从材料去除机理方面,对4种加工工艺参数对于铣削表面质量和材料去除效率的影响程度和影响趋势,以及各因素之间的交互作用进行了分析。结果对射流铣削面表面粗糙度影响较显著的因素是横向进给距离,射流压力次之;对于材料去除效率,磨料粒径的影响最显著,横向进给距离次之。结论综合材料去除效率和表面粗糙度值,选出最优加工参数:磨料粒径2000目,射流压力120~160 MPa,喷嘴横移距离1.0~1.5 mm,靶距约30 mm。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.