粉末结构对冷喷涂纳米结构WC-Co沉积行为的影响

纳米结构WC-Co具有比常规WC-Co更高的硬度,因此受到了广泛关注.冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层过程中,因粒子温度低于熔点,沉积过程需要依靠WC-Co粒子的塑性变形,然而WC-Co粒子变形能力有限,使得WC-Co涂层难以实现有效沉积.文中从粉末结构角度出发,选用3种不同孔隙结构的WC-12Co粉末,运用扫描电镜研究不同结构WC-12Co单个粒子在基体上的沉积行为,分析了3种粉末在相同喷涂工艺参数下沉积的涂层的组织结构.研究发现,定点喷涂容易实现,沉积的WC-12Co沉积层组织结构致密,硬度接近块材,为粉末的连续沉积制备涂层提供了可能.涂层的连续沉积需要粉末和基体材料均产生一定的变形,具有一定孔隙结构的纳米结构WC-Co粉末,因其多孔结构促进了粉末拟变形的发生,适合于冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层.     

碳化钨颗粒尺寸对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层形成的影响

通过探讨WC颗粒对扁平粒子厚度及喷涂后WC颗粒尺寸变化的影响，研究了超音速火焰喷涂过程中WC-Co涂层的沉积过程，使用具有不同WC尺寸的四种WC-Co粉末，采用JET-KOTE喷枪系统喷制了WC-Co涂层。结果发现涂层中WC颗粒的大小主要取决于原始粉末中WC的尺寸．在粉末穿越火焰的过程中，大多数WC处于固态，WC-Co涂层的沉积涉及固液两相离子的扁平化，而不是象在优化条件下金属或陶瓷材料喷涂过程中仅存在单一液相的情况．很明显WC-Co粉末中的WC的大小对涂层的形成影响很大，在超音速火焰喷漆条件下当液固粒子碰撞到已形成的涂层表面上时，其中的大颗粒WC粒子容易被反弹脱落。基于实验结果，提出厂计算由液相聚积固相形成的液固两相颗粒碰撞到表面时形成扁平粒子的厚度的模型。     

直接碳化与煅烧-碳化工艺对WC-Co复合粉性能的影响

以偏钨酸铵、醋酸钴、裂解碳为原料,配置成料浆,通过喷雾干燥-氢气还原碳化(简称直接碳化法)和喷雾干燥-氮气煅烧-氢气还原碳化(简称煅烧-碳化法)制备WC-Co复合粉。对两种工艺制备粉末的性能和形貌进行对比,发现直接碳化法制备的WC-Co复合粉的颗粒在10¹00μm、平均粒度在50μm,大部分球形壳破裂,粉末仍然保持球形骨架,粉末松装密度小、流动性差;煅烧-碳化法制备的WC-Co复合粉末的颗粒度在10100μm、平均粒度在50μm,大部分球形壳破裂,粉末仍然保持球形骨架,粉末松装密度小、流动性差;煅烧-碳化法制备的WC-Co复合粉末的颗粒度在10⁵0μm、平均颗粒度25μm,粉末球形度高、流动性好。将两种工艺制备的粉末制成YG6合金,对比发现直接碳化法得到WC-Co复合粉制备成的硬质合金硬度高、晶粒度小、密度高、孔隙度低、致密度高;将两种工艺制备的粉末进行热喷涂,发现煅烧-碳化法制备的粉末热喷涂时,涂层表面致密度高、WC保留率高、硬度高。     

碳化钨颗粒尺寸对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层形成的影响

通过探讨WC颗粒对扁平粒子厚度及喷涂后WC颗粒尺寸变化的影响，研究了超音速火焰喷涂过程中WC－Co深层的沉积过程。使用具有不同WC尺寸的四种WC-Co粉末，采用JET－KOTE喷枪系统喷制了WC－Co涂层。结果发现涂层中WC颗粒的大小主要取决于原始粉末中WC的尺寸．在粉末穿越火焰的过程中，大多数WC处于固态；WC-Co涂层的沉积涉及固液两相离子的扁平化，而不是象在优化条件下金属或陶瓷材料喷涂过程中仅存在单一液相的情况。很明显WC-Co粉末中的WC的大小对涂层的形成影响很大、在超音速火焰喷涂条件下当液固粒子碰撞到已形成的涂层表面上时，其中的大颗粒WC粒子容易被反弹脱落。基于实验结果，提出了计算由液相聚积固相形成的波固两相颗粒碰撞到表面时形成扁平粒子的厚度的模型。     

WC-Co复合粉末的原位合成及于硬质合金涂层制备中的应用

目的为解决超细/纳米WC-Co热喷涂时易于脱碳等瓶颈问题,制备具有高的硬度、断裂韧性、耐磨性和表面质量等优异综合性能的超细及纳米结构硬质合金涂层,并推广其在工业领域中的应用。方法以原位合成技术批量制备的超细/纳米WC-Co复合粉末为原料,利用团聚造粒技术制备得到具有高球形度和致密性,并保持原有超细/纳米结构的喷涂喂料粉末,利用超音速火焰喷涂工艺制备低脱碳、高致密的超细结构WC基涂层。结果降低喂料粉末孔隙度可有效减少涂层中W2C等脱碳相的含量,在优化工艺下制备的超细结构WC基涂层的硬度达到1450HV0.3以上,韧性相对于常规微米结构涂层提高40%以上,在两种载荷和磨料条件下均表现出更高的耐磨性。结论利用原位反应技术批量合成的超细/纳米WC-Co复合粉制备的硬质合金涂层具有优良的综合性能,可应用于对涂层的硬度、耐磨性、强韧性配合和表面质量有较高要求的工况。     

钢基体表面WC/Al_2O_3/Co涂层的电接触强化研究

以WC、Al2O3、Co为粉末原料,采用干磨混合、湿磨分散工艺,制备了分散均匀、稳定性好的WC-Al2O3-Co和WC-Co料浆。然后用常温喷涂法将该料浆喷涂在45钢基体表面形成预涂层,再对该预涂层进行电接触强化。对强化层进行金相观察、扫描电镜观察和X射线衍射分析,以及抗热震实验和显微硬度测试。结果表明:与热喷涂WC-Co强化层相比,用常温喷涂+电接触强化制备的WC-Al2O3-Co涂层和WC-Co涂层的显微硬度和抗热震性能都得到明显提高;用Al2O3代替部分Co形成的WC-Al2O3-Co涂层的显微硬度比WC-Co涂层略高,但抗热震性能略低。     

石墨烯含量对石墨烯改性WC-Co自润滑耐磨涂层性能的影响

为了降低WC-Co耐磨涂层的摩擦因数,发挥石墨烯的减磨、润滑特性,采用喷雾造粒工艺制备石墨烯/WC-Co复合粉体,基于爆炸喷涂技术制备石墨烯改性WC-Co(GO/WC-Co)自润滑耐磨涂层。借助SEM、EDS分析粉末及涂层中石墨烯的存在、组织形貌、成分组成。采用UMT-2摩擦磨损试验机研究了不同石墨烯添加量对制备涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:爆炸喷涂制备石墨烯改性WC-Co涂层中石墨烯仍以透明状、片层状态存在,相比WC-Co涂层,石墨烯质量比为3%时,制备涂层摩擦因数降低约30%,石墨烯在摩擦过程中不断裸露于磨痕表面,在微区内形成润滑膜,起到较好的自润滑、减磨效果。     

石墨烯改性自润滑耐磨涂层的组织与耐磨机理研究

为了降低WC-Co涂层的摩擦系数,采用湿法球磨工艺实现了氧化石墨烯和WC-Co喷涂粉末的均匀混合,基于爆炸喷涂技术制备了氧化石墨烯改性WC-Co涂层。借助XRD、SEM、EDS等手段分析了涂层的氧化石墨烯存在、组织结构形貌、化学成分组成。采用显微硬度计、万能拉伸机及UMT-2摩擦磨损试验机等仪器研究了涂层的力学及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：氧化石墨烯改性后涂层内均匀分布有片层状氧化石墨烯,涂层组织致密、均匀,结合强度约82MPa,显微硬度为1024HV0.3,氧化石墨烯改性后涂层相比WC-Co涂层摩擦系数降低了30%,氧化石墨烯的添加提高了WC-Co涂层的抗磨、减磨性能。     

粉末粒度对WC-Co涂层结构和性能的影响

采用低功率内送粉等离子喷涂设备,选择两种粒度不同的WC-Co粉末,在不同功率下,在不锈钢基体上制备WC-Co涂层。利用XRD、SEM等分析手段对原始粉末和涂层的显微结构和物相组成进行观察和分析,利用显微硬度仪测量涂层显微硬度。结果表明:与细粉相比,粗粉喷涂涂层的组织致密、均匀,孔隙率小。粗粉喷涂涂层显微硬度可达1500 HV以上,涂层主晶相是WC,也存在少量W2C相,随着等离子能量增加,W2C增多;细粉喷涂涂层,WC发生大量的脱碳分解,涂层主晶相是W2C,显微硬度低。因此粗粉在适当功率下更适合低能等离子喷涂。     

氧化石墨烯改性自润滑耐磨涂层的组织与耐磨机理

为了降低WC-Co涂层的摩擦系数,采用湿法球磨工艺实现了氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)和WC-Co喷涂粉末的均匀混合,基于爆炸喷涂技术制备了氧化石墨烯改性WC-Co涂层。借助XRD、SEM、EDS等手段分析了涂层的氧化石墨烯存在、组织结构形貌、化学成分组成。采用显微硬度计、万能拉伸机及UMT-2摩擦磨损试验机等研究了涂层的力学及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:氧化石墨烯改性后涂层内均匀分布有片层状氧化石墨烯,涂层组织致密、均匀,结合强度约82 MPa,显微硬度HV0。3为10062 MPa,氧化石墨烯改性后涂层相比WC-Co涂层摩擦系数降低了30%,氧化石墨烯的添加提高了WC-Co涂层的抗磨、减磨性能。     

Characterization of thermal sprayed nanostructured WC-Co coatings derived from nanocrystalline WC-18wt.%Co powders

Nanostructured WC-Co coatings were synthesized using high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray. The nanocrystalline feedstock powder with a nominal composition of WC-18 wt.%Co was prepared using the novel integrated mechanical and thermal activation (IMTA) process. The effects of HVOF thermal spray conditions and powder characteristics on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-sprayed WC-Co coatings were studied. It was found that the ratio of oxygen-to-hydrogen flow rate (ROHFR) and the starting powder microstructures had strong effects on decarburization of the nano-coatings. Decarburization was significantly suppressed at low ROHFR and with the presence of free carbon in the powder. The level of porosity in the coatings was correlated with the powder microstructure and spray process conditions. The coating sprayed at ROHFR=0.5 exhibited the highest microhardness value (HV_300g=1077), which is comparable to that of conventional coarse-grained coatings.     

喷雾造粒-H_2还原制备WC-Co热喷涂粉末

以水溶性醋酸钴代替金属钴粉与WC粉、纯水、微量炭黑和有机碳球磨混匀,经喷雾造粒,H2还原制备WC-Co热喷涂粉。结果表明:当进风温度260℃、出风温度140℃、转速10000r/min所制备的粉末粒度在10~80μm,平均粒度为35μm。在1250℃下,H2还原WC-Co粉末接近共晶温度,产生大量液相,粉末合金化。中空球形颗粒,在重力作用下生成的液相开始流动,填充孔隙,使粉末颗粒密实、颗粒收缩、薄壁变厚,松装密度增大,粉末粒度在10~50μm、平均粒度为25μm,Co相均匀包覆球形WC颗粒。     

Selection criteria for wear resistant powder coatings under extreme erosive wear conditions

Wear-resistant thermal spray coatings for sliding wear are hard but brittle (such as carbide and oxide based coatings), which makes them useless under impact loading conditions and sensitive to fatigue. Under extreme conditions of erosive wear (impact loading, high hardness of abrasives, and high velocity of abradant particles), composite coatings ensure optimal properties of hardness and toughness. The article describes tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) systems and self-fluxing alloys, containing tungsten carbide based hardmetal particles [NiCrSiB-(WC-Co)] deposited by the detonation gun, continuous detonation spraying, and spray fusion processes. Different powder compositions and processes were studied, and the effect of the coating structure and wear parameters on the wear resistance of coatings are evaluated. The dependence of the wear resistance of sprayed and fused coatings on their hardness is discussed, and hardness criteria for coating selection are proposed. The so-called “double cemented” structure of WC-Co based hardmetal or metal matrix composite coatings, as compared with a simple cobalt matrix containing particles of WC, was found optimal. Structural criteria for coating selection are provided. To assist the end user in selecting an optimal deposition method and materials, coating selection diagrams of wear resistance versus hardness are given. This paper also discusses the cost-effectiveness of coatings in the application areas that are more sensitive to cost, and composite coatings based on recycled materials are offered.     

Deposition effects of WC particle size on cold sprayed WC-Co coatings

The WC particle size and its influence on the deposition of Co-based cermets are examined. Micron and nanostructured powders with similar Co content were employed. Varying the WC particle size influenced significantly the deposition efficiency of the coating process. Micrometer-structured WC-Co feedstocks did not permit coating build up when processed under comparable or elevated thermal spray parameters used for the nanostructured WC-Co feedstocks. In addition, micrometer-structured WC-Co coatings exhibited a conjoint erosion and deposition effect on the surface. Fine WC particles (< 1 μm) were observed near the substrate interface and larger WC particles (1-2 μm) in the vicinity of the coating surface. These observations indicate the existence of a critical WC particle size for deposition by the cold spray method and that the size criteria arises due to the formation and cohesion mechanisms within the coating layer.Nanostructured test specimens displayed (i) a dense microstructure with little presence of porosity, (ii) a crack free interface between the coating and substrate that indicated good adhesion, and (iii) no observable phase changes. The XRD patterns of each powder and their respective coatings did not have observable peak differences but the diffraction peak broadening of coatings indicated that there was grain refinement during the coating process. Furthermore, all nanostructured as-sprayed WC-Co coatings exhibited Vickers hardness values above HV1000. The nanostructured WC-Co coatings demonstrated adhesive strengths that exceeded the limits of the glue (60 MPa).     

喷雾干燥结合微波煅烧法制备微米级球形钼粉的研究

本文以仲钼酸铵(优级纯)为原料,通过结合气流式雾化干燥法和微波煅烧氢还原法制备出球形、微米级、比表面积大、分散性好的钼粉。重点研究雾化造粒过程和微波煅烧氢还原阶段的升温速率对最终Mo粉的形貌、粒度以及比表面积的影响及规律。研究结果表明,控制一定的参数可以制备出球形、微米级、分散性好的钼酸铵前驱体粉末;最终Mo粉的微观形貌受升温速率的影响,升温速率越低制备的Mo粉破碎越严重,且有少量团聚现象,升温速率越高制备的Mo粉球形度越高,分散性越好;升温速率也直接影响平均粒度和比表面积,升温速率越低,平均粒度越小,而比表面积越大,升温速率越高,平均粒度相应增大,比表面减小。     

Parameter study of HP/HVOF deposited WC-Co coatings

The deposition parameters of WC-17% Co coatings produced using the JP-5000 liquid-fuel HP/HVOF system (Eutectic TAFA) were investigated with the initial purpose of parameter improvement and optimization. The coating microstructures, porosities, phase compositions, and abrasion resistance were characterized. Preliminary work using the Taguchi statistical experimental design method aimed at optimizing the spray parameters in terms of the microstructure and phase composition was unsuccessful. The variations in the measured properties were too small to be correlated with the spray parameters. Subsequent experiments showed this was primarily due to the fact that the properties, particularly the abrasion resistance, of the WC-Co coatings were not primarily influenced by variations in the spray parameters, but were more dependent on the powder composition, particle size range, and manufacturing route. Hence, the application of Taguchi techniques would have been more effective over a much wider parameter space than was originally used. This result is valuable because it suggests that this process is robust and can be used for WC-Co coatings without large investments in spray parameter optimization and control once the coating and powder type have been fixed.     

Powder/processing/structure relationships in WC-Co thermal spray coatings: A review of the published literature

Thermally sprayed coatings based on tungsten carbide are widely used but not yet fully understood, particularly with regard to the chemical, microstructural, and phase changes that occur during spraying and their influence on properties such as wear resistance. The available literature on thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings is considerable, but it is generally difficult to synthesize all of the findings to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the subject. This is due to the many different starting powders, spray system types, spray parameters, and other variables that influence the coating structures and cause difficulties when comparing results from different workers. The purpose of this review is to identify broad trends in the powder/processing/structure relationships of WC-Co coatings, classified according to powder type and spray method. Detailed comparisons of coating microstructures, powder phase compositions and coating phase compositions as reported by different researchers are given in tabular form and discussed. The emphasis is on the phase changes that occur during spraying. This review concerns only WC-12% Co and WC-17% Co coatings, and contrasts the coatings obtained from the cast and crushed, sintered and crushed, and agglomerated and densified powder types. Properties such as hardness, wear, or corrosion resistance are not reviewed here.     

乙二胺四乙酸在纳米WC／Co复合粉制备中的应用

本文在喷雾转换法制备WC／Co纳米复合粉的基础上,采用乙二胺四乙酸与碳酸钴复合法制备高钴含量的WC／Co纳米复合粉,突破了原有技术的钴含量质量分数上限7％的瓶颈限制。采用DSC—TG分析、SEM分析、XRD分析等方法,对乙二胺四乙酸和碳酸钴的参与反应的机理进行了研究,并确定了采用新工艺制备WC／Co纳米复合粉的相关参数。实验结果表明：乙二胺四乙酸与碳酸钴反应所得有机钴盐为一种溶解度较高的螯合物,在较低温度下煅烧可分解,适用于WC／Co纳米复合粉前驱体溶液中钴含量的调节,避免了Cl-、NO3-等杂质离子的引入。通过新的复合‘工艺制备得到了适用于高温流态化床生产的前驱体粉末,最终制备得到钴含量质量分数8％的WC—Co纳米复合粉。     

Plasma spraying of Wc-Co part II: Experimental study of particle deposition and coating microstructure

WC-Co base wear-resistant coatings deposited by plasma spraying are widely used to enhance component longevity in a variety of wear environments. During spraying of WC-Co, ideally only the cobalt phase should melt and act as a binder for the WC particles. Although it is undesirable to fully melt WC because it can cause decarburization, complete melting of the cobalt phase and its satisfactory flattening on impacting the substrate is necessary to minimize porosity and achieve good substrate/coating adhesion. In this article, the influence of the primary plasma spray variables on the melting characteristics of WC-Co powders is investigated with respect to the microstructure of these coatings. This experimental work complements an analytical study on plasma spraying of WC-Co, and thus, observations are presented to support the predictions of the modeling effort.