Benchmark-problem instances for static scheduling of task graphs with communication delays on homogeneous multiprocessor systems

Scheduling program tasks on processors is at the core of the efficient use of multiprocessor systems. Most task-scheduling problems are known to be NP-Hard and, thus, heuristics are the method of choice in all but the simplest cases. The utilization of acknowledged sets of benchmark-problem instances is essential for the correct comparison and analysis of heuristics. Yet, such sets are not available for several important classes of scheduling problems, including multiprocessor scheduling problem with communication delays (MSPCD) where one is interested in scheduling dependent tasks onto homogeneous multiprocessor systems, with processors connected in an arbitrary way, while explicitly accounting for the time required to transfer data between tasks allocated to different processors. We propose test-problem instances for the MSPCD that are representative in terms of number of processors, type of multiprocessor architecture, number of tasks to be scheduled, and task graph characteristics (task execution times, communication costs, and density of dependencies between tasks). Moreover, we define our task-graph generators in a way appropriate to ensure that the corresponding problem instances obey the theoretical principles recently proposed in the literature.     

Scheduling divisible jobs on hypercubes

In this work a problem of finding an optimal distribution of a divisible computational job among a set of processors is considered. In the model of parallel computer systems two important factors must be taken into account: speeds of processors and speeds of communications links. With regard to this, we propose a deterministic approach finding an optimal distribution of the job's load on a hypercube of processors. The method used allows also the determination of performance bounds on the hypercube architecture.     

Scheduling Independent Multiprocessor Tasks

Abstract. We study the problem of scheduling a set of n independent multiprocessor tasks with prespecified processor allocations on a fixed number of processors. We propose a linear time algorithm that finds a schedule of minimum makespan in the preemptive model, and a linear time approximation algorithm that finds a schedule of makespan within a factor of (1+\eps) of optimal in the non-preemptive model. We extend our results by obtaining a polynomial time approximation scheme for the parallel processors variant of the multiprocessor task model.     

Minimizing migrations in fair multiprocessor scheduling of persistent tasks

Suppose that we are given n persistent tasks (jobs) that need to be executed in an equitable way on m processors (machines). Each machine is capable of performing one unit of work in each integral time unit and each job may be executed on at most one machine at a time. The schedule needs to specify which job is to be executed on each machine in each time window. The goal is to find a schedule that minimizes job migrations between machines while guaranteeing a fair schedule. We measure the fairness by the drift d defined as the maximum difference between the execution times accumulated by any two jobs. As jobs are persistent we measure the quality of the schedule by the ratio of the number of migrations to time windows. We show a tradeoff between the drift and the number of migrations. Let n = qm + r with 0 < r < m (the problem is trivial for n ≤ m and for r = 0). For any d ≥ 1, we show a schedule that achieves a migration ratio less than r(m − r)/(n(q(d − 1)) + ∊ > 0; namely, it asymptotically requires r(m − r) job migrations every n(q(d − 1) + 1) time windows. We show how to implement the schedule efficiently. We prove that our algorithm is almost optimal by proving a lower bound of r(m − r)/(nqd) on the migration ratio. We also give a more complicated schedule that matches the lower bound for a special case when 2q ≤ d and m = 2r. Our algorithms can be extended to the dynamic case in which jobs enter and leave the system over time.     

基于布谷鸟搜索的多处理器任务调度算法

多处理器系统在高性能计算中扮演着重要角色.为提高系统的并行性能,基于布谷鸟搜索算法,提出一种新的多处理器任务调度算法.该算法以全部任务的最晚完成时间最小为目标,利用基于任务优先权的编码方式使连续的布谷鸟搜索算法适用于离散的多处理器任务调度问题.实验结果表明,所提算法不仅求解质量高,而且求解速度最快,与目前广泛采用的遗传算法和粒子群算法相比其执行时间缩短超过60％.     

A Bipartite Genetic Algorithm for Multi-processor Task Scheduling

Until now, several methods have been presented to optimally solve the multiprocessor task scheduling problem that is an NP-hard one. In this paper, a genetic-based algorithm has been presented to solve this problem with better results in comparison with related methods. The proposed method is a bipartite algorithm in a way that each part is based on different genetic schemes, such as genome presentation and genetic operators. In the first part, it uses a genetic method to find an adequate sequence of tasks and in the second one, it finds the best match processors. To evaluate the proposed method, we applied it on several benchmarks and the results were compared with well known algorithms. The experimental results were satisfactory and in most cases the presented method had a better makespan with at least 10% less iterations compared to related works.     

一种基于调度簇树的周期性分布实时任务调度算法

本文针对现有的基于任务复制的静态调度算法在调度周期性分布实时任务时存在的缺点,提出了一种称之为调度簇树（SCT）的新的结构并研究了其特性,在此基础上给出了一种基于SCT树的周期性分布实时任务调度算法（SAS）。通过与OSA算法进行比较的实验结果表明,SAS算法可实现调度长度向上最接近分布实时任务周期,最大程度减少所需顸留处理器数目,大大提高分布实时系统的处理器利用率,同时并不增加调度算法的复杂度。     

一种基于PVM的主动的任务动态调度策略

近年来,随着分布并行计算的迅速发展,许多优秀的分布并行计算环境不断涌现,如PVM,Express,Linda等。其中PVM在科学计算等领域得到最广泛的应用,并成为事实上的标准。并行任务的调度策略是影响分布并行系统效率和负载均衡的重要因素之一。PVM系统原来采用一种“轮转法”的策略进行任务分配,相应的算法和实现比较简单,由于此策略本身固有的静态性和强制性,系统负载均衡的问题几乎没有考虑,所以PVM系统的效率得不到充分的发挥。目前国内外对任务调度的研究成果在提高系统效率和负载均衡上有所改善,但     

Scheduling of network tasks to minimize the consumed energy

In this paper, we consider the problem of scheduling network tasks that have to be performed in a given computer network. Each network task consists of the transmission of data files between two nodes of the network and has to be performed in an a priori known time window in such a way that the energy consumed by the network equipment during the transmission of all the considered tasks is minimized. The entire mathematical model of this scheduling problem is proposed. Some results of computational experiments are also presented to show energy savings achieved through implementation of the proposed model in the interdata center network.     

一种改进的启发式网格任务调度算法

网格任务调度算法是影响网格成功与否的关键技术之一。网格计算中,一个好的任务调度算法不但要考虑所有任务的makespan,使其值尽量小,同样要考虑到整个系统机器间的负载平衡问题。文章对异构计算环境下的元任务调度算法进行了分析,针对Min-min算法可能引发的负载不平衡问题,结合网格计算环境的特点,提出了一种适用于网格计算环境中的任务调度算法。     

嵌入式并行系统中基于任务优化的调度算法

在嵌入式并行计算系统中,任务调度是决定系统性能的关键。多任务调度中,启发式调度法是一种设计简单且性能良好的调度方法。目前的调度算法大多是基于任务复制的,没有充分考虑前驱任务与其后继任务间的相关性。该文提出了一种基于相关任务优化(DTO)的调度算法,通过分析已用处理机的负载和空闲时间,尽量减少系统的调度长度和处理机数目。算法分析结果表明,DTO算法在性能上优于其他算法,对嵌入式并行计算系统中的多任务调度是一个较好的选择。     

Priority-Driven Scheduling of Periodic Task Systems on Multiprocessors

The scheduling of systems of periodic tasks upon multiprocessor platforms is considered. Utilization-based conditions are derived for determining whether a periodic task system meets all deadlines when scheduled using the earliest deadline first scheduling algorithm (EDF) upon a given multiprocessor platform. A new priority-driven algorithm is proposed for scheduling periodic task systems upon multiprocessor platforms: this algorithm is shown to successfully schedule some task systems for which EDF may fail to meet all deadlines.     

网格任务调度算法研究

网格任务调度算法是影响网格成功与否的关键技术之一。本文总结了网格计算系统的体系结构和特征,分析了网格任务调度算法的基本原理和性能指标,并对各种调度策略和算法进行了分类和比较。本文为网格任务调度的研究提供了很好的参考。     

基于动态优先级策略的最优软非周期任务调度算法

周期任务与非周期任务的混合调度是实时调度研究的一个重要方向 通过定义“调度”和“逆调度” ,对实时周期任务集在使用EDF算法调度时的可挪用时间进行分析 ,求出了周期任务集在使用EDF调度时的最大可挪用时间 在此基础上 ,提出用于缩短非周期任务响应时间和周转时间的调度算法———ISA(idlestealingalgorithm) ISA算法充分使用最大可挪用时间 ,在保证周期任务满足最后期限的同时能取得非周期任务的最优响应时间和周转时间 证明了ISA算法的最优性 ,并使用仿真实验进行了性能验证     

Multiprocessor Scheduling with Machine Allotment and Parallelism Constraints

Abstract. Modern computer systems distribute computation among several machines to speed up the execution of programs. Yet, setup and communication costs, as well as parallelism constraints, bound the number of machines that can share the execution of a given application, and the number of machines by which it can be processed simultaneously . We study the resulting scheduling problem, stated as follows. Given a set of n jobs and m uniform machines, assign the jobs to the machines subject to parallelism and machine allotment constraints, such that the overall completion time of the schedule (or makespan ) is minimized. Indeed, the multiprocessor scheduling problem (where each job can be processed by a single machine) is a special case of our problem; thus, our problem is strongly NP-hard. We present a (1+ α) -approximation algorithm for this problem, where α ∈ (0,1] depends on the minimal number of machine allotments and the minimal parallelism allowed for any job. Also, we show that when the maximal number of machines that can share the execution of a job is some fixed constant, our problem has a polynomial time approximation scheme ; for other special cases we give optimal polynomial time algorithms. Finally, through the relation of our problem to the classic preemptive scheduling problem on multiple machines, we shed some fresh light on what is known in scheduling folklore as the power of preemption.     

基于异构型结点的任务均衡调度研究

该文以实现时间最短为目标，全面考虑影响任务集实现开销的各种因素，建立了异构型结点集中带偏序关系的任务集的均衡调度模型及其随机搜索算法。调度模型将任务集实现过程分成：执行、传递和等待，强调执行和传递的并行性，降低因等待而发生的费用。算法在统计意义下为多项式时间复杂度。这一模型在工作时限要求较高的领域应用前景广泛。     

Improved bounds for hybrid flow shop scheduling with multiprocessor tasks

In this paper, we investigate the problem of minimizing makespan in a multistage hybrid flow-shop scheduling with multiprocessor tasks. To generate high-quality approximate solutions to this challenging NP-hard problem, we propose a discrepancy search heuristic that is based on the new concept of adjacent discrepancies. Moreover, we describe a new lower bound based on the concept of dual feasible functions. The proposed lower and upper bounds are assessed through computational experiments conducted on 300 benchmark instances with up to 100 jobs and 8 stages. For these instances, we provide evidence that the proposed bounds consistently outperform the best existing ones. In particular, the proposed heuristic successfully improved the best known solution of 75 benchmark instances.     

一种面向部分可重构FPGA的混合实时调度算法

在CPU/FPGA平台上运行的实时任务通常由软/硬件子任务组成并存在优先约束关系。提出了一种软/硬件混合实时任务调度算法。在截止期限错失时刻,通过分析系统的运行情况,推导出实时任务可调度的充分条件。每个实时任务的硬件子任务分成多组,每组硬件子任务重叠配置到FPGA上。通过手工布局硬件子任务端口和总线端口,使得硬件子任务可动态的连接到系统总线上。实验表明,该算法能够满足任务的实时性,充分利用FPGA资源。     

一种基于DAG图划分的网格关联任务调度算法

网格计算中的大型应用程序往往被分解为多个关联任务.对于这类应用,任务间的依赖是一个不可忽略的因素.传统算法只能将其视为元任务来考虑,限制了对任务粒度的进一步划分,从而大大降低了任务调度的性能.本文提出一种基于DAG图划分的关联任务调度算法.它优先调度关键路径上的任务,同时利用任务复制的方法充分利用资源上的时间碎片,保证依赖关系及时得到满足.仿真结果表明,对于网格环境下的大规模关联任务,该算法有效地提高了作业执行速度和资源使用效率.