喷雾冷却中液滴撞击带气泡液膜的数值模拟

在喷雾冷却过程的核态沸腾区,液滴与液膜及液膜内气泡的撞击对过程传热有重要影响。本文建立以水为冷却工质的单液滴撞击带气泡液膜的二维数值模型,模拟研究过程现象和传热规律。结果表明,We为6.94、量纲为1的液膜厚度为0.5（对应液滴速度0.5m/s、液膜厚度1mm）时,撞击过程中液膜扰动不显著、运动形态近似波纹;当We增大到111.11（对应液滴速度2m/s）时,撞击过程中液滴与液膜接合处的表压达到6000Pa,成为颈部射流现象的推动力,并逐步发展形成冠状水花;撞击过程中气泡的存在会阻碍液滴与加热表面的直接接触,但随着气泡的破裂,液滴与加热表面直接接触换热,使撞击点附近表面传热系数远大于其他区域,提高了传热能力,且液膜厚度越小、液滴速度越大,表面传热系数峰值越高。研究结果可为喷雾冷却系统的进一步研究提供理论依据。     

大液滴撞击结冰传热过程及介质阻挡放电除冰实验研究

对大液滴撞击过冷壁面结冰的传热和相变过程进行了实验研究,采用高速成像技术与红外测温成像技术对液滴撞击不同温度过冷壁面时的动态过程进行拍摄记录。另外提出一种新的除冰方式,利用高频纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器进行了除冰的实验验证,并进行了热力学分析。实验结果表明：壁面温度的变化对液滴铺展过程影响较小,最大铺展系数几乎不变,但对液滴收缩与振荡过程以及最终结冰冰形有较大的影响;结冰从液滴底层开始,壁面温度越低,液滴与过冷壁面温差越大,底层液滴结冰更快,而上层液膜经过回缩、振荡之后,液膜厚度更薄,结冰相变所需时间也更短;利用高频纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电除冰效果显著,其放电区域作用相当于是一个“热源”且根据其作用方式的不同,除冰过程可分为两个阶段。     

喷雾冲击条件下液膜流动与传热模型

针对现有喷雾冷却计算模型的不足,以质量、动量、能量守恒方程为基础,建立喷雾冷却非沸腾区的液膜流动与传热方程,并采用数量级分析的方法对方程简化,最后运用数值方法对模型进行求解。给定液滴速度及液体温度,由模型计算液膜厚度、平均热通量与液体流出温度,与实验测试结果对照。结果显示,液膜厚度的计算结果与实验结果相差6%以内;平均热通量和液体离开待冷却表面的最终温度计算结果与实验结果相差10%以内,且超过60%的计算结果偏差小于5%。计算结果与实验结果的高度匹配证明该模型可较好地反映喷雾冷却过程的流动与换热。由模型可以获取不同位置处液膜厚度与温度,从而加深对喷雾冷却传热机理的理解。     

撞击速度对连续液滴撞击热圆柱壁面局部传热特性影响的实验

借助高速摄像机捕获连续液滴撞击热圆柱壁面后的动力学行为,通过直接测试与数值计算方法相结合,获得了不同撞击速度下沿周向和轴向的局部对流传热特性。结果表明,当液滴撞击速度较小,液膜未发生飞溅时,由于圆柱面的各向异性,沿轴向的对流传热系数单调减小,而沿周向,对流传热系数先减小后略有增大;根据对流传热系数沿周向的变化,将圆周划分为撞击区域、热扩散区域和尾部脱离区域;增大液滴撞击速度主要提高撞击区域和热扩散区域的对流传热系数,而对尾部脱离区域对流传热系数的影响并不明显。当液滴撞击速度超过某一临界值(在本文的实验条件下约为1.53 m/s)时,液膜发生飞溅,此时继续增大撞击速度,壁温的降低不再明显。     

Splashing Characteristics of Monodisperse Sprays with Significant Viscosity Differences Impacting a Flat Surface

Drop impingement and splashing as a function of viscosity and, to a lesser extent, temperature are examined here. The working fluid is a mixture of water and glycerin with relative mass percentages varying from 0 to 100%, which spans a viscosity range of three orders of magnitude. First, a criterion that separates “on” and “off” for splashing as a function of glycerin percentage is expressed in terms of both Weber and Reynolds numbers and its highly nonlinear behavior is a function of the change in fluid viscosity. Next, the complex splashing characteristics of a rather simple monodisperse spray injected at a pressure of 2 bars onto a flat, 2-mm-diameter aluminum cylindrical rod are examined. Spatial variations in the fraction of splashed liquid, Sauter mean diameter, splashed droplet size distribution, and splash volume fraction as a function of radial distance for these mixtures are reported.     

多液滴同步冲击液膜时中间薄膜射流形成机理与动力学特征

采用耦合水平集-流体体积（coupled level set and volume of fluid）方法结合高斯随机分布扰动对多液滴同步冲击平面液膜飞溅过程进行了三维数值模拟,通过分析压力、速度等细微场量分布,揭示了中间薄膜射流的生成、破碎以及后期柱状射流的形成机理。此外,讨论了Weber数、液膜厚度、液滴间距对薄膜射流高度的作用规律。结果表明,在液相加入高斯分布扰动后可以充分反映液滴冲击飞溅特征;相邻液滴颈部区域射流接触后,接触区压力梯度骤然升高,与流体运动间断共同作用下形成向上运动的薄膜射流,随后在流体不稳定性与气相涡流作用下发生破碎;薄膜射流高度随Weber数和液膜厚度升高而增大,液滴间距减小时,射流高度增大。     

Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study of Heat Transfer Due to Confined Impinging Circular Jet

An experimental and numerical simulation study of heat transfer due to a confined impinging circular jet is presented. In this research, a stainless steel foil heated disk was used as the heat transfer surface of a simulated chip, and the thermocouples were mounted symmetrically along the diameter of the foil to measure the temperature distribution on the surface. Driven by a small pump, a circular air jet (1.5 mm and 1 mm in diameter) impinged on the heat‐transfer surface with middle and low Reynolds numbers. The parameters, such as Reynolds number and ratio of height‐to‐diameter, were changed to investigate the radial distribution of the Nusselt number and the characteristics of heat transfer in the stagnation region. Numerical computations were performed by using several different turbulence models. In wall bounded turbulent flows, near‐wall modeling is crucial. Therefore, the turbulence models enhanced wall treatment, such as the RNG κ‐? model, may be superior for modeling impingement flows. The numerical results showed reasonable agreement with the experimental data for local heat transfer coefficient distributions. The impinging jet may be an effective method to solve the cooling problem of high power density electronic packaging.     

竖直多孔平板上液膜流动特性的研究

孔结构被广泛应用于传质塔填料中,对填料上的液膜流动和传质行为影响较大。对竖直光板和多孔板上的液膜流动进行了三维模拟,并通过实验验证了模拟的准确性。通过模拟研究了孔结构对液膜流动特性的影响。结果表明,干燥孔会阻碍液膜的铺展,而润湿孔促进液膜的铺展。与光板相比,多孔板上的液膜具有起伏波,这将影响液膜的厚度分布和速度分布。液膜厚度波动和水平方向的速度波动随着孔径的增加而增加,而竖直流动方向的速度随着孔径的增加而降低。当孔径增加到一定值时,毛细波将出现在孔中的液膜中,这大大增加液膜水平方向上的波动速度,而降低流动方向上的速度。当孔径继续增加到临界值时,液膜将破裂。多孔板上孔内和气侧区域存在涡旋,能够促进内部液体交换和增大气侧扰动,从而增强传质能力。     

A study on hydrodynamic characteristics in a Φ38 pulsed extraction column by four‐sensor optical fiber probe

Accurate prediction of dispersed phase droplet behavior is crucial to the design and scaling‐up of an extraction column. In this article, the dispersed droplet velocity algorithm and the diameter algorithm in a liquid–liquid two‐phase flow have been developed based on the bubble velocity model in gas–liquid two‐phase flow of Lucas [Measurement Science & Technology. 749, 758(2005)] and Shen [International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 593, 617(2005)]. Hydrodynamic characteristics, including droplet diameter, holdup and droplet velocity, were measured using a self‐made four‐sensor optical fiber probe in a 38 mm‐diameter pulsed sieve‐plate extraction column. Water and kerosene were used as continuous and dispersed phases, respectively. The influences of the pulsed intensity, the continuous and dispersed phase superficial velocities on the hydrodynamic characteristics were investigated. The experimental results show that it is reliable to use a four‐sensor optical probe to measure the hydrodynamic characteristics of a pulsed extraction column. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 801–811, 2017     

Heat transfer of evaporating droplet flow in low pressure systems

Convective heat transfer of laminar droplet flow is analyzed for a low pressure system, where latent heat of evaporation and ratio of liquid density to vapor density is high (for example, water at l atm). The droplet size is considered to be approximately constant but the vapor velocity is considered increasing along the tube. The heat transfer effect of droplets in the vapor stream is treated as distributed heat sink. Results are presented in non-dimensional form for circular tubes, with constant wall heat flux or constant wall temperature boundary conditions. Distinct heat transfer behavior of droplet flow is revealed.     

R32在水平微细圆管内凝结换热的数值模拟

采用VOF模型对R32在内径为1 mm水平圆管内的凝结换热进行了数值模拟.圆管进口饱和蒸气和壁面温度分别为40℃和30℃.假设气相为湍流、液相为层流,考虑重力和表面张力的影响,模拟分析了干度、液膜厚度和轴向速度沿管长的变化.结果表明,沿管轴向顶部液膜先增厚后基本保持不变,管底部液膜持续增厚.表明当量直径在1 mm时重力作用仍不可忽略.传热系数的模拟值随干度的增大而增大;与实验结果相比,模拟值小于实验值,但二者差别在实验误差范围内.     

乙醇水溶液单液滴碰撞热壁面的动态演化特性

乙醇添加剂能显著改变去离子水基液滴碰壁动态特性。本文设计并搭建了液滴碰壁动态演化及传热研究实验台,并就溶液表面张力、液滴韦伯数（We）、壁面温度等对液滴碰壁的特性影响进行了实验研究。结果表明乙醇添加剂能够有效增强液滴润湿特性,促进液滴的雾化和破碎现象,同时抑制液滴反弹能力。并且这一能力随着乙醇溶液浓度的增大而增强。润湿特性随着液滴We的增大呈现出先增强后发生反弹现象的趋势,乙醇添加剂能够有效地抑制这种反弹趋势,并使混合液滴继续发生铺展现象。壁面温度125℃时,当We由15增大到33时,水基液由铺展阶段过渡到反弹阶段,而添加乙醇使得液滴继续铺展,没有发生反弹现象。乙醇添加剂能够明显地提高液滴由铺展到反弹的临界转变温度（T_CHF）,扩大液滴核态沸腾对应的温度区域,延迟液滴进入过渡沸腾阶段。     

A numerical study of flow boiling in a microchannel using the local front reconstruction method

The rapid advances in performance and miniaturization of electronic devices require a cooling technology that can remove the produced heat at a high rate with small temperature variations, as is obtained in flow boiling. To obtain insight in flow boiling, we performed numerical simulations in a 200 μm square microchannel using the local front reconstruction method. Besides validation with literature results, a parametric study shows an increasing heat removal rate and bubble growth rate with increasing wall temperature, liquid mass density, and liquid heat capacity and decreasing inlet velocity indicating the importance of phase change compared to convective transport. Finally, the heat transfer in the liquid film is studied using a Nusselt number defined with the film thickness, which is comparable to Nusselt number for falling films on hot surfaces. It is observed that convective effects are more pronounced at the bubble rear compared to the bubble front.     

圆柱壁面上液滴凝固相变对其运动行为的影响

采用CLSVOF耦合焓-多孔介质方法对单液滴撞击低温光滑圆柱壁面的现象进行数值模拟研究，揭示了壁面温度、壁面浸润性和液滴撞击速度等因素对液滴撞击低温光滑圆形壁面后动力学行为及相变特性的影响，研究中主要关注两个重要参数的变化规律：液膜高度变化和液滴对壁面的润湿特性。研究表明：提高壁面疏水性能可有效减小液滴碰撞圆柱的铺展润湿面积，从而减小冻结面积，降低结冰的危害程度；由于圆柱壁面的曲率作用，液滴撞击疏水圆柱壁面会出现液膜断裂，但在极低温度下，可抑制液膜在圆形壁面上的分裂，导致液膜在壁面上的铺展面积有所增加，防结冰性能下降。     

含气泡油滴撞击矩形沟槽壁面的数值分析

采用耦合水平集-体积分数（CLSVOF）方法对含气泡油滴撞击矩形沟槽壁面现象进行数值模拟研究,考察了油滴撞击壁面后的形态演化过程,分析了中心射流形成机理和气体夹带的分布规律,并探究了沟槽宽度、沟槽深度和撞击位置对油滴铺展特性的影响。研究表明：含气泡油滴在矩形沟槽壁面铺展时会形成中心射流,沟槽内部存在气体夹带现象。气泡底部的速度旋涡是形成中心射流的主要原因,沟槽内的气体夹带受油滴铺展速度影响呈现规律性分布。沟槽宽度对含气泡油滴在垂直沟槽方向和平行沟槽方向的铺展长度影响较大,但对铺展高度影响较小。当无量纲沟槽宽度为0.3时,油滴形成颈部射流并在运动后期使垂直沟槽方向的铺展长度迅速增加。此外,沟槽深度也对含气泡油滴在各方向的铺展有重要影响,沟槽深度越大,中心射流现象越难形成。撞击位置变化不改变油滴在沟槽壁面上的运动演化过程,但对沟槽内部的气体夹带规律有一定影响。     

熔渣颗粒空冷相变换热的三维数值模拟

利用VOF方法结合凝固和熔化模型对熔渣颗粒在空气流中的冷却相变过程进行了三维数值模拟,讨论了熔渣颗粒直径和空气速度对冷却凝固过程演变的影响。结果表明：空冷方法能够实现熔渣颗粒表面的快速凝固成型,但同时也造成了颗粒内部的非均匀凝固。熔渣直径越小,完全凝固时间越短;空气流速越大时, 其表面换热越强, 完全冷却时间越短。颗粒初温为1673.15 K、直径为0.5~2 mm,风速为1~5 m·s^-1条件下熔渣颗粒在2 s内释放出全部凝固热,后续空气最高温度能达到900 K以上。     

Gas Holdup and Solid‐Liquid Mass Transfer in Newtonian and non‐Newtonian Fluids in Bubble Columns

Gas holdup and surface‐liquid mass transfer rate in a bubble column have been experimentally investigated. De‐mineralized water, 0.5 and 1.0% aqueous solutions of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), and 60% aqueous propylene glycol have been used as the test liquids. Effects of column diameter, liquid height to column diameter ratio, superficial gas velocity and liquid phase viscosity on gas holdup and mass transfer rate are studied. Generalized correlations for the average gas holdup and wall to liquid heat and mass transfer coefficients are proposed. These are valid for both Newtonian and pseudoplastic non‐Newtonian fluids.     

Effect of wall temperature modulation on the heat transfer characteristics of droplet-train flow inside a rectangular microchannel

The numerical studies of water–oil two-phase slug flow inside a two-dimensional vertical microchannel subjected to modulated wall temperature boundary conditions have been discussed in the present paper. Many researchers have contributed their efforts in exploring the characteristics of Taylor flows inside microchannel under constant wall heat flux or isothermal wall conditions. However, there is no study available in the literature which discusses the impact of modulated thermal wall boundary conditions on the heat transfer behavior of slug flows inside microchannels. Hence, to bridge this gap, an effort has been made to understand the heat transfer characteristics of the flow under sinusoidal wall temperature conditions. Initially, a single phase flow and heat transfer study was performed in microchannels, and the results of the fully developed velocity profile and heat transfer rate were validated with benchmark analytical results. Then an optimal selection of the combination of sinusoidal thermal wall boundary conditions has been made for the two-phase slug flow study. Later, the effects of amplitude(0 b ε b 0.03) and frequency(0 b ω b 750π rad·s~(-1)) of the sinusoidal wall temperature profile on the heat transfer have been studied using the optimal combination of the wall boundary conditions. The results of the numerical study using modulated temperature conditions on channel walls showed a significant improvement in the heat transfer over liquid-only flow by approximately 50% as well as over two-phase flow without wall temperature modulation. The non-dimensional temperature contours obtained for different cases of temperature modulation clearly explain the root cause of such improvement in the heat transfer. Besides,the results based on the hydrodynamics of the flow have also been reported in terms of variation of droplet shapes and film thickness. The influence of Capillary number on the film thickness as well as heat transfer rates has also been discussed. In addition, the measured film thickness has also been compared with that calculated using standard empirical and analytical models available in the literature. The heat transfer rate obtained from the numerical study for the case of unmodulated wall temperature was found to be in a close match with a phenomenological model to evaluate slug flow heat transfer having a mean absolute deviation of 7.56%.     

Influence of Particle Size and Single‐Tube Diameter on Thermal Behavior of Fischer‐Tropsch Reactors. Part I. Particle Size Variation for Constant Tube Size and Vice Versa

Simulation of a single tube of a wall‐cooled multitubular Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) reactor with a cobalt catalyst indicates that the reactor performance is improved by enlarging the catalyst particle diameter. This aspect is studied for variation of the particle size for a fixed tube diameter and vice versa. For a syngas conversion per pass of about 30 % as target and a typical industrially used single‐tube diameter of 40 mm, a particle size of > 3 mm is appropriate with regard to a high production rate of higher hydrocarbons. For a particle diameter of < 3 mm, a temperature runaway can only be avoided by rather low cooling temperatures, and the target conversion cannot be reached. In addition, the pressure drop then gets rather high. The reasons for this behavior are: (i) the heat transfer to the cooled tube wall for a given tube size is considerably enhanced by increasing the particle size; (ii) the influence of pore diffusion on the effective rate gets stronger with rising particle size which decreases the danger of temperature runaway.     

Three‐dimensional direct simulation of a droplet impacting onto a solid sphere with low‐impact energy

In this paper, a numerical model is developed for direct simulation of droplet impinging onto a spherical surface on a fixed Eulerian mesh. The model couples the level‐set method and the interfacial cell immersed boundary method to the single‐fluid formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations which are solved by a finite‐volume projection technique. Moving contact lines are modelled here with a simple static contact angle model. The model is shown to converge, and to agree with previous work in the literature. The model is then applied to investigate the impact behaviour of a droplet onto solid sphere of different diameters at low Weber number and low Reynolds number. The simulation results show that the droplet used in present study seems to deposit on different spherical surfaces through oscillating. The simulated results also suggest that the impacted‐sphere size has a significant effect on the impact dynamics of the droplet. A local breakage phenomenon may be found in the centre of the droplet collision with a smaller sphere during the first recoiling stage. A regime map is then established to provide quantitative analysis for the breakage mode of the current impacting process.