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1.
The application of graphite anodes in potassium‐ion batteries (KIB) is limited by the large variation in lattice volume and the low diffusion coefficient of potassium ions during (de)potassiation. This study demonstrates nitrogen‐doped, defect‐rich graphitic nanocarbons (GNCs) as high‐performance KIB anodes. The GNCs with controllable defect densities are synthesized by annealing an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid nickel coordination compound. The GNCs show better performance than the previously reported thin‐walled graphitic carbonaceous materials such as carbon nanocages and nanotubes. In particular, the GNC prepared at 600 °C shows a stabilized capacity of 280 mAh g?1 at 50 mA g?1, robust rate capability, and long cycling life due to its high‐nitrogen‐doping, short‐range‐ordered, defect‐rich graphitic structure. A high capacity of 189 mAh g?1 with a long cycle life over 200 cycles is demonstrated at a current density of 200 mA g?1. Further, it is confirmed that the potassium ion storage mechanism of GNCs is different from that of graphite using multiple characterization methods. Specifically, the GNCs with numerous defects provide more active sites for the potassiation process, which results in a final discharge product with short‐range order. This study opens a new pathway for designing graphitic carbonaceous materials for KIB anodes.  相似文献   

2.
Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) in organic electrolytes hold great promise as an electrochemical energy storage technology owing to the abundance of potassium, close redox potential to lithium, and similar electrochemistry with lithium system. Although carbon materials have been studied as KIB anodes, investigations on KIB cathodes have been scarcely reported. A comprehensive study on potassium Prussian blue K0.220Fe[Fe(CN)6]0.805?4.01H2O nanoparticles as a potential cathode material is for the first time reported. The cathode exhibits a high discharge voltage of 3.1–3.4 V, a high reversible capacity of 73.2 mAh g?1, and great cyclability at both low and high rates with a very small capacity decay rate of ≈0.09% per cycle. Electrochemical reaction mechanism analysis identifies the carbon‐coordinated FeIII/FeII couple as redox‐active site and proves structural stability of the cathode during charge/discharge. Furthermore, for the first time, a KIB full‐cell is presented by coupling the nanoparticles with commercial carbon materials. The full‐cell delivers a capacity of 68.5 mAh g?1 at 100 mA g?1 and retains 93.4% of the capacity after 50 cycles. Considering the low cost and material sustainability as well as the great electrochemical performances, this work may pave the way toward more studies on KIB cathodes and trigger future attention on rechargeable KIBs.  相似文献   

3.
Potassium‐ion battery (PIB) using a carbon‐based anode is an ideal device for electrochemical energy storage. However, the large atomic size of potassium ions inevitably leads to huge volume expansion and the collapse of anodes, resulting in the severe capacity fading during the long‐term cycling. Herein, silicon carbide‐derived carbon (SiC‐CDC) with a controllable pore structure is synthesized with a concise etching approach. It exhibits a maximum capacity of 284.8 mA h g?1 at a current density of 0.1 A g?1 after 200 cycles as well as a highly reversible capacity of 197.3 mA h g?1 at a current density of 1.0 A g?1 even after 1000 cycles. A mixed mechanism of the potassium storage is proposed for this prominent performance. The interconnected pore structure with a high proportion of mesopore volume provides abundant active sites for the adsorption of potassium ions, a shortened electrolyte penetration path, and enlarged accumulation space for potassium ions, eventually leading to facilitated capacitive potassium storage inside this SiC‐CDC electrode. This work provides fundamental theories of designing pore structures for boosting capacitive potassium storage and unveils CDC‐based materials as the prospective anodes for high‐performance PIBs.  相似文献   

4.
Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are new‐concept of low‐cost secondary batteries, but the sluggish kinetics and huge volume expansion during cycling, both rooted in the size of large K ions, lead to poor electrochemical behavior. Here, a bamboo‐like MoS2/N‐doped‐C hollow tubes are presented with an expanded interlayer distance of 10 Å as a high‐capacity and stable anode material for KIBs. The bamboo‐like structure provides gaps along axial direction in addition to inner cylinder hollow space to mitigate the strains in both radial and vertical directions that ultimately leads to a high structural integrity for stable long‐term cycling. Apart from being a constituent of the interstratified structure the N‐doped‐C layers weave a cage to hold the potassiation products (polysulfide and the Mo nanoparticles) together, thereby effectively hindering the continuing growth of solid electrolyte interphase in the interior of particles. The density functional theory calculations prove that the MoS2/N‐doped‐C atomic interface can provide an additional attraction toward potassium ion. As a result, it delivers a high capacity at a low current density (330 mAh g?1 at 50 mA g?1 after 50 cycles) and a high‐capacity retention at a high current density (151 mAh g?1 at 500 mA g?1 after 1000 cycles).  相似文献   

5.
Bismuth (Bi) is an attractive material as anodes for both sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) and potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs), because it has a high theoretical gravimetric capacity (386 mAh g?1) and high volumetric capacity (3800 mAh L?1). The main challenges associated with Bi anodes are structural degradation and instability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resulting from the huge volume change during charge/discharge. Here, a multicore–shell structured Bi@N‐doped carbon (Bi@N‐C) anode is designed that addresses these issues. The nanosized Bi spheres are encapsulated by a conductive porous N‐doped carbon shell that not only prevents the volume expansion during charge/discharge but also constructs a stable SEI during cycling. The Bi@N‐C exhibits unprecedented rate capability and long cycle life for both NIBs (235 mAh g?1 after 2000 cycles at 10 A g?1) and KIBs (152 mAh g?1 at 100 A g?1). The kinetic analysis reveals the outstanding electrochemical performance can be attributed to significant pseudocapacitance behavior upon cycling.  相似文献   

6.
Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) are currently drawing increased attention as a promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) owing to the abundant resource and low cost of potassium. However, due to the large ionic radius size of K+, electrode material that can stably maintain K+ insertion/deintercalation is still extremely inadequate, especially for anode material with a satisfactory reversible capacity. As an attempt, nitrogen/carbon dual‐doped hierarchical NiS2 is introduced as the electrode material in PIBs for the first time. Considering that the introduction of the carbon layer effectively alleviates the volume expansion of the material itself, further improves the electronic conductivity, and finally accelerates the charge transfer of K+, not surprisingly, NiS2 decorated with the bifunctional carbon (NiS2@C@C) material electrode shows excellent potassium storage performances. When utilized as a PIB anode, it delivers a high reversible capacity of 302.7 mAh g?1 at 50 mA g?1 after 100 cycles. The first coulombic efficiency is 78.6% and rate performance is 151.2 mAh g?1 at 1.6 A g?1 of the NiS2@C@C, which are also notable. Given such remarkable electrochemical properties, this work is expected to provide more possibilities for the reasonable design of advanced electrode materials for metal sulfide potassium ion batteries.  相似文献   

7.
Carbon‐based materials are considered to be one of the most promising materials for negative electrodes of the future, because of their good chemical stability, high electrical conductivity, and environmental benignity. However, to date, the underlying principles of K‐ion storage in carbonaceous anodes remain elusive, which greatly hinders the development of such a category of anodes. Herein, the ultrastable K‐ion storage of carbonaceous anode through systematic analyses, including comprehensive electrochemical characterizations, kinetics calculations, and structural/compositional evolution mechanism studies, is theoretically elucidated and experimentally verified. Specifically, it is found that the uniquely envelope‐like nitrogen‐doped carbon nanosheets with high pseudocapacitive could bring ultrastable storage of potassium ions, delivering a high initial reversible capacity of 367 mAh g?1 at a current density of 50 mA g?1 and retain 70.5 and 75.6% at current densities of 500 and 1000 mA g?1 after 1000th cycle, respectively. This study could enlighten researchers on further progress in the field of carbonaceous K‐ion battery negative electrode with a long cycle life.  相似文献   

8.
Potassium‐ion batteries have been regarded as the potential alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to the low cost, earth abundance, and low potential of K (?2.936 vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)). However, the lack of low‐cost cathodes with high energy density and long cycle life always limits its application. In this work, high‐energy layered P2‐type hierarchical K0.65Fe0.5Mn0.5O2 (P2‐KFMO) microspheres, assembled by the primary nanoparticles, are fabricated via a modified solvent‐thermal method. Benefiting from the unique microspheres with primary nanoparticles, the K+ intercalation/deintercalation kinetics of P2‐KFMO is greatly enhanced with a stabilized cathodic electrolyte interphase on the cathode. The P2‐KFMO microsphere presents a highly reversible potassium storage capacity of 151 mAh g?1 at 20 mA g?1, fast rate capability of 103 mAh g?1 at 100 mA g?1, and long cycling stability with 78% capacity retention after 350 cycles. A full cell with P2‐KFMO microspheres as cathode and hard carbon as anode is constructed, which exhibits long‐term cycling stability (>80% of retention after 100 cycles). The present high‐performance P2‐KFMO microsphere cathode synthesized using earth‐abundant elements provides a new cost‐effective alternative to LIBs for large‐scale energy storage.  相似文献   

9.
Carbon‐based materials are promising anodes for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). However, due to the significant volume expansion and structural instability, it is still a challenge to achieve a high capacity, high rate and long cycle life for carbonaceous anodes. Herein, oxygen/fluorine dual‐doped porous carbon nanopolyhedra (OFPCN) is reported for the first time as a novel anode for PIBs, which exhibits a high reversible capacity of 481 mA h g?1 at 0.05 A g?1 and excellent performance of 218 mA h g?1 after 2000 cycles at 1 A g?1 with 92% capacity retention. Even after 5000 robust cycles at 10 A g?1 with charging/discharging time of around 40 s, an unprecedented capacity of 111 mA h g?1 is still maintained. Such ultrafast potassium storage and unprecedented cycling stability have been seldom reported in PIBs. Quantitative kinetics analysis reveals that both diffusion and capacitance processes are involved in the potassium storage mechanism. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the O/F dual‐doped porous carbon promotes the K‐adsorption ability and can absorb multiple K atoms with slight structural distortion, which accounts for the high specific capacity, outstanding rate capability, and excellent cycling stability of the OFPCN anode.  相似文献   

10.
Poly(thiophene) as a kind of n‐doped conjugated polymer with reversible redox behavior can be employed as anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, the low redox activity and poor rate performance for the poly(thiophene)‐based anodes limit its further development. Herein, a structure‐design strategy is reported for thiophene‐containing conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with extraordinary electrochemical performance as anode materials in LIBs. The comparative study on the electrochemical performance of the structure‐designed thiophene‐containing CMPs reveals that high redox‐active thiophene content, highly crosslinked porous structure, and improved surface area play significant roles for enhancing electrochemical performances of the resulting CMPs. The all‐thiophene‐based polymer of poly(3,3′‐bithiophene) with crosslinked structure and a high surface area of 696 m2 g?1 exhibits a discharge capacity of as high as 1215 mAh g?1 at 45 mA g?1, excellent rate capability, and outstanding cycling stability with a capacity retention of 663 mAh g?1 at 500 mA g?1 after 1000 cycles. The structure–performance relationships revealed in this work offer a fundamental understanding in the rational design of CMPs anode materials for high performance LIBs.  相似文献   

11.
Lithium‐ion, sodium‐ion, and potassium‐ion batteries have captured tremendous attention in power supplies for various electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. However, their practical applications are severely limited by factors such as poor rate capability, fast capacity decay, sluggish charge storage dynamics, and low reversibility. Herein, hetero‐structured bimetallic sulfide (NiS/FeS) encapsulated in N‐doped porous carbon cubes interconnected with CNTs (Ni‐Fe‐S‐CNT) are prepared through a convenient co‐precipitation and post‐heat treatment sulfurization technique of the corresponding Prussian‐blue analogue nanocage precursor. This special 3D hierarchical structure can offer a stable interconnect and conductive network and shorten the diffusion path of ions, thereby greatly enhancing the mobility efficiency of alkali (Li, Na, K) ions in electrode materials. The Ni‐Fe‐S‐CNT nanocomposite maintains a charge capacity of 1535 mAh g?1 at 0.2 A g?1 for lithium ion batteries, 431 mAh g?1 at 0.1 A g?1 for sodium ion batteries, and 181 mAh g?1 at 0.1 A g?1 for potassium‐ion batteries, respectively. The high performance is mainly attributed to the 3D hierarchically high‐conductivity network architecture, in which the hetero‐structured FeS/NiS nanocubes provide fast Li+/Na+/K+ insertion/extraction and reduced ion diffusion paths, and the distinctive 3D networks maintain the electrical contact and guarantee the structural integrity.  相似文献   

12.
Na‐ion Batteries have been considered as promising alternatives to Li‐ion batteries due to the natural abundance of sodium resources. Searching for high‐performance anode materials currently becomes a hot topic and also a great challenge for developing Na‐ion batteries. In this work, a novel hybrid anode is synthesized consisting of ultrafine, few‐layered SnS2 anchored on few‐layered reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by a facile solvothermal route. The SnS2/rGO hybrid exhibits a high capacity, ultralong cycle life, and superior rate capability. The hybrid can deliver a high charge capacity of 649 mAh g?1 at 100 mA g?1. At 800 mA g?1 (1.8 C), it can yield an initial charge capacity of 469 mAh g?1, which can be maintained at 89% and 61%, respectively, after 400 and 1000 cycles. The hybrid can also sustain a current density up to 12.8 A g?1 (≈28 C) where the charge process can be completed in only 1.3 min while still delivering a charge capacity of 337 mAh g?1. The fast and stable Na‐storage ability of SnS2/rGO makes it a promising anode for Na‐ion batteries.  相似文献   

13.
The synthesis of a new type of redox‐active covalent triazine framework (rCTF) material, which is promising as an anode for Li‐ion batteries, is reported. After activation, it has a capacity up to ≈1190 mAh g?1 at 0.5C with a current density of 300 mA g?1 and a high cycling stability of over 1000 discharge/charge cycles with a stable Coulombic efficiency in an rCTF/Li half‐cell. This rCTF has a high rate performance, and at a charging rate of 20C with a current density of 12 A g?1 and it functions well for over 1000 discharge/charge cycles with a reversible capacity of over 500 mAh g?1. By electrochemical analysis and theoretical calculations, it is found that its lithium‐storage mechanism involves multi‐electron redox‐reactions at anthraquinone, triazine, and benzene rings by the accommodation of Li. The structural features and progressively increased structural disorder of the rCTF increase the kinetics of infiltration and significantly shortens the activation period, yielding fast‐charging Li‐ion half and full cells even at a high capacity loading.  相似文献   

14.
Lithium ion battery is the predominant power source for portable electronic devices, electrical vehicles, and back‐up electricity storage units for clean and renewable energies. High‐capacity and long‐life electrode materials are essential for the next‐generation Li‐ion battery with high energy density. Here bimetal‐organic‐frameworks synthesis of Co0.4Zn0.19S@N and S codoped carbon dodecahedron is shown with rooted carbon nanotubes (Co‐Zn‐S@N‐S‐C‐CNT) for high‐performance Li‐ion battery application. Benefiting from the synergetic effect of two metal sulfide species for Li‐storage at different voltages, mesoporous dodecahedron structure, N and S codoped carbon overlayer and deep‐rooted CNTs network, the product exhibits a larger‐than‐theoretical reversible Li‐storage capacity of 941 mAh g?1 after 250 cycles at 100 mA g?1 and excellent high‐rate capability (734, 591, 505 mAh g?1 after 500 cycles at large current densities of 1, 2, and 5 A g?1 , respectively).  相似文献   

15.
Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) are a promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries because potassium is an abundant natural resource. To date, PIBs are in the early stages of exploration and only a few anode materials have been investigated. This study reports a cobalt sulfide and graphene (CoS@G) composite as anode electrode for PIBs for the first time. The composite features interconnect quantum dots of CoS nanoclusters uniformly anchored on graphene nanosheets. The coexistence of CoS quantum dot nanoclusters and graphene nanosheets endows the composite with large surface area, highly conductive network, robust structural stability, and excellent electrochemical energy storage performance. An unprecedented capacity of 310.8 mA h g?1 at 500 mA g?1 is obtained after 100 cycles, with a rate capability better than an equivalent sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). This work provides the evidence that PIBs can be a promising alternative to SIBs, especially at high charge–discharge rates. The development of the CoS@G anode material also provides the basis of expanding the library of suitable anode materials for PIBs.  相似文献   

16.
On account of increasing demand for energy storage devices, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) with abundant reserve, low cost, and similar electrochemical properties have the potential to partly replace the commercial lithium‐ion batteries. In this study, a facile metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐derived selenidation strategy to synthesize in situ carbon‐encapsulated selenides as superior anode for SIBs is rationally designed. These selenides with particular micro‐ and nanostructured features deliver ultrastable cycling performance at high charge–discharge rate and demonstrate ultraexcellent rate capability. For example, the uniform peapod‐like Fe7Se8@C nanorods represent a high specific capacity of 218 mAh g?1 after 500 cycles at 3 A g?1 and the porous NiSe@C spheres display a high specific capacity of 160 mAh g?1 after 2000 cycles at 3 A g?1. The current simple MOF‐derived method could be a promising strategy for boosting the development of new functional inorganic materials for energy storage, catalysis, and sensors.  相似文献   

17.
To develop high‐performance anode materials of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) instead of commercial graphite for practical applications, herein, a layer of silicon has been well‐anchored onto a 3D graphene/carbon nanotube (CNT) aerogels (CAs) framework with face‐to‐face contact and balanced open void by a simple chemical vapor deposition strategy. The engineered contact interface between CAs and Si creates high‐efficiency channels for the rapid electrons and lithium ions transport, and meanwhile, the balanced open‐void allows the free expansion of Si during cycling while maintaining high structural integrity due to the robust mechanical strength of 3D CAs framework. As a consequence, the as‐synthesized Si/CAs nanohybrids are highly stable anode materials for LIBs with a high reversible discharge capacity (1498 mAh g?1 at 200 mA g?1) and excellent rate capability (462 mAh g?1 at 10 000 mA g?1), which is much better than Si/graphene‐CNTs‐mixture (51 mAh g?1 at 10 000 mA g?1). More significantly, it is found that the Si/CAs nanohybrids display no obvious capacity decline even after 2000 cycles at a high current density of 10 000 mA g?1. The present Si/CAs nanohybrids are one of the most stable Si‐based anode materials ever reported for LIBs to date.  相似文献   

18.
Organic redox‐active molecules are inborn electrodes to store large‐radius potassium (K) ion. High‐performance organic cathodes are important for practical usage of organic potassium‐ion batteries (OPIBs). However, small‐molecule organic cathodes face serious dissolution problems against liquid electrolytes. A novel insoluble small‐molecule organic cathode [N,N′‐bis(2‐anthraquinone)]‐perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxydiimide (PTCDI‐DAQ, 200 mAh g?1) is initially designed for OPIBs. In half cells (1–3.8 V vs K+/K) using 1 m KPF6 in dimethoxyethane (DME), PTCDI‐DAQ delivers a highly stable specific capacity of 216 mAh g?1 and still holds the value of 133 mAh g?1 at an ultrahigh current density of 20 A g?1 (100 C). Using reduced potassium terephthalate (K4TP) as the organic anode, the resulting K4TP||PTCDI‐DAQ OPIBs with the electrolyte 1 m KPF6 in DME realize a high energy density of maximum 295 Wh kg?1cathode (213 mAh g?1cathode × 1.38 V) and power density of 13 800 W Kg?1cathode (94 mAh g?1 × 1.38 V @ 10 A g?1) during the working voltage of 0.2–3.2 V. Meanwhile, K4TP||PTCDI‐DAQ OPIBs fulfill the superlong lifespan with a stable discharge capacity of 62 mAh g?1cathode after 10 000 cycles and 40 mAh g?1cathode after 30 000 cycles (3 A g?1). The integrated performance of PTCDI‐DAQ can currently defeat any cathode reported in K‐ion half/full cells.  相似文献   

19.
Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage due to the abundance of sodium, especially for grid distribution systems. The practical implementation of SIBs, however, is severely hindered by their low energy density and poor cycling stability due to the poor electrochemical performance of the existing electrodes. Here, to achieve high‐capacity and durable sodium storage with good rate capability, hierarchical hollow NiS spheres with porous shells composed of nanoparticles are designed and synthesized by tuning the reaction parameters. The formation mechanism of this unique structure is systematically investigated, which is clearly revealed to be Ostwald ripening mechanism on the basis of the time‐dependent morphology evolution. The hierarchical hollow structure provides sufficient electrode/electrolyte contact, shortened Na+ diffusion pathways, and high strain‐tolerance capability. The hollow NiS spheres deliver high reversible capacity (683.8 mAh g?1 at 0.1 A g?1), excellent rate capability (337.4 mAh g?1 at 5 A g?1), and good cycling stability (499.9 mAh g?1 with 73% retention after 50 cycles at 0.1 A g?1).  相似文献   

20.
Metal oxide‐based nanomaterials are widely studied because of their high‐energy densities as anode materials in lithium‐ion batteries. However, the fast capacity degradation resulting from the large volume expansion upon lithiation hinders their practical application. In this work, the preparation of walnut‐like multicore–shell MnO encapsulated nitrogen‐rich carbon nanocapsules (MnO@NC) is reported via a facile and eco‐friendly process for long‐cycling Li‐ion batteries. In this hybrid structure, MnO nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed inside carbon nanoshells, which can simultaneously act as a conductive framework and also a protective buffer layer to restrain the volume variation. The MnO@NC nanocapsules show remarkable electrochemical performances for lithium‐ion batteries, exhibiting high reversible capability (762 mAh g?1 at 100 mA g?1) and stable cycling life (624 mAh g?1 after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g?1). In addition, the soft‐packed full batteries based on MnO@NC nanocapsules anodes and commercial LiFePO4 cathodes present good flexibility and cycling stability.  相似文献   

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