复合硫杆菌对污泥重金属生物淋滤机制的影响

对污泥生物淋滤过程中各种重金属元素的形态变化情况进行了测定,借助重金属化学形态转化规律,间接判断污泥重金属生物淋滤的转化机制。试验结果显示,Cu、Ni、Cd的生物淋滤是以直接机制为主的,Zn的生物淋滤过程是以间接机制为主的,Cr、Pb的生物淋滤过程属于混合机制,但其混合机理是有差别的。     

污泥经生物淋滤后氮磷钾的流失

介绍了研究污泥经生物淋滤后N,P,K等营养物质流失情况的材料与方法,阐述了测定污泥中N,P,K含量的方法及原理,对生物淋滤前后污泥中N,P,K的变化作了分析,结果表明：污泥经生物淋滤后N,P,K含量分别为1．53％,0．58％,0．28％,仍能保持较好的肥效。     

硫杆菌淋滤对剩余污泥中重金属及养分的影响

采用序批式试验研究了利用不同基质的硫杆菌(氧化硫硫杆菌和氧化亚铁硫杆菌)以不同体积浓度淋滤剩余污泥时对其中重金属的浸出及养分流失的影响。结果表明,两种硫杆菌对四种重金属浸出率的大小次序均为ZnCuCrPb,且浸出率随菌液体积的增加而增大,同时,两种硫杆菌淋滤均引起污泥中TOC、TN和TP的流失。然而,氧化硫硫杆菌淋滤对污泥中四种重金属的浸出效果优于氧化亚铁硫杆菌,且10%和15%的菌液对同一金属的浸出率相差小于4%。因此,从技术及经济角度考虑,10%的氧化硫硫杆菌淋滤对金属的浸出最佳。另一方面,等体积的氧化硫硫杆菌淋滤对污泥中TOC、TN和TP造成的损失小于氧化亚铁硫杆菌,15%的氧化亚铁硫杆菌淋滤甚至造成污泥中TP的66.4%流失,故从养分角度考虑,采用硫杆菌淋滤后的剩余污泥不再适宜土地利用。     

生物淋滤法改善碱性厌氧发酵产酸污泥脱水性能

污泥碱性厌氧发酵可生产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs),然而碱性发酵后的污泥脱水性能差,影响了发酵液的后续利用。采用生物淋滤法处理发酵污泥,研究了生物淋滤过程中发酵污泥脱水性能的变化,并分析了脱水性能得到改善的原因。结果表明,经过72 h调理后污泥比阻降低至5.39×1011m/kg,泥饼含水率达到75.17%,污泥从难脱水变为易脱水。经生物淋滤调理24 h后,蛋白质、多糖含量分别下降到0.49和5.54 mg/g VSS,降低了90.3%和28.0%,说明污泥胞外聚合物的减少有利于提高污泥的脱水性能。调理过程中VFAs无明显损失,VFAs回收率可从调理前的7.62%提高到调理后的95.95%。     

污水处理厂脱水污泥中重金属的形态分布特征研究

研究了污水处理厂脱水污泥中重金属的形态及总量分布特征,对所采集的活性污泥和消化污泥样品的分析结果表明,镉、铜、铁和锌的主要分布形态为可还原态,在活性污泥中分别占各自总量的48.67%、83.74%、87.21%和64.90%,在消化污泥中则分别占各自总量的37.62%、83.44%、65.99%和61.64%;铬主要以残渣态存在,在活性污泥和消化污泥中分别占其总量的85.83%和67.64%;活性污泥中锰主要以弱酸提取态和可还原态存在,分别占47.16%和44.69%,在消化污泥中则主要以弱酸提取态存在,占61.69%;铅的5种形态分布比较均衡。活性污泥中7种重金属的总量呈现铁>铜>锌>锰>铬>铅>镉的趋势;消化污泥中7种重金属的含量排序则为铁>锰>锌>铜>铬>铅>镉。活性污泥中7种重金属的总量均高于消化污泥。     

消化污泥中重金属的生物有效性研究

对城市污水处理厂消化污泥中重金属的形态分布进行了分析 ,并对污泥农业利用后重金属对作物的生物有效性进行了研究、试验 .结果表明 ,消化污泥中的重金属大部分以稳定态存在 ,植物可吸收量极少 .     

污泥中金属的生物沥滤处理

活性污泥法处理污水后产生大量污泥 ,如何对其加以处理利用引起国内外学者关注。众多研究表明 :污泥农用是实现污泥资源化、解决污泥出路的上策 ,但污泥中常含有较多的重金属 ,若在农田加以施用会导致土壤中重金属积累 ,使农作物遭受污染 ,最后通过食物链进入人体 ,因此污泥在农用前必须去除或降低其重金属含量。 1975年以来 ,国外学者尝试用酸、离子交换、氯化、添加化学试剂等方法均存在成本过高、操作复杂、效果不稳定等系列问题。近年来用生物法沥滤污泥中重金属 ,效果较为明显。1　 生物法沥滤重金属的机理及优点活性污泥中存在Ｔｈｉ…     

厌氧消化后污泥中的重金属形态分布

对污泥经消化后8种重金属的化学形态分析表明，汞、镉、铅、砷几乎全部以稳定形态存在，锌、镍、铬的形态含量亦不同程度地得到增加。     

热水解法处理污泥过程中重金属的迁移规律

采用热水解法处理城市脱水污泥,同时采用BCR连续提取法提取污泥中的重金属元素,研究了污泥水解前后Zn、Cu、Cd和Pb的形态分布。结果表明,水解前Pb在污泥中主要以残渣态形式存在,相对比较稳定;Cu和Cd主要以残渣态和可氧化态形式存在;而Zn主要以酸溶态和可还原态形式存在,具有较强的潜在迁移性。经热水解后,污泥中的重金属主要存在于固相中,且主要以残渣态形式存在,迁移性较水解前有明显的降低。     

生物沥滤去除城市污泥中重金属的温度控制研究

以桂林城市污泥作为处理介质、单质硫为能量底物、土著硫杆菌为主要的沥滤微生物,对10～40℃下生物沥滤的酸化效果、沥滤微生物活性和去除重金属的效果进行了研究.结果表明,在单质硫的投配量为3 g/L、曝气强度为1.0 L/min的条件下,当温度为10～30℃时,升高温度能明显提高污泥酸化速度和微生物活性.为缩短生物沥滤时间和提高酸化效果,沥滤体系的最佳运行温度范围为20～30℃,其中温度为28.9℃时沥滤微生物的活性最强,此时硫酸根的产率为461.66 mg/(L·d).从达标处理和低能耗运行的工程角度考虑,生物沥滤温度可控制在20℃.5 d后对Cu、Zn、Cd的去除率分别为47.45%、77.07%和80.57%,残余重金属含量均符合污泥农用的相关标准.     

Quantitative image analysis as a diagnostic tool for identifying structural changes during a revival process of anaerobic granular sludge

Due to unspecified operational problems, the specific acetoclastic activity (SAA) of the anaerobic granular sludge present in an industrial UASB reactor was considerably damaged (from 250 to less than 10mL CH(4)@STP/gVSS.d), significantly reducing the biogas production of that industrial unit. The hydrogenotrophic methanogenic activity exhibited a value of 600mL CH4@STP/gVSS.d, the settling velocity was 31.4+/-9.8m/h, the average equivalent diameter was 0.92+/-0.43mm, and about 70% of the VSS were structured in aggregates larger than 1mm. In order to study the recovery of the SAA, this sludge was collected and inoculated in a lab-scale expanded granular sludge blanket (EGSB) reactor. Ethanol was fed as the sole carbon source during a trial period of 106 days. Process monitoring included COD removal efficiency, methane production, and periodic determination of the specific methanogenic activity in the presence of acetate, propionate, butyrate, ethanol and H(2)/CO(2). Quantitative image analysis allowed for information to be obtained on granular fragmentation/erosion and filaments release. During the first operational period, biogas production was mainly due to the hydrogenotrophic activity. However, after 40 days, the SAA steadily increased achieving a maximum value of 183+/-13mL CH4@STP/gVSS.d. The onset of SAA recovery, granules breakdown and filaments release to the bulk occurred simultaneously. Further increase in SAA was accompanied by granular growth. In the last 25 days of operation, the size distribution was stable with more than 80% of projected area of aggregates corresponding to granules larger than 1mm (equivalent diameter). Confocal images from FISH hybridized sections of the granules showed that after SAA recovery, the granules developed an organized structure where an acidogenic/acetogenic external layer was apparent. Granular fragmentation and increase of filaments in the bulk, simultaneously with the increase in the acetoclastic activity are described for the first time and might represent a structural response of granular sludge to promote the optimal substrate uptake at minimal diffusion limitations.     

Bioleaching of metals from sewage sludge: Microorganisms and growth kinetics

Microbial leaching is one of the advantageous methods of removing heavy metals from sewage sludge, however, the microbiological aspects of this technology have not been studied. This study presents the characterization of the naturally occurring microorganisms, responsible for the metal leaching activity, in 21 different sewage sludges. The results obtained indicate that the bioleaching of metals is carried out by successive growth of less-acidophilic and acidophilic thiobacilli. Several species of less-acidophilic thiobacilli participate in the sludge acidification, but Thiobacillus thioparus is the most important species. In contrast, Thiobacillus thiooxidans seems to be the only species involved in the acidophilic group of thiobacilli. The growth kinetics of the two groups of thiobaciili was followed in five different sewage sludges. After 5 days of incubation in shake flasks, the pH of the sludge was decreased to about 2.0 and this pH decrease solubilized the toxic metals (Cd: 83–90%; Cr: 19–41%; Cu: 69–92%; Mn: 88–99%; Ni: 77–88%; Pb: 10–54%; Zn: 88–97%). The maximum specific growth rate (μ_max) for the less-acidophilic thiobacilli varied between 0.079 and 0.104 h⁻¹ and that for the acidophilic thiobacilli varied between 0.067 and 0.079 h⁻¹.     

Effect of low ORP in anoxic sludge zone on excess sludge production in oxic-settling-anoxic activated sludge process

This paper studied the effect of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in the anoxic sludge zone on the excess sludge production in the oxic-settling-anoxic process (OSA process), a modified activated sludge process. Two pilot-scale activated sludge systems were employed in this study: (1) an OSA process that was modified from a conventional activated sludge process by inserting a sludge holding tank or namely the "anoxic" tank in the sludge return line; and (2) a conventional process used as the reference system. Each was composed of a membrane bioreactor to serve the aeration tank and solid/liquid separator. Both systems were operated with synthetic wastewater for 9 months. During the operation, the OSA system was operated with different ORP levels (+100 to -250 mV) in its anoxic tank. It has been confirmed that the OSA system produced much less excess sludge than the reference system. A lower ORP level than +100 mV in the anoxic tank is in favor of the excess sludge reduction. When the ORP level decreased from +100 to -250 mV the sludge reduction efficiency was increased from 23% to 58%. It has also been found that the OSA system performed better than the reference system with respect to the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency and sludge settleability. The OSA process may present a potential low-cost solution to the excess sludge problem in an activated sludge process because addition of a sludge holding tank is only needed.     

Possible cause of excess sludge reduction in an oxic-settling-anaerobic activated sludge process (OSA process)

Modification of a conventional activated sludge process by inserting a sludge holding tank in a sludge return line forms an oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process that may provide a cost-effective way to reduce excess sludge production in activated sludge processes. In this paper we systematically evaluate the following possible scenarios that may explain the reduction of excess sludge in the OSA process: (i). energy uncoupling, (ii). domination of slow growers, (iii). soluble microbial products (SMPs) effect and (iv). sludge decay in the sludge holding tank under a low oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) condition. Results show that only the final scenario may reasonably explain this reduction. It has also been found that the sludge decay process in the sludge holding tank may involve the reduction of the cell mass.     

Dewatering characteristics of sludge conditioned by surfactant with bioleaching pretreatment

In view of the merits of bioleaching and surfactant for sludge treatment, the possibility of surfactant with bioleaching pretreatment applied to improve sludge dewaterability was investigated in this work. The results showed that cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) with bioleaching pretreatment was highly efficient in dewatering sludge. The optimal CTAC dosage and bioleaching pH for this combination were 120 mg/g (dry solids) and 3.55, respectively, under which the water content of filtrated cake was 68.94% and the specific resistance to filtration was 0.12 × 10¹³ m/kg with a reduction of 94.92%. Although CTAC and bioleaching both had positive effects on sludge dewatering, their combination was more efficient. The significant enhancement of sludge dewaterability was mainly contributed from the breakage and charge neutralization of sludge flocs, and the release of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In addition, the positive correlation between supernatant EPS concentration and sludge dewaterability was observed under experimental conditions.     

利用微型动物捕食进行污泥减量的研究进展

介绍了目前用来作为污泥减量的微型动物种类,并阐述了在线减量工艺和离线减量工艺两种生物捕食减量工艺,总结了生物捕食污泥减量技术的污泥减量效果,最后提出了其今后的研究方向。     

上海城市污水厂污泥的农用处置方法研究

历时一年的调查显示，上海11家城市污水厂的污泥中含有大量的植物养分，但是在某些时期重金属含量会超过国家《农用污泥质量标准》，为此采用生物法和化学法对污泥中的重金属进行了沥滤试验。沥滤7d后的结果表明，采用生物法双用浓H2SO4酸化具更好的滤除效果；在生物法沥滤重金属的过程中还具有酸化法所没有的泥消化功能。     

Effects of pH and oxidation state of chromium on the behavior of chromium in the activated sludge process

The behavior of chromium (Cr) in the activated sludge process (ASP) was evaluated in laboratory-scale, fill-and-draw activated sludge experiments. Both pH and the oxidation state of chromium were confirmed as critical parameters in the ASP for evaluating the behavior of chromium. More than 55% of chromium was removed when trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] was introduced into the influent while less than 60% was removed when hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] was added over a pH range from 5 to 9. As pH was increased, the removal increased when Cr(III) was introduced but the reverse occurred with Cr(VI). Introduction of Cr(VI) into the influent resulted in less than 80% of chromium associated with solids; however, with Cr(III), more than 90% of chromium was bound with solids. These results suggest that the ASP is capable of controlling the transport of Cr(III) to the environment but such is not case for Cr(VI).Theoretical consideration based on thermodynamics predicted that no reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III) should occur and the only redox reaction should be the oxidation of Cr(III) into Cr(VI). However, no oxidation of Cr(III) into Cr(VI) was observed; some Cr(VI) was reduced into Cr(III). Kinetic constraints may have impeded the oxidation of Cr(III). Under the conditions of this study, Cr(III) may have been removed through adsorption rather than precipitation as Cr(OH)₃. Cr(VI) might be adsorbed on the bacterial surface through specific adsorption.     

Battery industry wastewater: Pb removal and produced sludge

The process of neutralization with NaOH, in the presence of Fe(III) salt, of sulphuric acid battery industry wastewater seems to be more suitable than any other process for Pb removal because at the same time, it allows the exploitation of the scavenger action of Fe(III), which is often present in the same wastewater and precipitates as hydroxides. In order to optimize sludge production, a laboratory research study has been carried out to minimize the quantity of Fe(III) to be added. All aspects concerning the chemistry of wastewater have been taken into consideration step by step and discussed. As a result, a process which requires the addition of Fe(III) so that an Fe/Pb ratio, both expressed as ppm, of the order of 0.5 is achieved. The process has been applied to two artificial solutions, characterized by a content of H₂SO₄ of 1000 and 5000 ppm, respectively, and by 10 ppm of Pb, as well as to five samples of wastewater. The proposed process takes about 1 h to perform: 30 min for neutralization up to pH 8.5–9.5 and Fe(III) addition and 30 min for correction in the 9–9.5 pH range and for flocculation with the help of a polyelectrolyte. The Pb concentration of the treated effluent is below 0.2 ppm. Conditions for Pb removal using only NaOH or Na₂CO₃ have also been considered.