含优势断续节理组的工程岩体等效遍布节理模型强度参数研究

岩体经历的成岩和构造改造等作用通常使其优势节理组发育,使得工程岩体呈现各向异性特征。本文首先说明当大尺度工程岩体含断续节理组时,岩桥对各向异性强度特征的影响突出。进而指出在采用遍布节理模型描述含优势随机节理的岩体各向异性时,模型中结构面参数为贯通节理的参数,不能直接采用现场断续节理的测试结果,需要进行大尺度岩体各向异性参数等效。然后,提出基于连续方法FLAC3D遍布节理的参数变化吻合非连续方法3DEC揭示的宏观岩体各向异性特征的途径,完成由连续方法间接描述非连续节理岩体各向异性力学行为的等效过程。研究表明,在无法应用解析法估算含随机断续节理岩体宏观参数时,数值试验成为了更有效的途径。采用遍布节理模型描述断续节理岩体各向异性强度特征时,节理强度参数值受断续节理与岩桥的综合影响,等效节理参数高于节理真实参数。此外,在进行等效连续过程中,为保证等效贯通节理导致的岩体强度凹陷与断续节理作用的方向一致,遍布节理模型中节理走向取值应与断续节理走向呈( － )/2夹角。     

Slope stability assessment of an open pit using lattice-spring-based synthetic rock mass (LS-SRM) modeling approach

Discontinuity waviness is one of the most important properties that influence shear strength of jointed rock masses, and it should be incorporated into numerical models for slope stability assessment. However, in most existing numerical modeling tools, discontinuities are often simplified into planar surfaces. Discrete fracture network modeling tools such as MoFrac allow the simulation of non-planar discontinuities which can be incorporated into lattice-spring-based geomechanical software such as Slope Model for slope stability assessment. In this study, the slope failure of the south wall at Cadia Hill open pit mine is simulated using the lattice-spring-based synthetic rock mass (LS-SRM) modeling approach. First, the slope model is calibrated using field displacement monitoring data, and then the influence of different discontinuity configurations on the stability of the slope is investigated. The modeling results show that the slope with non-planar discontinuities is comparatively more stable than the ones with planar discontinuities. In addition, the slope becomes increasingly unstable with the increases of discontinuity intensity and size. At greater pit depth with higher in situ stress, both the slope models with planar and non-planar discontinuities experience localized failures due to very high stress concentrations, and the slope model with planar discontinuities is more deformable and less stable than that with non-planar discontinuities.     

露天煤矿边坡岩体渗流特性及水压控制方案的研究

本文从裂隙岩体渗流理论出发,以某露天煤矿边坡岩体现场节理裂隙调查及水压动态资料为基础,建立边坡岩体渗流模型,分析评价水压动态与疏干工程施工过程及边坡稳定性的关系,并提出了有实际意义的水压控制方案。     

A new model for effects of impersistent joint sets on rock slope stability

Joints often have profound effects on elastic properties and strength of rock masses and therefore on rock slope stability. In surface mine slopes, joints are usually too numerous to be taken into account individually, so an equivalent properties approach is necessary. Previous work that treats a jointed rock mass as an equivalent composite material of joints and intact rock between resulted in excellent agreement between estimated and true rock mass elastic moduli in case of fully persistent joints, for example, [Pariseau WG. An equivalent plasticity theory for jointed rock masses. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 1999;36(7):907–18]. Rock mass failure mechanisms on joints and through intact rock were retained using influence functions obviating the need for an equivalent rock mass strength. Impersistent joints, which are not continuous on a joint plane, can be accommodated [Pariseau WG. Effects of joint persistence on jointed rock masses. Trans Soc Min Metal Explor 2003;314:121–8]. However, slope stability analysis of a large, deep copper mine indicated a need for computational efficiency even in two-dimensional analysis of vertical sections through pit walls [Puri S. Role of joint persistence in rock slope stability. MS thesis, Department of Mining Engineering, University of Utah, 2006]. The analyses by the popular finite element method used small elements of bench size near the pit slopes and much larger elements away from the pit walls. The reasons for the graded meshes were numerical accuracy (small elements) and computational economy (large elements). Small elements contained only a few joints, while the larger elements contained hundreds of joints and led to impractical computation run times, on the order of days. A new modeling procedure that recognizes sufficiently large elements as representative volume elements (RVEs) assists in overcoming this obstacle. A companion improvement embeds a sufficient number of joints in RVE-size elements that then allows for recovery of joint failure mechanisms that are lost with the RVE designation. These innovations reduced PC (Pentium-4) run times by two orders of magnitude to a few hours.     

顺层岩体边坡地震动力破坏离心机试验研究

 使用相似材料分别制作只含有非连续的层面和同时含有非连续的层面和非贯通的次级节理顺层岩体边坡小比例物理模型,进行离心机动力试验,研究边坡的动力响应和破坏机制以及非连续层面和次级节理对其的影响。试验结果证明：顺层边坡的动力响应对地震波的频率和边坡内部结构面的发育特征敏感,边坡结构面发育越复杂,边坡对地震波的频率响应越复杂,地形放大效应也越明显;顺层边坡的动力稳定性和破坏机制受结构面发育特征控制,含有次级节理的边坡动力稳定性更低,破坏范围也更浅,在破坏过程中还会出现次级节理的张拉破坏导致的岩体内部解体破碎,可能诱发岩石碎屑流。     

节理岩体边坡概率损伤演化规律研究

露天矿边坡岩体是含有大量空间上随机分布裂隙的三维损伤体，岩体的强度和内部裂隙分布在空间上均具有随机性，岩体损伤是一种概率损伤。应用三维节理网络模拟技术建立节理岩体损伤张量及概率分布规律的计算方法，综合应用Rosenblueth原理、损伤断裂力学与数值模拟等理论与技术，建立三维节理岩体概率损伤演化的耦合分析程序，通过对鞍钢眼前山露天铁矿南帮边坡岩体随采场逐渐下降过程中概率损伤演化规律的数值模拟，计算得出边坡岩体在不同开采阶段的损伤张量的均值与标准差，揭示节理岩体损伤张量在露天矿开采的空间和时间上的动态变化规律，建立露天矿不同开采阶段的边坡岩体三维随机损伤场，为评价露天矿边坡可靠性的动态变化规律奠定基础。     

大型露天矿山边坡岩体稳定性分级分析方法

基于大型露天矿山边坡的构成要素与规模大小,将其划分为总体边坡、组合台阶边坡、台阶边坡3个层次;根据结构面规模与各层次边坡规模的几何关系,将结构面划分为贯穿结构面、非贯穿结构面、小规模结构面3个层次。从岩体结构控制论角度,认为不同空间位置、不同规模结构面对不同层次边坡的岩体稳定性影响存在差异性,提出结构面空间位置与边坡部位相匹配、结构面规模与边坡规模相匹配开展大型露天矿山边坡岩体稳定性分级分析的新思路。重点介绍大型露天矿山边坡岩体工程稳定性分级分析方法,按照结构面空间位置与边坡部位的匹配性、结构面规模与边坡规模的匹配性,依次对露天矿山的总体边坡、组合台阶边坡、台阶边坡进行分层次的岩体稳定性分析,系统全面地找出控制边坡稳定的关键性结构面及其组合,实现露天矿山边坡岩体稳定性的精细分析。结合具体案例,分别从整体稳定性、局部稳定性两方面评价了露天矿山的总体边坡、组合台阶边坡、台阶边坡的稳定性。大型露天矿山边坡岩体工程稳定性分级分析为开展边坡岩体稳定性的精确计算创造了必要的条件。     

顺层岩质边坡开挖稳定性研究

用地质力学模型试验方法,在实验室对顺层岩质边坡进行分期开挖破坏试验;同时,利用三维快速拉格朗日差分分析(FLAC3D)程序模拟开挖破坏过程。2 种方法所得结果具有较好的可比性,揭示了顺层岩质边坡在开挖状态下岩体变形破坏的一些规律。提出在实际工程中,为避免开挖过程中边坡出现顺层滑动,宜边开挖边支护,且首先在坡脚处设置锚杆。     

基于颗粒流程序的仿真节理岩体模型及其应用

为实现采矿巷道周边节理网络的仿真模拟以及节理岩体中巷道的稳定性分析,构建了包含颗粒流块体模型、原生节理网络和次生节理网络的仿真节理岩体模型。针对岩体内部次生节理产状和面积不可准确测量的难题,提出了卸荷作用下次生节理产状和面积的计算方法:根据开挖前后应力张量变化计算卸荷方向,利用Fisher分布函数生成围绕在卸荷方向附近的随机节理产状;监测卸荷前后颗粒中储存能量的变化,计算节理面积和半径。通过布置测线方式获得巷道中原生节理密度和产状信息,利用Monte-Carlo方法实现对原生节理的重建;利用次生节理计算方法实现次生节理网络的建立,从而建立仿真节理网络以及仿真节理岩体模型。计算结果显示:无节理模型中顶板和底板先破坏,以张拉破坏为主;而在仿真节理岩体模型中节理部位最先破坏,原生节理以剪切破坏为主,次生节理以张拉破坏为主,在高应力作用下巷道周边基本全部破坏,需整体支护且重点在左右两帮。该计算方法可为节理岩体中巷道的稳定性计算提供参考及建议。     

Stability analysis of “Grotta delle Felci” Cliff (Capri Island,Italy): structural,engineering–geological,photogrammetric surveys and laser scanning

A study of rock slope stability was performed using geological surveys and Digital Terrestrial Photogrammetry (DTP) integrated by Laser Scanning (LS) and topographic measurements. The use of DTP is useful especially in inaccessible sites such as natural cliffs. By obtaining oriented stereo images, accurate digital surface models and orthophotos, useful data can be produced showing geometrical characteristics of joints, blocks and slopes such as planes, attitude, spacing, persistence and rock mass volumes. In order to accomplish the analysis, DTP was combined with LS in order to build the Digital Dense Surface Model (DDSM) of the slope. The conventional method of limit equilibrium was applied to study the slope stability using a deterministic approach and to suggest activities of geo-monitoring and engineering solutions for risk mitigation with respect to the environment.     

Assessing fracturing mechanisms and evolution of excavation damaged zone of tunnels in interlocked rock masses at high stresses using a finitediscrete element approach

Deep underground excavations within hard rocks can result in damage to the surrounding rock mass mostly due to redistribution of stresses.Especially within rock masses with non-persistent joints,the role of the pre-existing joints in the damage evolution around the underground opening is of critical importance as they govern the fracturing mechanisms and influence the brittle responses of these hard rock masses under highly anisotropic in situ stresses.In this study,the main focus is the impact of joint network geometry,joint strength and applied field stresses on the rock mass behaviours and the evolution of excavation induced damage due to the loss of confinement as a tunnel face advances.Analysis of such a phenomenon was conducted using the finite-discrete element method(FDEM).The numerical model is initially calibrated in order to match the behaviour of the fracture-free,massive Lac du Bonnet granite during the excavation of the Underground Research Laboratory(URL)Test Tunnel,Canada.The influence of the pre-existing joints on the rock mass response during excavation is investigated by integrating discrete fracture networks(DFNs)of various characteristics into the numerical models under varying in situ stresses.The numerical results obtained highlight the significance of the pre-existing joints on the reduction of in situ rock mass strength and its capacity for extension with both factors controlling the brittle response of the material.Furthermore,the impact of spatial distribution of natural joints on the stability of an underground excavation is discussed,as well as the potentially minor influence of joint strength on the stress induced damage within joint systems of a non-persistent nature under specific conditions.Additionally,the in situ stress-joint network interaction is examined,revealing the complex fracturing mechanisms that may lead to uncontrolled fracture propagation that compromises the overall stability of an underground excavation.     

非贯通节理岩体边坡稳定性及破坏规律的数值分析

非贯通节理普遍存在于岩体边坡中,并对边坡的稳定性产生较大影响。利用数值分析软件Optum G2建立2类含非贯通节理岩体边坡的稳定性分析模型,采用shear joint单元模拟非贯通节理,基于有限元强度折减法得到不同节理(组)倾角、节理长度和岩桥长度下边坡的稳定系数F及破坏规律。研究结果表明,第一类模型中,随节理倾角α的增大,F先减小,再增大,最后基本保持不变。节理倾角等于边坡倾角时(α=60°),F有最小值,且节理长度越大,最小值越小,此时破坏面为由非贯通节理向坡脚发育的近圆弧状破坏面,而在其它倾角方向则影响较小;第二类模型中,随节理组倾角θ的增大,F先急剧减小(θ=30°时为最小值),再缓慢增大,最后缓慢降低。岩桥长度越小,F越小,在θ=30°时最为显著。此时破坏面呈不规则状,节理裂隙扩展路径由重力作用从上往下发展,并由一非贯通节理端部向相邻节理端部直线发展,当岩桥长度较小时,节理裂隙扩展路径更为复杂和密集。     

Stability assessment and slope design at Sandsloot open pit, South Africa

Sandsloot open pit is located on the northern limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex. It is the largest open pit platinum mine in the world. Three major joint sets have been recognized at Sandsloot, which are related to the regional tectonic history. They have an important influence on slope stability in the open pit, notably in terms of planar and wedge failures. Detailed geological and geotechnical data are often a notable unknown factor in the design and operation of an open pit, the lack of which may pose a significant risk to the mining venture. As data are accumulated and used effectively, so the risk of unforeseen conditions is reduced, and accordingly safety and productivity is increased. Usually, the geotechnical work undertaken at an open pit mine is in connection with improving slope stability. At Sandsloot open pit geological and geotechnical data have been obtained by face mapping, scanline surveys, from exploration drillholes and from laboratory tests. Such data have been used to delineate different geotechnical zones in which different types of slope failure have occurred. These are the usual types of slope failure associated with rock masses, namely, planar, wedge, toppling and circular failures. Analysis of the data has allowed optimum design parameters to be developed for these zones which has led to improved slope stability. In other words, this has allowed slope management programmes to be initiated, as well as slope optimization of the hangingwall. The latter resulted in an improved slope configuration and an increase in the ultimate angle of the wall by 7°. This has resulted in substantial savings, as well as an improvement in safety.     

含两条节理岩样压缩破坏行为的颗粒流模拟

利用颗粒流软件中平行粘结方式建立数值计算模型,通过校核室内试验数据确定数值模型的细观参数值,并采用smooth-joint在模型中设置两条断续节理,通过改变岩桥倾角和节理倾角,建立不同节理布置数值模型。从细观和宏观两方面,研究单轴压缩荷载下节理试样内接触力、微裂隙数量和节理岩体的破坏行为发现,峰值轴向应力之前,微裂隙数量增加缓慢,峰值轴向应力之后,微裂隙数量迅速增加;颗粒接触力易在节理端部和岩桥处聚集,在节理中间段附近分布较为稀疏,接触力较大的位置易产生裂纹;峰值轴向应力时刻,岩桥倾角为15°时,岩桥均未贯通,岩桥倾角为45°和75°时,绝大部分试样的岩桥贯通了,节理倾角为90°时,岩桥全部没有贯通。     

Effect of opening on the shear behavior of a rock joint

Irregularity of rock joints is an important parameter which can enhance the stability of potentially removable rock blocks or wedges around an underground opening. When irregular-sided blocks or wedges are bounded by joints, additional shear strength develops as a consequence of the confinement. With open joints, the interlock effect is reduced or lost and the shear strength drops, possibly to its residual value. A joint opening model has been developed that considers the effect of strength loss along the joint as a result of opening. The model relates the geometric parameters and stress–displacement and can easily be incorporated into existing joint models. Several numerical simulations of direct shear tests are presented to demonstrate the performance of the joint opening model.     

港口岩石边坡爆破时的节理特性分析

为了获得爆炸冲击荷载产生时的岩石边坡节理的力学特性,利用Monte-Carlo技术模拟岩体的节理裂隙分布的网络结构,分析岩体的节理裂隙的起始扩展和裂纹的止裂,并计算了岩体节理裂隙在爆破作用下的扩展角和扩展量,绘制爆破后的节理岩体的裂隙结构网络图。     

多组贯穿节理岩体的扩展遍布节理模型研究

天然岩体中常含有多组密集的贯穿节理,它的存在极大地弱化岩体的力学性质,对围岩的稳定有着重要的影响。针对含多组密集节理岩体,将其看成等效均质的复合材料,建立了扩展遍布节理模型。岩体和节理均是弹性-理想塑性本构关系,都服从带抗拉强度的Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则。提出了屈服类型判断方法,并成功推广用于多组节理屈服类型判断,为选择哪种塑性势函数进行应力修正提供理论依据。采用C++语言,基于VStudio2005开发平台,将该模型成功嵌入到FLAC^3D软件中,并通过两组节理岩体的单轴压缩试验和三轴压缩试验验证了模型的正确性。     

岩土边坡稳定性的模糊测度分析

本文首次将模糊测度（ｆｕｚｚｙｍｅａｓｕｒｅ）理论用于分析岩土边坡稳定问题。根据模糊测度理论，针对实际边坡工程问题，建立了具有普遍意义的理论分析模型，并给出了具体的数值方法。计算分析结果表明，理论值与实际情况相一致。同时也证实了模糊测度模型比已有的经典分析方法具有明显的优越性。本文方法适用于分析土质边坡及节理裂隙发育的岩质边坡等各类边坡稳定问题。     

岩土边坡稳定性的模糊测度分析

本文首次将模糊测度（ｆｕｚｚｙｍｅａｓｕｒｅ）理论用于分析岩土边坡稳定问题。根据模糊测度理论，针对实际边坡工程问题，建立了具有普遍意义的理论分析模型，并给出了具体的数值方法。计算分析结果表明，理论值与实际情况相一致。同时也证实了模糊测度模型比已有的经典分析方法具有明显的优越性。本文方法适用于分析土质边坡及节理裂隙发育的岩质边坡等各类边坡稳定问题。     

隐伏非贯通结构面剪切蠕变特性及本构模型研究

结构面控制岩质边坡失稳的边界,自然界中大量结构面是非完全贯通的,且隐藏在斜坡内部,非贯通结构面研究对于揭示斜坡启动破坏机理及稳定性具有重要意义。隐伏非贯通结构面的岩块取样困难且不能大量复制,通过室内制作一种隐伏非贯通结构面模型,在单轴压缩试验和剪切试验的基础上,采用YZJL-300型岩石剪切流变仪,对隐伏非贯通结构面岩体进行剪切蠕变试验,并对蠕变特性进行研究。根据蠕变试验的阶段特征,引入一个适用于结构面的非线性黏性加速元件和材料损伤变量,建立一种非贯通结构面的剪切蠕变损伤本构模型,并根据拉普拉斯变化推导三维剪切蠕变本构方程。利用L-M算法和全局优化法对所得的蠕变试验曲线进行辨识,求解模型参数。经过辨识并对比试验结果和模型拟合结果,新建立的本构模型能较好地反映非贯通结构面蠕变特性,对揭示岩质斜坡的长期稳定性和时效演化有借鉴意义。