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1.
    
Harvesting ambient mechanical energy is a key technology for realizing self‐powered electronics, which has tremendous applications in wireless sensing networks, implantable devices, portable electronics, etc. The currently reported triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) mainly uses solid materials, so that the contact between the two layers cannot be 100% with considering the roughness of the surfaces, which greatly reduces the total charge density that can be transferred and thus the total energy conversion efficiency. In this work, a liquid‐metal‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (LM‐TENG) is developed for high power generation through conversion of mechanical energy, which allows a total contact between the metal and the dielectric. Due to that the liquid–solid contact induces large contacting surface and its shape adaptive with the polymer thin films, the LM‐TENG exhibits a high output charge density of 430 μC m?2, which is four to five times of that using a solid thin film electrode. And its power density reaches 6.7 W m?2 and 133 kW m?3. More importantly, the instantaneous energy conversion efficiency is demonstrated to be as high as 70.6%. This provides a new approach for improving the performance of the TENG for special applications. Furthermore, the liquid easily fluctuates, which makes the LM‐TENG inherently suitable for vibration energy harvesting.  相似文献   

2.
    
Triboelectric generators are integrated into curved architected materials to realize triboelectric metamaterials that simultaneously harvest electricity from wasted mechanical energy and perform mechanical energy absorption. Novel triboelectric mechanical metamaterials (TMMs) of distance-changing, angle-changing, and mixed modes are designed, fabricated, and tested under a cyclic compressive load. The open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of lightweight TMMs are found to be as high as 40 V and 10 nA. The introduced TMMs can effectively harvest energy under loadings from two distinctive directions. A theoretical model for predicting the energy harvesting properties of TMMs is developed, and the role of auxeticity on the energy harvesting figure-of-merit (FOMes) is elicited. The introduced TMMs exhibit enhanced FOMes enabled by a decrease in their negative Poisson's ratio and an increase in their resilience. The FOMes of curved architected TMMs surpasses by more than 16 times the FOMes of triboelectric materials with conventional architectures (i.e., triangular, quadrilateral, and hexagonal cell topologies). An intelligent skateboard with integrated TMMs is fabricated as a proof of concept to demonstrate motion sensing, shock-absorbing, and energy harvesting functionalities of multimodal triboelectric metamaterials. The introduced design strategy for triboelectric metamaterials unlocks their applications in self-powered and self-monitoring sports equipment, smart soft robots, and large-scale energy harvesters.  相似文献   

3.
    
Single‐electrode triboelectric nanogenerators (SETENGs) significantly expand the application of triboelectric nanogenerators in various circumstances, such as touch‐pad technologies. In this work, a theoretical model of SETENGs is presented with in‐depth interpretation and analysis of their working principle. Electrostatic shield effect from the primary electrode is the main consideration in the design of such SETENGs. On the basis of this analysis, the impacts of two important structural parameters, that is, the electrode gap distance and the area size, on the output performance are theoretically investigated. An optimized electrode gap distance and an optimized area size are observed to provide a maximum transit output power. Parallel connection of multiple SETENGs with micro‐scale size and relatively larger spacing should be utilized as the scaling‐up strategy. The discussion of the basic working principle and the influence of structural parameters on the whole performance of the device can serve as an important guidance for rational design of the device structure towards the optimum output in specific applications.  相似文献   

4.
    
A sustainable power source is a key technical challenge for practical applications of electrically responsive soft robots, especially the required voltage is over several thousand volts. Here, a practicable new technology, triboelectric soft robot (TESR) system with the primary characteristics of power source from mechanical energy, is developed. At its heart is TESR with bioinspired architectures made of soft-deformable body and two triboelectric adhesion feet, which is driven and accurately controlled through triboelectric effect, while reaching maximum crawling speeds of 14.9 mm s−1 on the acrylic surface. The characteristics of the TESR, including displacement and force, are tested and simulated under the power of a rotary freestanding triboelectric nanogenerator (RF-TENG). Crawling of TESR is successfully realized on different materials surfaces and different angle slopes under the driven of RF-TENG. Furthermore, a real-time visual monitoring platform, in which TESR carries a micro camera to transmit images in a long narrow tunnel, is also achieved successfully, indicating that it can be used for fast diagnosis in an area inaccessible to human beings in the future. This study offers a new insight into the sustainable power source technologies suitable for electrically responsive soft robots and contributes to expanding the applicability of TENGs.  相似文献   

5.
    
Development of novel nitrogen fixation technology is realistically significant for the fertilizer industry and agriculture. Traditional plasma‐induced nitrogen fixation technology is severely limited in some instances because this route generally requires a continuous power input with the features of complicated apparatus fabrication, high cost, nonportability, etc. Herein, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)‐driven microplasma discharge–based nitrogen fixation system is conceived by integrating a high‐voltage output TENG and a discharge reactor. The novel TENG has the capability to generate a high voltage of about 1300 V without additional auxiliary. The generated voltage can induce microplasma discharge under atmospheric environment in the discharge reactor, where nitrogen gas is successfully converted into nitrogen dioxide and nitric acid, and atmospheric nitrogen fixation is therefore realized. The TENG‐driven microplasma discharge‐based nitrogen fixation system can serve as a nitrogenous fertilizer supplier, and correspondingly, NaNO3 fertilizer is produced via driving the system by human walking stimuli for crop cultivation. A promising and energy‐saving atmospheric nitrogen fixation strategy with environmental friendliness, flexible operation, and high safety is offered.  相似文献   

6.
    
Based on the triboelectrification and electrostatic induction coupling, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, showing a promising potential in the fields of micro/nano energy and self-powered sensors applications. However, the devices are prone to malfunction due to fatigue and damage, limiting their development and applications. In this review, according to the working modes and operational malfunctions as well as the possible solutions, it is proposed that a robust TENG device can be constructed from three perspectives: self-healing friction layers, self-healing electrodes, and self-healing whole devices. Based on the structure, suitable environment, and self-healing materials, the design ideas and fabrication approaches of self-healing TENGs in recent years are summarized in detail. Finally, the development of self-healing TENGs in energy harvesting and self-powered sensors is outlined. It is the wish to provide insights and guidance for the application design of self-healing TENGs in the future.  相似文献   

7.
    
The applications of a single‐layer triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) may be challenged by its lower output current, and a possible solution is to use three‐dimensional (3D) integrated multilayered TENGs. However, the most important point is to synchronize the outputs of all the TENGs so that the instantaneous output power can be maximized. Here, a multi‐layered stacked TENG is reported as a cost‐effective, simple, and robust approach for harvesting ambient vibration energy. With superior synchronization, the 3D‐TENG produces a short‐circuit current as high as 1.14 mA, and an open‐circuit voltage up to 303 V with a remarkable peak power density of 104.6 W m?2. As a direct power source, it is capable of simultaneously lighting up 20 spot lights (0.6 W ea.) as well as a white G16 globe light. Furthermore, compared with the state‐of‐the‐art vibration energy harvesters, the 3D‐TENG has an extremely wide working bandwidth up to 36 Hz in low frequency range. In addition, with specific dimensional design, the 3D‐TENG is successfully equipped inside a ball with a diameter of 3 inches, using which 32 commercial LEDs are simultaneously lighted up via hand shaking, exhibiting great potential of scavenging the abundant but wasted kinetic energy when people play basketball, football, baseball, and so on.  相似文献   

8.
    
Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) generally operates using two‐electrodes to form a closed outer circuit loop without directly contacting ground. Here, a newly designed TENG, the two electrodes of which are grounded for doubling the energy output and the operation frequency, is introduced. The TENG operates in two modes: two‐channel mode in which the two electrodes are simultaneously connected to the ground, and single‐channel mode in which the two electrodes are alternately connected to the ground through a self‐triggered vibrating switch. Both modes doubles the total charges to be transported compared to the traditional ungrounded TENG. For the single‐channel TENG, about 30 current peaks with an output frequency of 50 Hz are generated in a single cycle at a motion triggering frequency of 2 Hz. The output energy at a load lower than 10 MΩ of the single‐channel TENG is enhanced, and the enhancing ratio is more than 100 at a load of 100 kΩ. The two electrodes grounded TENG provides a new strategy for effective use of the energy harvested from our living environment.  相似文献   

9.
    
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) are a possible power source for wearable electronics, but the conventional electrode materials for TENG are metals such as Cu and Al that are easy to be oxidized or corroded in some harsh environments. In this paper, metal electrode material is replaced by an electrical conducting polymer, polypyrrole (PPy), for the first time. Moreover, by utilizing PPy with micro/nanostructured surface as the triboelectric layer, the charge density generated is significantly improved, more superior to that of TENG with metals as the triboelectric layer. As this polymer‐based TENG is further integrated with PPy‐based supercapacitors, an all‐plastic‐materials based self‐charging power system is built to provide sustainable power with excellent long cycling life. Since the environmental friendly materials are adopted and the facile electrochemical deposition technique is applied, the new self‐charging power system can be a practical and low cost power solution for many applications.  相似文献   

10.
    
Tires are important parts in creating a great transportation system because they can significantly improve the overall system safety and fuel/power efficiency. The latter is especially important for the mileage of electric vehicles due to the limited electrical storage capacity. Here, green energy tires are designed by incorporating silica tread rubber with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). On the one hand, the silica‐based tread compound sharply cuts off the rolling resistance, improves fuel efficiency and reduces CO2 emissions, and provides all‐around traction without compromising braking. On the other hand, TENG converts frictional energy into electricity without changing the process of traditional tire production, which is able to be used for powering the electronics for automobile safety and automeasuring of tire pressure. The most important point lies in that TENG helps harness static electricity, which at present hinders the large‐scale application of silica‐filled green tires. Interestingly, it is also able to measure tire pressure and road condition from the changes in the output electrical signals, which thus leads to the smart applications of green energy tire in road/tire condition monitoring.  相似文献   

11.
    
Reducing carbon emissions to realize carbon neutrality is crucial to the environmental protection, and developing clean and renewable energy sources is an effective means to achieve this goal. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) provide a promising energy technology for converting the abundant renewable ocean wave energy on the earth surface. In this work, a segmented swing-structured fur-based TENG (SSF-TENG) is designed and fabricated to harvest low frequency water wave energy. The introduction of soft and dense rabbit furs reduces the frictional resistance and material wear, and the design and optimization of segmented structures further enhance the output performance of TENG. The use of ultra-lubricated bearings makes the SSF-TENG achieve an extended period of energy harvesting of more than 5 min after one triggering, with a total energy conversion efficiency of up to 23.6%. Under the real water wave triggering, the SSF-TENG can deliver a maximum peak power of 6.2 mW and an average power of 0.74 mW. Furthermore, through effective water wave energy harvesting by the SSF-TENG or array, self-powered marine environmental applications are successfully demonstrated, which establishes a solid foundation for large-scale blue energy harvesting and realization of smart oceans.  相似文献   

12.
    
Heavy metals contained in wastewater are one of the most serious pollutions in natural resources. A self‐powered electrochemical recovery system for collecting Cu ions in wastewater by incorporating a rolling friction enhanced freestanding triboelectric nanogenerator (RF‐TENG) is developed here. The RF‐TENG utilizes integrated cylindrical surfaces using the conjunction of rolling electrification and freestanding electrostatic induction, which shows outstanding output performance and ultrarobust stability. By using the kinetic energy of flowing water, a collection efficiency of up to 80% for Cu2+ ions in wastewater has been achieved. Self‐powered electrochemical systems are one of the most promising applications of TENGs for independent and sustainable driving of electrochemical reactions without the need for any additional power supply. This research is a substantial advancement towards the practical applications of triboelectric nanogenerators and self‐powered electrochemical systems.  相似文献   

13.
    
Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has received tremendous attention in ambient energy harvesting, especially for ocean wave energy. However, the technology is generally challenged to obtain excellent durability and high efficiency simultaneously, which primarily overshadows their further industrial-scale applications. Here, a dual-mode and frequency multiplied TENG with ultrahigh durability and efficiency for ultralow frequency mechanical energy harvesting via the elastic connection and soft contact design is proposed. By introducing the spring and flexible dielectric fluff to the novel pendulum-like structural design, the surface triboelectric charges of TENG are replenished in soft contact mode under the intermittent mechanical excitation, while the robustness and durability are enhanced in non-contact working mode. The fabricated TENG results in a continuous electrical output for 65 s by one stimulus with a high energy conversion efficiency, as well as negligible change of output performance after a total of 2 000 000 cycles. Moreover, integrated with the power management circuit, the TENG array is demonstrated to drive the electronics by effectively harvesting wind and water wave energy as a sustainable energy source. This work paves a new pathway to enhance the robustness, durability, and efficiency of the TENG that resolves the bottleneck of its practical applications and industrialization.  相似文献   

14.
    
A novel class of high performance polymer porous aerogel film‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (A‐NGs) is demonstrated. The A‐NGs, made of a pair of highly porous polymer films, exhibit much higher triboelectric outputs than the corresponding dense polymer film‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (D‐NGs) under the same mechanical stress. The triboelectric outputs of the A‐NGs increase significantly with increasing porosity, which can be attributed to the increase in contact area and the electrostatic induction in the porous structure, thereby leading to additional charges on the porous surface. Remarkably, the A‐NG fabricated using porous chitosan aerogel film paired with the most porous polyimide (with a porosity of 92%) aerogel film demonstrates a very high voltage of 60.6 V and current of 7.7 µA, corresponding to a power density of 2.33 W m?2, which is sufficient to power 22 blue light‐emitting‐diodes (LEDs). This is the first report on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) employing porous polymer aerogel films as both positive and negative materials to enhance triboelectric outputs. Furthermore, enhancing the tribopositive polarity of the cellulose aerogel film via silanization using aminosilane can dramatically improve the triboelectric performance. Therefore, this study provides new insights into investigating porous materials with tunable triboelectric polarities for high performance TENGs.  相似文献   

15.
    
Single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators (SE-TENGs) are versatile tools for energy harvesting with simple structures and great practicability. However, low output performance hinders SE-TENGs in applications as portable power sources. Herein, a novel SE-TENG that utilizes glass fiber fabric (GFF) as tribo-materials, along with an inorganic ferroelectric film for the dielectric layer is proposed. The GFF is first shown to be a promising tribo-material for its highly positive tribo-polarity and unique chemical/mechanical/durable properties. Meanwhile, an inorganic dielectric film with high dielectric constant is introduced between the GFF and Al electrode for enhancing the charge trapping capability. Owing to the synergistic effect of optimized triboelectrification and dielectric properties, the specific designed SE-TENG delivers an open-circuit voltage of 1640 V and a short-circuit current density of 59.05 mA m−2, which are superior to most reported SE-TENGs. With a maximum instantaneous power of 11.30 mW, the device can light up 1350 light-emitting diodes, charge a 47 µF capacitor into 10 V in 421 s, and power up a digital watch even without additional control circuits. This work provides new insights in designing high-performance SE-TENGs and facilitates their application in biomechanical energy harvesting and portable power sources.  相似文献   

16.
    
Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) devices with high robustness are promising in collecting powerful energy. In this study, highly elastic and pressure-resistance sponge fabricated TENG capable of adapting to high strength impact in land and water transportation and scalable for any shape is demonstrated for harvesting wave energy and mechanical energy. The polydimethylsiloxane sponge prepared by sacrificial template method has interconnected network and large size ratio of cavity-wall suitable for contact and separation. The operation modes of self-contact and extra-contact collaborating with MXene in electron transfer provide options for different operating conditions. The polydopamine-MXene modification of the sponge enables higher output due to the combination of the electronegativity, excellent adhesion, and antioxidant ability. Sponges are used to collect mechanical energy and applied for TENG-powered cathodic protection, making the 304 stainless steel (304 SS, Φ = 2 mm) electrode enter a thermodynamic stable state. What's more, the work also tries the universal strategies of program monitoring wave in the water tank and harvests the mechanical energy created by cars and passers-by, which enrich the applications of sponge TENG.  相似文献   

17.
    
The integration of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and 2D nanomaterials brings about 2D-nanomaterial-based TENGs (2D-TENGs) that promote the rapid development of self-powered sensing systems and wearable electronics. Extraordinary physical, electronic, chemical, and optical properties of 2D nanomaterials endow 2D-TENGs with improved output performance. This review presents the state of the art of 2D-TENGs with respect to basic classifications, enhancement mechanisms, special advantages, output performances, and applications in energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Furthermore, several challenges that can impede applications of 2D-TENGs are discussed.  相似文献   

18.
    
Solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerators (SL-TENGs) are a new technology that combines contact electrification (CE) and electrostatic induction to collect clean energy stored in natural water. Considering their unique advantages of high energy density, wide selection of materials and being suitable for large-scale promotion, they have attracted more and more attention in recent years, and numerous studies have shown their great potential in various applications. Many critical applications of SL-TENGs inevitably involve sustained and stable high electrical output. To achieve stable output performance and long cycle life in these applications, the adaptability of SL-TENGs to material selection, structural design, and working environment is necessary. Therefore, the construction of SL-TENGs matching different applications has become a critical research direction in TENGs. This review provides a historical summary of the development of SL-TENGs in the past few years and analyzes the key factors affecting their electrical output performance. The exciting achievements of different constructions of SL-TENGs for practical applications is also demonstrated such as energy harvesting, self-powered sensing, and self-powered cathodic protection. Finally, the development prospects of SL-TENGs and the significant challenges for their further development is discussed.  相似文献   

19.
    
There is a critical shortage in research needed to explore a new class of multifunctional structural components that respond to their environment, empower themselves and self-monitor their condition. Here, the novel concept of triboelectric nanogenerator-enabled structural elements (TENG-SEs) is proposed to build the foundation for the next generation civil infrastructure systems with intrinsic sensing and energy harvesting functionalities. In order to validate the proposed concept, proof-of-concept multifunctional composite rebars with built-in TENG mechanisms are developed. The developed prototypes function as structural reinforcements, nanogenerators, and distributed sensing mediums under external mechanical vibrations. Experiential and theoretical studies are performed to verify the electrical and mechanical performance of the developed self-powering and self-sensing composite structural components. The capability of the embedded structural elements to detect damage patterns in concrete beams at multiscale is demonstrated. Finally, it is discussed how this new class of TENG-SEs can revolutionize the large-scale distributed monitoring practices in civil infrastructure and construction fields.  相似文献   

20.
    
In the current daily life of people, the usage for disposable medical masks (DMMs) continues to be high. Discarded DMMs eventually become plastic pollution, threatening the marine environment seriously. At present, the common plastic recycling methods are extensive and not completely applicable for DMM recycling. In this work, according to the special structural and material characteristics of DMMs, a simple and effective recycling solution is proposed based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). First, a pulsed electric field system is designed and fabricated to treat the recycled films. The sterilizing rate reaches 91.8%, and the film surface potential is enhanced at the same time. Then, the feasibility of the treated films to be applied as the friction layers of TENGs is verified. Moreover, the recycled films are upgraded by chemical and physical methods, improving the output current of the basic TENG by 3.28 times. Finally, a complete TENG device is constructed to harvest water wave energy, 93.75% of which is made from recycled DMM materials. Under water waves, the power density of 18.22 W m−3 is achieved. Starting from TENG technology, this study combines circular economy and clean energy development, which is of significance for carbon neutralization.  相似文献   

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