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1.
With the impressive record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells exceeding 23%, research focus now shifts onto issues closely related to commercialization. One of the critical hurdles is to minimize the cell‐to‐module PCE loss while the device is being developed on a large scale. Since a solution‐based spin‐coating process is limited to scalability, establishment of a scalable deposition process of perovskite layers is a prerequisite for large‐area perovskite solar modules. Herein, this paper reports on the recent progress of large‐area perovskite solar cells. A deeper understanding of the crystallization of perovskite films is indeed essential for large‐area perovskite film formation. Various large‐area coating methods are proposed including blade, slot‐die, evaporation, and post‐treatment, where blade‐coating and gas post‐treatment have so far demonstrated better PCEs for an area larger than 10 cm2. However, PCE loss rate is estimated to be 1.4 × 10?2% cm?2, which is 82 and 3.5 times higher than crystalline Si (1.7 × 10?4% cm?2) and thin film technologies (≈4 × 10?3% cm?2) respectively. Therefore, minimizing PCE loss upon scaling‐up is expected to lead to PCE over 20% in case of cell efficiency of >23%. 相似文献
2.
Quantitative Correlation of Perovskite Film Morphology to Light Emitting Diodes Efficiency Parameters
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Naresh K. Kumawat Nakul Jain Amrita Dey K. L. Narasimhan Dinesh Kabra 《Advanced functional materials》2017,27(3)
This paper reports quantitative correlation of CH3NH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr3) thin film morphology to light emitting diode efficiency parameters. Sequential (spin coating) deposition is used for highly reproducible and dense film morphology of MAPbBr3 thin‐film. In this fabrication process using an orthogonal solvent approach, control of morphology, coverage, thickness, and optical properties in these compact thin‐films is demonstrated. Optical studies show direct correlation between morphology to dynamics of photoluminescence (PL) and absolute PL yield. Perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are fabricated from these films to find the best ratio of PbBr2 versus MABr for optimal performance. This study demonstrates PeLEDs with high brightness, ≈1050 cd m?2 at 4.7 V (luminance efficiency ≈0.1 cd A?1), for optimal thin‐film process with state‐of‐the‐art device performance. This quantitative analysis suggests that these state‐of‐the‐art PeLEDs suffer from poor charge carrier balance (≈2%) and out‐coupling efficiency (≈6%). Interestingly, charge carrier balance and PL yield together can explain the change in PeLED efficiency modulation with film morphology. Studies on single carrier devices show that these PeLEDs are electron current dominated and charge carrier balance increases with operating bias voltage. 相似文献
3.
High‐Performance Inverted Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Lead Acetate Precursor with Efficiency Exceeding 18%
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Lichen Zhao Deying Luo Jiang Wu Qin Hu Wei Zhang Ke Chen Tanghao Liu Yi Liu Yifei Zhang Feng Liu Thomas P. Russell Henry J. Snaith Rui Zhu Qihuang Gong 《Advanced functional materials》2016,26(20):3508-3514
Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites are emerging materials for the next‐generation photovoltaics. Lead halides are the most commonly used lead precursors for perovskite active layers. Recently, lead acetate (Pb(Ac)2) has shown its superiority as the potential replacement for traditional lead halides. Here, we demonstrate a strategy to improve the efficiency for the perovskite solar cell based on lead acetate precursor. We utilized methylammonium bromide as an additive in the Pb(Ac)2 and methylammonium iodide precursor solution, resulting in uniform, compact and pinhole‐free perovskite films. We observed enhanced charge carrier extraction between the perovskite layer and charge collection layers and delivered a champion power conversion efficiency of 18.3% with a stabilized output efficiency of 17.6% at the maximum power point. The optimized devices also exhibited negligible current density–voltage (J–V) hysteresis under the scanning conditions. 相似文献
4.
Kai Wang Chang Liu Chao Yi Long Chen Jiahua Zhu R. A. Weiss Xiong Gong 《Advanced functional materials》2015,25(44):6875-6884
The surface of the solution‐processed methylammonium lead tri‐iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite layer in perovskite hybrid solar cells (pero‐HSCs) tends to become rough during operation, which inevitably leads to deterioration of the contact between the perovskite layer and the charge‐extraction layers. Moreover, the low electrical conductivity of the electron extraction layer (EEL) gives rises to low electron collection efficiency and severe charge carrier recombination, resulting in energy loss during the charge‐extraction and ‐transport processes, lowering the efficiency of pero‐HSCs. To circumvent these problems, we utilize a solution‐processed ultrathin layer of a ionomer, 4‐lithium styrenesulfonic acid/styrene copolymer (LiSPS), to re‐engineer the interface of CH3NH3PbI3 in planar heterojunction (PHJ) pero‐HSCs. As a result, PHJ pero‐HSCs are achieved with an increased photocurrent density of 20.90 mA cm?2, an enlarged fill factor of 77.80%, a corresponding enhanced power conversion efficiency of 13.83%, high reproducibility, and low photocurrent hysteresis. Further investigation into the optical and electrical properties and the thin‐film morphologies of CH3NH3PbI3 with and without LiSPS, and the photophysics of the pero‐HSCs with and without LiSPS are shown. These demonstrate that the high performance of the pero‐HSCs incorporated with LiSPS can be attributed to the reduction in both the charge carrier recombination and leakage current, as well as more efficient charge carrier collection, filling of the perforations in CH3NH3PbI3, and a higher electrical conductivity of the LiSPS thin layer. These results demonstrate that our method provides a simple way to boost the efficiency of pero‐HSCs. 相似文献
5.
Ruijia Zhang Zengqi Huang Weipeng Chen Benzheng Lyu Hong Zhang Xinjun He Xiaotian Hu Yanlin Song Wallace C. H. Choy 《Advanced functional materials》2023,33(5):2210063
Advancing hole transport layers (HTL) to realize large-area, flexible, and high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is one of the most challenging issues for its commercialization. Here, a self-assembled gradient Ti3C2Tx MXene incorporated PEDOT:PSS HTL is demonstrated to achieve high-performance large-area PSCs by establishing half-caramelization-based glucose-induced MXene redistribution. Through this process, the Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets are spontaneously dispersed and redistributed at the top region of HTL to form the unique gradient distribution structure composed of MXene:Glucose:PEDOT:PSS (MG-PEDOT). These results show that the MG-PEDOT HTL not only offers favorable energy level alignment and efficient charge extraction, but also improves the film quality of perovskite layer featuring enlarged grain size, lower trap density, and longer carrier lifetime. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the flexible device based on MG-PEDOT HTL is increased by 36% compared to that of pristine PEDOT:PSS HTL. Meanwhile, the flexible perovskite solar minimodule (15 cm2 area) using MG-PEDOT HTL achieve a PCE of 17.06%. The encapsulated modules show remarkable long-term storage stability at 85 °C in ambient air (≈90% efficiency retention after 1200 h) and enhanced operational lifetime (≈90% efficiency retention after 200 h). This new approach shows a promising future of the self-assembled HTLs for developing optoelectronic devices. 相似文献
6.
Chao Liu Shuang Liu Yifan Wang Yanmeng Chu Kai Yang Xiadong Wang Chenxu Gao Qifei Wang Jiankang Du Sheng Li Yue Hu Yaoguang Rong Lianbo Guo Anyi Mei Hongwei Han 《Advanced functional materials》2021,31(18):2010603
Additives are widely adopted for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and proper additive design contributes a lot to PSCs’ various breakthroughs. Herein, a novel additive of N,1-fluoroformamidinium iodide (F-FAI), whose cation replaces one amino group in guanidinium (GA+) with electron-withdrawing fluorine group, is synthesized and applied as the additive for PSCs. The electron-withdrawing effect of fluorine promotes the molecular polarity of N,1-fluoroformamidine (F-FA), enhancing the interaction of N,1-fluoroformamidinium (F-FA+) with MAPbI3. Compared with the nonpolar GA+, F-FA+ improves the crystallinity, passivates the defect, and downshifts the Fermi level of MAPbI3 more significantly. The charge transfer and built-in field in printable triple mesoscopic PSCs are therefore enhanced. Moreover, charge transport in MAPbI3 is also promoted by F-FAI. With these benefits, a power conversion efficiency of 17.01% for printable triple mesoscopic PSCs with improved open-circuit voltage and fill factor is obtained with the addition of F-FAI, superior to the efficiency of 15.24% for those devices with guanidinium iodide additives. 相似文献
7.
Xiaojuan Zhao Shuangshuang Liu Haitao Zhang Sheng‐Yung Chang Wenchao Huang Bowen Zhu Yan Shen Cai Shen Deyu Wang Yang Yang Mingkui Wang 《Advanced functional materials》2019,29(4)
Herein, a 2D SnS2 electron transporting layer is reported via self‐assembly stacking deposition for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells, achieving over 20% power conversion efficiency under AM 1.5 G 100 mW cm?2 light illumination. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this represents the highest efficiency that has so far been reported for perovskite solar cells using a 2D electron transporting layer. The large‐scaled 2D multilayer SnS2 sheet structure triggers a heterogeneous nucleation over the perovskite precursor film. The intermolecular Pb???S interactions between perovskite and SnS2 could passivate the interfacial trap states, which suppress charge recombination and thus facilitate electron extraction for balanced charge transport at interfaces between electron transporting layer/perovskite and hole transporting layer/perovskite. This work demonstrates that 2D materials have great potential for high‐performance perovskite solar cells. 相似文献
8.
The charge transport in pristine poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films and in photovoltaic blends of P3HT with [6,6]‐phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is investigated to study the influence of charge‐carrier transport on photovoltaic efficiency. The field‐ and temperature dependence of the charge‐carrier mobility in P3HT of three different regioregularities, namely, regiorandom, regioregular with medium regioregularity, and regioregular with very high regioregularity are investigated by the time‐of‐flight technique. While medium and very high regioregularity polymers show the typical absorption features of ordered lamellar structures of P3HT in the solid state even without previous annealing, films of regiorandom P3HT are very disordered as indicated by their broad and featureless absorption. This structural difference in the solid state coincides with partially non‐dispersive transport and hole mobilities µh of around 10?4 and 10?5 cm2 V?1 s?1 for the high and medium regioregularity P3HT, respectively, and a slow and dispersive charge transport for the regiorandom P3HT. Upon blending the regioregular polymers with PCBM, the hole mobilities are typically reduced by one order of magnitude, but they do not significantly change upon additional post‐spincasting annealing. Only in the case of P3HT with high regioregularity are the electron mobilities similar to the hole mobilities and the charge transport is, thus, balanced. Nonetheless, devices prepared from both materials exhibit similar power conversion efficiencies of 2.5%, indicating that very high regioregularity may not substantially improve order and charge‐carrier transport in P3HT:PCBM and does not lead to significant improvements in the power‐conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices. 相似文献
9.
Wenzhan Xu Tao Zhu Yongrui Yang Luyao Zheng Lei Liu Xiong Gong 《Advanced functional materials》2020,30(30)
Perovskite photovoltaics have drawn great attention in both academic and industrial sectors in the past decade. To date, impressive device performance has been achieved in state‐of‐the‐art device architectures through morphological manipulation and generic interface engineering. In this study, enhanced device performance of perovskite photovoltaics by magnetic field‐aligned CH3NH3PbI3‐mixed Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (CH3NH3PbI3:Fe3O4) composite thin films is reported. It is found that magnetic field‐aligned CH3NH3PbI3:Fe3O4 composite thin films possess superior film morphology, boosted and balanced charge carrier mobility, and suppressed trap density. Moreover, perovskite photovoltaics by magnetic field‐aligned CH3NH3PbI3:Fe3O4 composite thin films exhibit suppressed charge carrier recombination and shorter charge carrier extraction time. As a result, perovskite solar cells by magnetic field‐aligned CH3NH3PbI3:Fe3O4 composite thin films exhibit 20.23% power conversion efficiency with significantly reduced photocurrent hysteresis. Moreover, perovskite photodetectors by magnetic field‐aligned CH3NH3PbI3:Fe3O4 composite thin films exhibit a photoresponsivity of 858 mA W?1, a photodetectivity over 1013 Jones (1 Jones = 1 cm Hz1/2 W?1) and a linear dynamic range over 160 dB at room temperature. All these device performance parameters are significantly better than those by pristine CH3NH3PbI3 thin film. Thus, these studies provide a facile way to boost device performance of perovskite photovoltaics. 相似文献
10.
So Yeon Park Se Jin Kim Jun Hyeok Lee Min Ju Jeong Jae Myeong Lee Hyun Suk Jung Jun Hong Noh 《Advanced functional materials》2021,31(31):2100863
In n-i-p halide perovskite solar cells (HPSCs), the development of p-type oxides is one of the most noteworthy approaches as hole transport materials (HTMs) for long-term stability and mass production. However, the deposition of oxide HTMs through a solution process over the perovskite layer without damage to the perovskite layer remains a major challenge. Here, the colloidal dispersion of ligand-off NiO nanoparticles (NPs) to form the HTM overlayer on perovskite using appropriate solvents that do not damage the underlying perovskite layer is reported. Monodispersed NiO NPs are synthesized using oleylamine (OLA) ligands via the solvothermal method, and the OLA ligands are then removed to form ligand-off NiO NPs. Based on the Hansen solubility theory, appropriate mixed solvents are found for both the dispersion of NiO NPs without ligands and coating without perovskite damage. The colloidal dispersion form a compact and uniform NiO NPs layer of 30 nm thickness on the perovskite layer, allowing n-SnO2/Halide/p-NiO HPSCs to be successfully fabricated. The HPSC shows a record power conversion efficiency under one sun illumination for an n-i-p oxide/halide/oxide structure and excellent thermal stability maintaining 98% of the initial efficiency for 580 h under 85 °C and 10% relative humidity condition. 相似文献
11.
Meizi Wu Yuwei Duan Lu Yang Peng You Zhijun Li Jungang Wang Hui Zhou Shaomin Yang Dongfang Xu Hong Zou Zhike Liu 《Advanced functional materials》2023,33(22):2300128
The improvement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the perovskite solar cell (PSC) is hindered by carrier recombination originating from the defects at the buried interface of the PSC. It is crucial to suppress the nonradiative recombination and facilitate carrier transfer in PSC via interface engineering. Herein, P-biguanylbenzoic acid hydrochloride (PBGH) is developed to modify the tin oxide (SnO2)/perovskite interface. The effects of PBGH on carrier transportation, perovskite growth, defect passivation, and PSC performance are systematically investigated. On the one hand, the PBGH can effectively passivate the trap states of Sn dangling bonds and O vacancies on the SnO2 surface via Lewis acid/base coordination, which is conducive to improving the conductivity of SnO2 film and accelerating the electron extraction. On the other hand, PBGH modification assists the formation of high-quality perovskite film with low defect density due to its strong interaction with PbI2. Consequently, the PBGH-modified PSC exhibits a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.79%, which is one of the highest PCEs among all the FACsPbI3-based PSCs reported to date. In addition, the stabilities of perovskite films and devices under high temperature/humidity and light illumination conditions are also systematically studied. 相似文献
12.
Chien‐Yu Chen Jung‐Hao Chang Kai‐Ming Chiang Hong‐Lin Lin Sheng‐Yi Hsiao Hao‐Wu Lin 《Advanced functional materials》2015,25(45):7064-7070
The use of photovoltaic cells with an organometallic perovskite as the active layer for indoor dim‐light energy harvesting is evaluated. By designing the electron‐transporting materials and fabrication processes, the traps in the perovskite active layers and carrier dynamics can be controlled, and efficient devices are demonstrated. The best‐performing small‐area perovskite photovoltaics exhibit a promising high power conversion efficiency up to ≈27.4%, no hysteresis behavior, and an exceptionally low maximum power point voltage variation of ≈0.1 V under fluorescent lamp illumination at 100–1000 lux. The 5.44 cm2 large‐area device also shows a high efficiency of 20.4% and a promising long‐term stability. Compared with the most efficient inorganic and organic solar cells nowadays, the competitive efficiency, low fabrication cost, and low raw material costs make perovskite photovoltaics ideal for indoor light harvesting and as Internet of Things power provider. 相似文献
13.
Jiupeng Cao Guanqi Tang Peng You Tianyue Wang Fangyuan Zheng Jiong Zhao Feng Yan 《Advanced functional materials》2020,30(38)
Organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much research interest owing to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), solution processability, and the great potential for commercialization. However, the device performance is closely related to the quality of the perovskite film and the interface properties, which cannot be easily controlled by solution processes. Here, 2D WS2 flakes with defect‐free surfaces are introduced as a template for van der Waals epitaxial growth of mixed perovskite films by solution process for the first time. The mixed perovskite films demonstrate a preferable growth along (001) direction on WS2 surfaces. In addition, the WS2/perovskite heterojunction forms a cascade energy alignment for efficient charge extraction and reduced interfacial recombination. The inverted PSCs with WS2 interlayers show high PCEs up to 21.1%, which is among the highest efficiency of inverted planar PSCs. This work demonstrates that high‐mobility 2D materials can find important applications in PSCs as well as other perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices. 相似文献
14.
Jun Li Lisha Xie Zhenwei Pu Chang Liu Mengjin Yang Yuanyuan Meng Bin Han Shixiao Bu Yaohua Wang Xiaoli Zhang Tao Wang Ziyi Ge 《Advanced functional materials》2023,33(33):2301956
The quality of the perovskite absorption layer is critical for the high efficiency and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The inhomogeneity due to local lattice mismatch causes severe residual strain in low-quality perovskite films, which greatly limits the availability of high-performance PSCs. In this study, a multi-active-site potassium salt, pemirolast potassium (PP), is added to perovskite films to improve carrier dynamics and release residual stress. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements suggest that the proposed multifunctional additive bonds with uncoordinated Pb2+ through the carbonyl group/tetrazole N and passivated I atom defects. Moreover, the residual stress release is effective from the surface to the entire perovskite layer, and carrier extraction/transport is promoted in PP-modified perovskite films. As a result, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.06% with an ultra-high fill factor (FF) of 84.36% is achieved in the PP-modified device, which ranks among the best in formamidinium-cesium (FACs) PSCs. In addition, the PP-modified device exhibits excellent thermal stability due to the inhibited phase separation. This work provides a reliable way to improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs by releasing residual stress in perovskite films through additive engineering. 相似文献
15.
Improving the Extraction of Photogenerated Electrons with SnO2 Nanocolloids for Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
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Hua‐Shang Rao Bai‐Xue Chen Wen‐Guang Li Yang‐Fan Xu Hong‐Yan Chen Dai‐Bin Kuang Cheng‐Yong Su 《Advanced functional materials》2015,25(46):7200-7207
Great attention to cost‐effective high‐efficiency solar power conversion of trihalide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been hovering at high levels in the recent 5 years. Among PSC devices, admittedly, TiO2 is the most widely used electron transport layer (ETL); however, its low mobility which is even less than that of CH3NH3PbI3 makes it not an ideal material. In principle, SnO2 with higher electron mobility can be regarded as a positive alternative. Herein, a SnO2 nanocolloid sol with ≈3 nm in size synthesized at 60 °C was spin‐coated onto the fuorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) glass as the ETL of planar CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells. TiCl4 treatment of SnO2‐coated FTO is found to improve crystallization and increase the surface coverage of perovskites, which plays a pivotal role in improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this report, a champion efficiency of 14.69% (Jsc = 21.19 mA cm?2, Voc = 1023 mV, and FF = 0.678) is obtained with a metal mask at one sun illumination (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm?2). Compared to the typical TiO2, the SnO2 ETL efficiently facilitates the separation and transportation of photogenerated electrons/holes from the perovskite absorber, which results in a significant enhancement of photocurrent and PCE. 相似文献
16.
Derun Sun You Gao Hasan Raza Sanwan Liu Fumeng Ren Xiaodong Hu Haixin Wang Xin Meng Jianan Wang Rui Chen Huande Sun Jizhou He Jing Zhou Yongyan Pan Zhenxing Sun Wei Chen Zonghao Liu 《Advanced functional materials》2023,33(41):2303225
The performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is negatively affected by iodine (I2) impurities generated from the oxidation of iodide ions in the perovskite precursor powder, solution, and perovskite films. In this study, the use of potassium formate (HCOOK) as a reductant to minimize the presence of detrimental I2 impurities is presented. It is demonstrated that HCOOK can effectively reduce I2 back to I− in the precursor solution as well as in the devices under external conditions. Furthermore, the introduced formate anion (HCOO−) and alkali metal cation (K+) can reduce the defect density within the perovskite film by modulating perovskite growth and passivating electronic defects, significantly prolonging the carrier lifetime and reducing the J–V hysteresis. Consequently, the maximum efficiency of the HCOOK-doped planar n–i–p PSCs reaches 23.8%. After 1000 h of operation at maximum power point tracking under continuous 1 sun illumination, the corresponding encapsulated devices retain 94% of their initial efficiency. 相似文献
17.
Long Minority‐Carrier Diffusion Length and Low Surface‐Recombination Velocity in Inorganic Lead‐Free CsSnI3 Perovskite Crystal for Solar Cells
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Bo Wu Yuanyuan Zhou Guichuan Xing Qiang Xu Hector F. Garces Ankur Solanki Teck Wee Goh Nitin P. Padture Tze Chien Sum 《Advanced functional materials》2017,27(7)
Sn‐based perovskites are promising Pb‐free photovoltaic materials with an ideal 1.3 eV bandgap. However, to date, Sn‐based thin film perovskite solar cells have yielded relatively low power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). This is traced to their poor photophysical properties (i.e., short diffusion lengths (<30 nm) and two orders of magnitude higher defect densities) than Pb‐based systems. Herein, it is revealed that melt‐synthesized cesium tin iodide (CsSnI3) ingots containing high‐quality large single crystal (SC) grains transcend these fundamental limitations. Through detailed optical spectroscopy, their inherently superior properties are uncovered, with bulk carrier lifetimes reaching 6.6 ns, doping concentrations of around 4.5 × 1017 cm?3, and minority‐carrier diffusion lengths approaching 1 µm, as compared to their polycrystalline counterparts having ≈54 ps, ≈9.2 × 1018 cm?3, and ≈16 nm, respectively. CsSnI3 SCs also exhibit very low surface recombination velocity of ≈2 × 103 cm s?1, similar to Pb‐based perovskites. Importantly, these key parameters are comparable to high‐performance p‐type photovoltaic materials (e.g., InP crystals). The findings predict a PCE of ≈23% for optimized CsSnI3 SCs solar cells, highlighting their great potential. 相似文献
18.
Qingyuan Li Yifan Zheng Xin Guo Guodong Zhang Guoyu Ding Yifeng Shi Fenghua Li Mengjie Sun Yuchuan Shao 《Advanced functional materials》2023,33(40):2303729
Underwater solar cells (UWSCs) provide an ideal alternative to the energy supply for long-endurance autonomous underwater vehicles. However, different from conventional solar cells situated on land or above water, UWSCs give preference to use wide bandgap semiconductors (≥1.8 eV) as light absorber to match underwater solar spectra. Among wide bandgap semiconductors, FAPbBr3 perovskite is under prime consideration owing to its matching optical bandgap (≈2.3 eV), outstanding photoelectric properties, easier processability, etc. Unfortunately, for FAPbBr3 solar cells, substantial interface defects greatly limit the charge carrier extraction efficiency, thus limiting the device performance, especially in underwater low-light environments. This study employs a molecular self-assembly strategy to effectively eliminate the interfacial defects. As a result, a great improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 6.44% to 7.49% is obtained, which is among the best efficiency reported for inverted FAPbBr3 solar cells up to date. Besides, a champion PCE of 30% is obtained under 520 nm monochromatic light irradiation (4.8 mW cm−2). These results demonstrate that FAPbBr3 solar cells present a tremendously promising application in UWSCs. 相似文献
19.
W. Prettl H. Lengfellner J. P. Kaminski Gi. Schneider P. G. Huggard T. O'Brien W. Blau 《Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves》1992,13(10):1659-1666
The far infrared response of granular thin-film Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 superconductor has been investigated using long (≈5 μs) but sharply truncated free electron laser pulses in the frequency range between 50 cm?1 and 125 cm?1. Under constant current bias, a fast response and a slow bolometric signal component could be identified in this energy range, which is below the BCS energy gap (≈ 200 cm?1). Measurements of the power dependences of the signal voltages showed that both the fast and the thermal responses are consistent with the predictions of the resistively shunted Josephson junction model. 相似文献
20.
Z. Aabdin N. Peranio M. Winkler D. Bessas J. K?nig R. P. Hermann H. B?ttner O. Eibl 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2012,41(6):1493-1497
Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 thin films were grown on SiO2 and BaF2 substrates at room temperature using molecular beam epitaxy. Metallic layers with thicknesses of 0.2?nm were alternately deposited at room temperature, and the films were subsequently annealed at 250°C for 2?h. x-Ray diffraction and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with high-accuracy energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry revealed stoichiometric films, grain sizes of less than 500?nm, and a texture. High-quality in-plane thermoelectric properties were obtained for Sb2Te3 films at room temperature, i.e., low charge carrier density (2.6?×?1019?cm?3), large thermopower (130???V?K?1), large charge carrier mobility (402?cm2?V?1?s?1), and resulting large power factor (29???W?cm?1?K?2). Bi2Te3 films also showed low charge carrier density (2.7?×?1019?cm?3), moderate thermopower (?153???V?K?1), but very low charge carrier mobility (80?cm2?V?1?s?1), yielding low power factor (8???W?cm?1?K?2). The low mobilities were attributed to Bi-rich grain boundary phases identified by analytical energy-filtered TEM. 相似文献