Characteristics of flame stability and gaseous emission of biocrude-oil/ethanol blends in a pilot-scale spray burner

A burner system with capacity of 30,000 kcal/h was designed for the combustion of biocrude-oil and ethanol blends. An air atomizing spray nozzle with larger fuel orifice was adopted to prevent nozzle clogging, with swirl flow introduced to the combustion air for flame stabilization. Biocrude-oil was prepared from the fast pyrolysis of woody biomass and was blended with ethanol to improve flame stability and ignition characteristics. At various mixing ratios of biocrude-oil and ethanol, flame stability was determined, and gaseous emissions of CO and NO were measured. It was found that stable combustion could be achieved with up to 90 vol% of biocrude-oil. CO emissions of biocrude-oil/ethanol blends were smaller than those of pure ethanol, whereas CO concentration increased significantly in case of pure biocrude-oil due to incomplete combustion. Pollutant NO emission increased slightly with the biocrude-oil mixing ratio. The biocrude-oil burner in this study could provide a design database for industrial burner development.     

Mechanism analysis on the pulverized coal combustion flame stability and NOx emission in a swirl burner with deep air staging

Low NOx burner and air staged combustion are widely applied to control NOx emission in coal-fired power plants. The gas-solid two-phase flow, pulverized coal combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a single low NOx swirl burner in an existing coal-fired boiler was numerically simulated to analyze the mechanisms of flame stability and in-flame NOx reduction. And the detailed NOx formation and reduction model under fuel rich conditions was employed to optimize NOx emissions for the low NOx burner with air staged combustion of different burner stoichiometric ratios. The results show that the specially-designed swirl burner structures including the pulverized coal concentrator, flame stabilizing ring and baffle plate create an ignition region of high gas temperature, proper oxygen concentration and high pulverized coal concentration near the annular recirculation zone at the burner outlet for flame stability. At the same time, the annular recirculation zone is generated between the primary and secondary air jets to promote the rapid ignition and combustion of pulverized coal particles to consume oxygen, and then a reducing region is formed as fuel-rich environment to contribute to in-flame NO_X reduction. Moreover, the NOx concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber is greatly reduced when the deep air staged combustion with the burner stoichiometric ratio of 0.75 is adopted, and the CO concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber can be maintained simultaneously at a low level through the over-fired air injection of high velocity to enhance the mixing of the fresh air with the flue gas, which can provide the optimal solution for lower NOx emission in the existing coal-fired boilers.     

低速二冲程船用柴油机耦合涡流影响的现象学喷雾模型研究

为了更深入地研究低速机缸内涡流对喷雾的影响,开发新的现象学模型并进行了优化计算.该模型在传统的广安博之多区现象学模型之上加入了涡流效应.在模型中,涡流与喷雾的相互作用被分成两个阶段:一是喷雾破碎前空气与喷雾的互相撞击,二是喷雾破碎后的空气的混合与卷吸.根据这两个阶段不同的物理作用,结合动量守恒定理的推导,可以计算出这两...     

Combustion and emission characteristics of premixed biogas mixtures: An experimental study

In this study, effects of fuel composition, swirl number and hydrogen addition on combustion and emission characteristics of various biogas mixtures were experimentally investigated. To this end, a laboratory scale combustor and a swirl stabilized premixed burner were designed and manufactured. Later on, this combusting apparatus was equipped with flow, control, safety and measurement tools, hence entire test system was constituted. Combustion and emission characteristics of tested biogas mixtures were determined by measuring temperature and species (CO₂, CO, O₂ and NO) distributions throughout the combustion chamber. Additionally, flame structures of tested biogas mixtures were evaluated by examining flame luminosity, visible flame length and flame thickness from instantaneous flame images. Results of this study showed that both radial and axial temperature distribution variations of tested biogas mixtures differently alter with hydrogen addition based on the gas composition. Although flame temperature increases with swirl number at burner outlet, it presents a non-monotonous dependence on swirl number outside the flame region because of the modified flow characteristics. This is also the case for emissions of CO₂.     

进气涡流比对直喷式柴油机喷雾,燃烧和碳粒变化历程的影响

采用双成象技术研究了不同进气涡流比时直喷式柴油机喷雾、燃烧和碳粒变化历程。大量的研究结果表明：直喷式柴油机燃烧涡流从缸心向侧壁发展，更接近刚性涡特性。当涡流比高达4．5时，着火瞬间油束之间拥有空气的面积还相当多；涡流比过高，油雾和早、中期的火焰被局限于活塞凹坑内，这导致了气缸内空气利用率降低和燃烧后期碳粒增多。     

Study on the characteristics of evaporation–atomization–combustion of biodiesel

A great deal of research is being carried out on renewable diesel fuels. The number of raw materials (especially waste, animal, and vegetable oils), production technologies, and additives of biodiesel is increasing. In our work, a evaporation–atomization–combustion system consisting of a biomass liquid fuel was designed to produce a laminar premixed flame for studying the combustion–emission characteristics of biodiesel. The combustion characteristics of biodiesel including flame height, flame front area, flame speed, and OH total signal intensity were studied by planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH (OH-PLIF). The emission characteristics of biodiesel (CO, CO₂, and NO) were studied with a flue gas analyzer. The experimental results showed that the flame height, flame front area, flame speed, and the OH total signal intensity changed with the equivalence ratio (Φ). The relationship between the OH radical intensity and the emission of CO/CO₂ was obtained from the OH-PLIF average signal intensity. The [CO]/[CO₂] ratio decreased with the OH-PLIF average signal intensity. Finally, we obtained the relationship between the OH-PLIF average signal intensity and the NO emissions.     

A comparative study of combustion performance and emission of biodiesel blends and diesel in an experimental boiler

Recently, biodiesel has become more attractive since it is made from renewable resources and also for the fact that the resources of fossil fuels are diminishing day by day. This study compares combustion of B5, B10, B20, B50, B80 and B100 with petroleum diesel over wide input air flows at two energy levels in an experimental boiler. The comparison is made in terms of combustion efficiency and flue gas emissions (CO, CO₂, NO_X, and SO₂) and influence of air flow at two energy levels 219 kJ/h and 249 kJ/h is studied. The findings show that at higher level energy diesel efficiency was a little higher than that of biodiesel, but at lower level biodiesels are efficient than diesel. Except B10, Biodiesel and other blends emitted less pollutant CO, SO₂ and CO₂ than diesel. B10 emitted lower CO₂ and NO_X, but emitted higher SO₂ than diesel. Despite studies reporting an increase in the NO_X level resulting from burning of biodiesel over conventional petroleum diesel fuels in engines, our findings indicated at the second energy level a reduction in the NO_X level in the flue gases resulting from burning of biodiesel.     

压燃发动机燃用不同原料生物柴油的燃烧与排放特性

利用KIVA3数值模拟研究柴油以及三种生物柴油(大豆油甲酯、棕榈油甲酯、麻疯油甲酯)对压燃发动机燃烧和排放性能的影响。数值计算结果表明:生物柴油在燃烧初始阶段与柴油燃烧特性基本一致,燃烧中后期,生物柴油的平均缸温低于柴油,其中麻疯油甲酯最为明显;生物柴油碳烟和CO生成量明显低于柴油。生物柴油虽然缸内氧含量比柴油高,但由于受缸温的影响,NOx排放比柴油低,而麻疯油甲酯在三种生物柴油中NOx排放最低。     

多孔燃烧器中氨/空气燃烧特性数值研究

氨具有氢密度高、生产成本低、基础设施完善等优点,作为一种潜在的可再生替代燃料受到了广泛的关注.目前,仅有少数研究关注氨气燃烧喷嘴的研究,针对氨气稳定燃烧喷嘴的研究尤其不足.为实现氨燃料的稳定燃烧和低污染物排放,本研究提出了一种氨用多孔介质燃烧器.对氨用多孔介质燃烧器建立了二维数值模型,并对预混氨/空气在多孔介质燃烧器中...     

Emission characteristics and axial flame temperature distribution of producer gas fired premixed burner

This paper presents the emission characteristics and axial flame temperature distribution of producer gas fired premixed burner. The producer gas fired premixed burner of 150 kW capacity was tested on open core throat less down draft gasifier system in the present study. A stable and uniform flame was observed with this burner. An instrumented test set up was developed to evaluate the performance of the burner. The conventional bluff body having blockage ratio of 0.65 was used for flame stabilization. With respect to maximum flame temperature, minimum pressure drop and minimum emissions, a swirl angle of 60° seems to be optimal. The experimental results also showed that the NO_x emissions are inversely proportional to swirl angle and CO emissions are independent of swirl angle. The minimum emission levels of CO and NO_x are observed to be 0.167% and 384 ppm respectively at the swirl angle of 45–60°. The experimental results showed that the maximum axial flame temperature distribution was achieved at A/F ratio of 1.0. The adiabatic flame temperature of 1653 °C was calculated theoretically at A/F ratio of 1.0. Experimental results are in tune with theoretical results. It was also concluded that the CO and UHC emissions decreases with increasing A/F ratio while NO_x emissions decreases on either side of A/F ratio of 1.0.     

Flame characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane–air premixed swirling flames

The effect of hydrogen addition in methane–air premixed flames has been examined from a swirl-stabilized combustor under unconfined flame conditions. Different swirlers have been examined to investigate the effect of swirl intensity on enriching methane–air flame with hydrogen in a laboratory-scale premixed combustor operated at 5.81 kW. The hydrogen-enriched methane fuel and air were mixed in a pre-mixer and introduced into the burner having swirlers of different swirl vane angles that provided different swirl strengths. The combustion characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane–air flames at fixed thermal load but different swirl strengths were examined using particle image velocimetry (PIV), OH chemiluminescence, gas analyzers, and micro-thermocouple diagnostics to provide information on flow field, combustion generated OH radical and gas species concentration, and temperature distribution, respectively. The results show that higher combustibility of hydrogen assists to promote faster chemical reaction, raises temperature in the reaction zone and reduces the recirculation flow in the reaction zone. The upstream of flame region is more dependent on the swirl strength than the effect of hydrogen addition to methane fuel. At lower swirl strength condition the NO concentration in the reaction zone reduces with increase in hydrogen content in the fuel mixture. Higher combustibility of hydrogen accelerates the flow to reduce the residence time of hot product gases in the high temperature reaction zone. At higher swirl strength the NO concentration increases with increase in hydrogen content in the fuel mixture. The effect of dynamic expansion of the gases with hydrogen addition appears to be more dominant to reduce the recirculation of relatively cooler gases into the reaction zone. NO concentration also increases with decrease in the swirl strength.     

Investigations on performance and emission characteristics of an industrial low swirl burner while burning natural gas,methane, hydrogen-enriched natural gas and hydrogen as fuels

Although many detailed chemical reaction mechanisms, skeletal mechanisms and reduced mechanisms are available in the literature to modeling the natural gas, they are computational expensive, required high power computing especially for three dimensional complex geometries with intense meshes. For example, though the DRM19 reduced mechanism does not include NO and NO₂ species, it includes 19 species and 84 reactions. On the other hand, Eddy Dissipation combustion model in which the overall rate of reaction is mainly controlled by turbulent mixing can be utilized as a practical approach for fast burning and fast reaction fuels such as natural gas. Unlike fossil fuels, hydrogen is a renewable energy and quite clean in terms of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions. However, numerical and experimental studies on hydrogen combustion in burners are very restricted. In this study, the combustion of natural gas in an industrial low swirl burner–boiler system has been experimentally investigated. The results obtained from the experimental setup have been utilized as boundary conditions for CFD simulations. With the use of Eddy Dissipation method, methane-air-2-step reaction mechanism is used for modeling of natural gas as methane gas and the reaction mechanism has been modified for natural gas considering the natural gas properties to reveal the similarities and differences of both fuels in modeling. In addition, the combustion performances of natural gas with the use of full and periodic models, which are geometric models of the burner–boiler pair, are compared. Moreover, in order to reveal the effect of the hydrogen-enriched natural gas and pure hydrogen on the performance of low swirl burner–boiler considering the combustion emissions, four various gas contents (thermal load ratio: 75%NG + 25%H₂, 50%NG + 50%H₂, 25%NG + 75%H₂, 100%H₂) at the same thermal load have been investigated. The turbulent flames of the industrial low swirl burner have been studied numerically using ANSYS Fluent 16.0 for the solution of governing equations. The results obtained in this study show that with the utilizing Eddy Dissipation method, natural gas can be modeled as methane gas with well-known methane-air-2step reaction mechanism or as natural gas with modified methane-air-2step reaction mechanism with approximate results. Additionally, the use of periodic boundary condition, which enables studying with 1/4 of geometric model, gives satisfactory results with less number of meshes when compared to the full model. Furthermore, in the case of using hydrogen-enriched natural gas or pure hydrogen instead of natural gas as the fuel, the combustion emissions of the burner–boiler such as CO and CO₂ are remarkably decreasing compared to the natural gas. However, the NOx emissions are significantly increasing especially due to thermal NO.     

Decarbonized combustion performance of a radiant mesh burner operating on pipeline natural gas mixed with hydrogen

With the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, blending lower or zero carbon fuels like renewable hydrogen into natural gas is a promising and practical way to achieve clean energy transition. From the perspective of end users and combustion device manufactures, one of the major concerns is the influence of the renewable contents on the combustion devices performance. The possible renewable gas content percentage in pipeline also interests policy makers and gas utility companies. The present study investigates on the influence of hydrogen contents on the operating performance of a surface burner, which is widely adopted in industrial, commercial and residential applications. The interactions among heating load, excess air level and fuel contents are studied by a 3-factor13-level experiment design. Evaluated combustion performance characteristics include flame characteristics, burner/exhaust temperature and emissions (NO, NO₂, N₂O, CO, UHC, NH₃). The results showed that hydrogen addition to natural gas slightly increased the burner surface temperature but did not have significant impact on other burner performance parameters. Up to 20% (by volume) natural gas was replaced by hydrogen, and no abnormal effect was observed. Furthermore, tests carried out in a prototype water heater showed similar performance. This study gives a positive sign relative to replacing pipeline natural gas with renewable hydrogen at a low percentage without modifying the burner geometry.     

Experimental analysis of the effects of hydrogen addition on methane combustion

This paper presents gas emissions from turbulent chemical flow inside a model combustor, for different blending ratios of hydrogen–methane composite fuels. Gas emissions such as CO and O₂ from the combustion reaction were obtained using a gas analyzer. NOx emissions were measured with a NOx analyzer. The previously obtained flame temperature distributions were also presented. As the amount of hydrogen in the mixture increases, more hydrogen is involved in the combustion reaction, and more heat is released, and the higher temperature levels are resulted. The results have shown that the combustion efficiency increases and CO emission decreases when the hydrogen content is increased in blending fuel. It is also shown that the hydrogen–methane blending fuels are efficiently used without any important modification in the natural gas burner. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using HHO (Hydroxy) and hydrogen enriched castor oil biodiesel in compression ignition engine

Hydrogen and HHO enriched biodiesel fuels have not been investigated extensively for compression ignition engine. This study investigated the performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with hydrogen or HHO enriched Castor oil methyl ester (CME)-diesel blends. The production and blending of CME was carried out with a 20% volumetric ratio (CME20) using diesel fuel. In addition, the enrichment of intake air was carried out using pure HHO or hydrogen through the intake manifold with no structural changes – with the exception of the reduction of the amount of diesel fuel – for a naturally aspirated, four cylinder diesel engine with a volume of 3.6 L. Hydrogen amount was kept constant with a ratio of 10 L/min throughout the experiments. Engine performance parameters, including Brake Power, Brake Torque, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and exhaust emissions – including NOx and CO, – were tested at engine speeds between 1200 and 2600 rpm. It is seen that HHO enriched CME has better results compared to pure hydrogen enrichment to CME. An average improvement of 4.3% with HHO enriched CME20 was found compared to diesel fuel results while pure hydrogen enriched CME20 fuel resulted with an average increase of 2.6%. Also, it was found that the addition of pure hydrogen to CME had a positive effect on exhaust gas emissions compared to that adding HHO. The effects of both enriched fuels on the engine performance were minimal compared to that of diesel fuel. However, the improvements on exhaust gas emissions were significant.     

Combustion characteristics of biodiesel saturated with pyrolysis oil for power generation in gas turbines

There is a perceived need for multi-fuel burner geometries capable of operating with variable composition fuels from diverse sources to achieve fuel flexibility in gas turbines. The objective of the research covered herein is a comparison study between two liquid fuels, a biodiesel (in a pure form) and the biodiesel as a saturated mixture with a pyrolysis by-product; these two fuels were compared against a standard kerosene as a baseline. The research methodology involved two stages: firstly atomization patterns and injection regimes were obtained using a high speed imaging method, secondly a combustion test campaign was undertaken using a swirl burner to quantify the operational behaviour, species production and exhaust gas compositions of the fuels. Emissions, flame stability trends and power outputs were measured at gas turbine relevant equivalence ratios. Excess oxygen and atomization trends in the biodiesel seem to be playing a major role in the production of emissions and flame stability when compared to kerosene. Also, heavy organics seem to be acting as catalytic substances for OH production close to the burner mouth. In terms of stability and combustion, it is proposed that the saturated blend would be a viable candidate for power generation.     

旋流预混燃烧室燃烧特性及排放特性的数值模拟研究

为了综合考察燃气轮机燃烧室在高稳定性、低排放以及燃料适应性等方面的新要求,基于旋流预混燃烧技术,通过三维数值模拟方法开展了甲烷/空气、丙烷/空气预混燃烧特性及排放特性研究。结果表明：在一定的预混气进气质量流量条件下,当量比增大易引发回火,燃烧温度更高,同时NO_x排放指数增大,增加预混气质量流量,可在一定程度上提高回/熄火极限;当量比固定,增加预混气进气质量流量可避免潜在的回火现象,且NO_x排放指数线性降低;旋流器的旋流数增大能形成强旋流,稳定火焰,降低NO_x排放指数,但过大的旋流强度会引发回火现象;相比于甲烷/空气预混燃烧,丙烷/空气预混燃烧温度偏高,NO_x排放指数较大,但回熄火边界更宽,对应更广阔的稳定燃烧区间。     

一种新的小缸径柴油机单孔直喷燃烧系统的研究

小缸径柴油机燃烧系统直喷化已经成为发展趋势，但仍面临实现柔和运行及降低有害排放产物的难题，燃烧室周边混合式燃烧系统具有工作柔和，变速适应性好等优点。但由于形成较多的壁面面膜，而使燃烧速率低，ＨＣ和微粒排放品质差，为此，本研究了旋转流场中轴针喷嘴油束扩展与混合的特性，提出了利用油束撞壁效应加速混合，改善燃烧过程的概念。在Ｓ１９５涡流室柴油机基础上设计了一种新的单孔直喷式燃烧系统。研究结果表明，该系     

Improvement of fuel economy of an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine with two-stage injection

This paper focuses on the effects of early stage injection and two-stage injection on the combustion characteristics and engine performances of an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine. In a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, HC emission increases with early stage injection because some of the fuel spray adheres to the cylinder wall and burns in the gap between the piston and the cylinder. On the other hand, since the fuel spray of early stage injection in an IDI diesel engine is injected into an auxiliary combustion chamber such as a swirl chamber, the IDI diesel engine could reduced the HC emission produced from the gap compared with a DI diesel engine. In a two-stage injection IDI diesel engine, NO and smoke emissions are improved when the amount of fuel in the first stage injection is small and the first stage injection timing is advanced over −80° TDC. And 20% improvement in fuel consumption is achieved when the first stage injection timing is advanced over −80° TDC. Conversely, HC and CO emissions of two-stage injection increases compared with that of conventional injection of an IDI diesel engine. However, CO emission can be improved a little when the first stage injection timing is advanced over −100° TDC and the second stage injection timing is retarded over TDC.     

涡流运动降低柴油机混合气浓度及碳烟排放的数值分析

为了揭示涡流运动对柴油机混合气形成及碳烟排放的影响规律，采用经过实验验证的喷雾及湍流模型，用CFD数值分析软件对某车用柴油机燃烧室内不同涡流条件下柴油喷雾的混合气浓度、速度矢量场、燃油液滴空间分布及油束特性进行了模拟计算．模拟结果表明，当涡流比从0到5．0依次增大时，过喷孔轴线的铅垂面内喷雾浓度场局部浓区燃空当量比逐渐降低，而过喷孔轴线且与铅垂面垂直的平面内喷雾浓度场局部浓区的燃空当量比则先降后升，而不是逐渐下降．只有合理选择剖切平面，即选择过喷孔轴线且与铅垂面垂直的平面，才能正确评价涡流运动对燃烧室内混合气浓度分布及碳烟形成区域分布的影响规律．组织燃烧室内气流运动，须兼顾与气缸轴线垂直的水平面内的涡流运动和过气缸轴线的铅垂面内的湍流或滚流运动．涡流比太大，铅垂面内的湍流或滚流太弱，会削弱喷雾射流对燃烧室底部空气的卷吸，降低燃烧室底部的空气利用率．随涡流比增大，射流顺涡流方向的弯曲度增大，不同喷孔的油束会发生相互干涉，在靠近气缸中心的区域内形成局部浓混合气，不利于降低碳烟排放．对具体的燃烧室结构和喷油系统，合理匹配涡流运动十分必要．