我国白银生产和需求情况及银市开放后存在的问题

文章阐述了目前国内白银的生产和消费的状况,以及开放后的白银市场所存在的问题,并提出了几点建议。     

Malnutrition and mortality during recent famines in Ethiopia: implications for food aid and rehabilitation

The 1972-73 and 1984-85 famines varied significantly among different populations within famine areas at the regional, community and household levels. Political and social factors were crucial in this pattern. Evidence from both pastoral and farming areas indicates that the development of community-based resources may be less disruptive socially and economically and result in less morbidity and mortality than dependence on relief shelters. Areas needing further study are identified.     

Analysis of an early hominid ulna from the Omo Basin, Ethiopia

The discovery (in 1971) of a nearly complete right ulna from the Shungura Formation of the Omo basin provides the opportunity to abalyze the forelimb structure of the Australopithecus boisei form of early hominid. Results from multivariate morphometric analyses show that this bone is unique in shape among the extant hominoids although it is most similar to Pan and Homo. Despite its long slender shaft and large distal articular surface the bone's overall morphology is quite unlike Pongo.     

Bacteriological and serological investigation of persistent Salmonella enteritidis infection in an integrated poultry organisation

Bacteriological monitoring of broiler breeder farms, the hatchery, rendering plant and animal feed mill during 1991 identified a number of potential cross-contamination hazards, such as the use of processed poultry proteins in the company feed mill and contamination of egg trolleys and trays, which may have led to widespread dissemination of Salmonella enteritidis within an integrated poultry organisation. Serological monitoring of the flocks suggested that, in most cases, substantial exposure to S. enteritidis infection occurred during the mid-rearing stage whereas routine bacteriological monitoring of poultry house litter and dust samples, and meconium samples taken in the hatchery identified infection only after the onset of the laying period. At least 10 phage types and six plasmid profile types of S. enteritidis were identified in historic submissions from the organisation including one apparently specific plasmid profile type that was distributed throughout the various parts of the company. During sampling for this investigation, most of these strains were not identified, and the number of plasmid profile types was reduced to a single common UK type.     

Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of azithromycin in the pediatric field]

Azithromycin (AZM), a new macrolide antibiotic, in fine granules and in capsules was studied for pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation in the pediatric patients. Antibacterial activity of AZM against 43 clinical isolates: AZM exhibited slightly lower activity against Gram-positive bacteria and 2-8-fold higher activity against Gram-negative bacteria than erythromycin or clarithromycin. Plasma or urine samples were collected from eight patients receiving the drug in fine granular form, and two patients receiving it in capsules for the determination of drug levels. The elimination half-lives of AZM after administration at dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 3 days were 50.0 and 51.2 hours for fine granules, and 41.5 hours for capsules. AUC0-infinity was 11.7 and 24.3 micrograms.hr/ml for fine granules, and 8.3 micrograms.hr/ml for capsules. The cumulative excretion rates up to 120 hours after the start of treatment were 8.24 and 13.84% for fine granules, and 3.83% for capsules. AZM was administered to 123 patients once daily at 3.7-20.0 mg/kg body weight over 3 to 5 days with reference to the standard dose of 10 mg/kg. The drug was used to treat patients with pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, pneumonia, mycoplasmal pneumonia, chlamydial pneumonia, otitis media, pertussis, intestinal infection, and SSTI. The effectiveness of AZM was evaluated in 109 cases. The drug was rated "excellent" in 65.1% of the patients and "good" in 29.4%, resulting in an efficacy rate of 94.5%. Furthermore, AZM eradicated 43 of 46 (93.5%) bacteria that had been identified before the treatment. Three patients complained of side effects of urticaria (1 case) and diarrhea (2 cases). Abnormal laboratory changes were reported as follows: decreased leukocyte (3 cases), increased eosinophil (5), increased platelet (2), increased eosinophil and platelet, elevated GPT (1), and elevated GOT and GPT (1). The abnormalities, however, were mild enough to raise no clinically significant problems. In conclusion, AZM in once daily regimen was effective and safe in treatment of pediatric infections.     

Lipoprotein profile, diet and body composition in athletes practicing mixed an anaerobic activities

To investigate the prevalence and possible role of anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), cell membrane antigen was prepared from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and immunoblotting performed to detect AECA in SLE sera. IgG-AECA could be detected in 41 (86%) of 47 SLE patients. They were highly specific and failed to react with membrane antigens of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or granulocytes. IgG-AECA reacted with endothelial membrane antigens which ranged from 15 to 200 kDa in molecular size. Further analysis of the antigens reacting with IgG-AECA revealed some interesting correlations between specific species of antibodies with certain clinical manifestations. Thus, patients having lupus nephritis, vasculitis, and hypocomplementemia had IgG-AECA against a 66-kDa membrane antigen; those with thrombocytopenia had IgG-AECA against a 55-kDa antigen; those with pleuritis had IgG-AECA against an 18-kDa antigen. These results indicate that IgG-AECA in the sera of SLE patients consist of heterogenous species.     

Bacteriological quality of drinking water in the City of Merida, Mexico

With the aim of knowing the microbiological quality of drinking water in Merida, Yucatan, 383 paired samples of drinking water (two per house) were studied. Three hundred sixty four (95%) city water system samples and 283 (73.89%) tap water samples met the microbiological standards for drinking water. It was concluded that microbiological quality of drinking water from the city water system is satisfactory, except for the water system district Merida III, which has a significant aerobic plate count contamination level (21.7% of the samples). Domestic storage systems preserve water quality, with the exception of district Merida I, which has the highest level of contamination (4.8% of the samples) possibly from sewage water and fecal sources.     

Bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in Wondogenet, Ethiopia

This community study on headache in Malaysia was based on IHS diagnostic criteria and showed the last-year prevalence of migraine was 9.0%. Migraine with aura accounted for only 10.6% of the migrainous population. The last-year prevalence of tension headache was 26.5% (94.4% episodic, 5.6% chronic) and 28.2% for other types of headache. No case of cluster headache was found. Almost two thirds of the migraine subjects graded their headaches as severe, while almost 60% of the tension headache subjects and almost 70% of the other headache subjects graded their headaches as mild. Overall, there was higher prevalence in females for migraine and tension headache, and in males for the other types of headache. The prevalence of headache was lower among those younger than 15 and older than 65 years of age. No significant differences were found in the prevalence of headache among the different racial groups nor among the urban versus the rural population. All the headache types shared the same triggering factors suggesting that different physiological characteristics are responsible for the type of pain suffered. In the location of this community with its tropical climate, headache was attributed to sun exposure in 51.9% of the migraine subjects, 55.7% of the tension headache subjects, and 36.6% of the group with other headaches.     

露天矿公路扬尘机理及抑尘

分析了露天矿粉尘的危害以及在运输荷载下的扬尘机理,提出了与传统方法完全不同的粘结、润湿和保水一体的生态抑尘思想,进行了广泛的实验模拟和现场工业试验.结果表明,新型抑尘剂具有粘结、凝并、吸湿、保水、固结路面、自适应水土环境的效果,制备工艺简单,综合费用合理,性价比高,能满足露天矿公路运输和其他作业场址的防尘要求.     

Posture and support use of Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae): the influence of foraging strategies, activity patterns, and the spatial distribution of preferred food items

A common objective in field studies of positional behavior is to establish functional links between locomotion, body size, habitat use, foraging strategies, and maintenance activities. In contrast, there has been relatively little effort to examine posture in a similar, comparative context. Although various studies have shown that particular postures are employed in specific contexts, the theory which could provide the basis for understanding posture on a more general level has not been explicitly stated. This is particularly true for primates lacking specializations such as prehensile tails, claws for clinging, or adaptations for forelimb suspension. Consequently, there are few a priori reasons for predicting postural differences among generalized arboreal quadrupeds. Six sympatric cercopithecid monkeys were studied for 14 months in the Ivory Coast's Tai Forest to determine if more general relationships do exist between posture and other aspects of behavior. The results demonstrate that the postural diversity with these primates can, to varying degrees, be understood within the context of differences in the spatial distribution of preferred food items, activity patterns, support use, and foraging strategies.     

Immunotherapy vs inhaled budesonide in bronchial asthma: an open, parallel, comparative trial

BACKGROUND: Budesonide, an inhaled corticosteroid and specific immunotherapy, are both routinely used in the treatment of bronchial asthma. However, there are as yet, no studies comparing the effects of budesonide vs immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of budesonide with immunotherapy in patients having perennial asthma. METHODS: This study is an open, parallel, comparative trial, in which 51 young patients were administered either immunotherapy or budesonide for 1 year and their global symptom scores and FEV1 values assessed. Both treatments were abruptly discontinued after 12 months and the effects of cessation analysed. RESULTS: The use of budesonide resulted in a faster and more striking improvement during the first few months as compared to immunotherapy, with an even more rapid decline in benefits on cessation of budesonide. Immunotherapy on the other hand, resulted in slow but steady improvement which did not decline as rapidly as budesonide on cessation. CONCLUSION: Although this was an open trial, it could be concluded that relief with inhaled corticosteroids in bronchial asthma is more rapid than immunotherapy; however the decline in benefit on cessation of inhaled corticosteroid is even more rapid, a phenomenon not seen with immunotherapy.     

An analysis of response, direction and place learning in an open field and T maze.

Rats were trained to locate food in a response, direction, or place problem on an open field located at 2 positions. In Experiment 1, both the response and direction groups solved the problem. The place group failed to solve the task in approximately 300 trials. Experiment 2 demonstrated that rats need distinguishable start points to solve a place problem when neither a response nor a direction solution is available. Findings from Experiment 3 suggest that a combination of path traveled and distinct cues help to differentiate start points. Experiment 4 replicated the findings using a T maze. These results suggest 'place' solutions are difficult for rats. The data are discussed with respect to conditional learning and modem spatial mapping theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pattern of surgical admissions in Gondar Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia

A retrospective study based on the principal discharge diagnosis of 4121 surgical in-patients, who were admitted to Gondar College of Medical Sciences Hospital over a three year period, is made to document the commonest surgical conditions prevalent in the north west region of Ethiopia. Intestinal obstruction was the commonest cause of surgical admission followed by head injury and soft tissue injury.     

Study of the feasibility of involving male student volunteers in case holding in an urban tuberculosis programme

AIMS: To investigate the effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, benazepril, on pulmonary function. METHODS: We investigated the influence of benazepril, on lung function and the interaction with inhaled salbutamol (0.1 to 6.6 mg) and histamine (0.03 to 30.69 g l-1) in normal subjects. Benazepril 20 mg, salbutamol 8 mg, propranolol 160 mg, and placebo were given orally once daily over 10 days. RESULTS: On day 8, there was no difference in the area under the salbutamol dose-response curves between benazepril, placebo and oral salbutamol (P > 0.05), propranolol shifted the curves to the right (P < 0.05). On day 10, histamine challenge resulted in following PD35sGaw values (geometric mean and 95% CI): with placebo 1.02 (0.95-1.09) g l-1, benazepril 1.04 (0.99-1.08), salbutamol 1.19 (1.13-1.25), propranolol 0.57 (0.50-0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Benazepril had no influence on baseline lung function, caused no interaction with inhaled salbutamol and the bronchial response to histamine was similar to placebo. However, our findings in normal subjects cannot be extrapolated automatically to asthmatics.     

Characteristics of holding, patterns of play, and social behaviors between parents and infants in New Delhi, India.

Characteristics of holding, play, and social behaviors between 54 mothers and fathers and their 1-year-old infants were observed within the context of their extended families in New Delhi, India. Mothers picked up and held infants more than did fathers, and were more likely to feed and comfort them and to invest more time feeding and displaying affection to them than were fathers. When parents held infants they were more likely to display affection than to feed, comfort, or play with them. Fathers engaged in more rough play than did mothers, and mothers engaged in more peek-a-boo than did fathers. Mothers and fathers treated boys and girls quite similarly. Infants smiled at, vocalized to, and followed mothers more than they did fathers. Parents were generally preferred over relatives as social partners. The data point to the cultural specificity of certain parent–child activities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)