膨化硝酸铵的感度特征研究

膨化硝酸铵是近年来得到广泛使用的工业炸药氧化剂，本文对其撞击感度，摩擦感度，爆发点，火焰感度，静电火花感度等危险感度进行了测定，并对膨化硝酸铵进行了PSC实验，以及对雷管感度及冲击波感等实用感度进行了测定，研究表明，同普通硝酸铵相比，膨化硝酸铵具有较低的危险感度及良好的实用感度。     

EAK分子间炸药的热分解

通过 Ｄ Ｓ Ｃ分析研究了 Ｅ Ａ Ｋ（乙二胺二硝酸盐硝酸铵硝酸钾）低共熔物分子间炸药的热分解特性,测定了 Ｅ Ａ Ｋ 的分解动力学参数。研究表明氧化剂 Ａ Ｋ 和还原剂 Ｅ Ｄ Ｄ 相互作用的结果导致 Ｅ Ａ Ｋ 表现为快速的自催化分解。     

“火药—氧化剂”体系的爆炸性质

以“火药－氧化剂”体系爆炸性质的研究测定结果为基础,引入某些含能材料,充填物就可以组成一类工业炸药,其爆炸性能优于一般的工业炸药。     

新型膨化硝铵硫磺工业炸药的研究

用膨化硝酸铵、硫磺、木粉和柴油作原材料，通过建立工业炸药配方设计及最优化数学模型，得到新型膨化硝胺硫横工业炸药配方。通过几种工业炸药的理论参数和实际爆炸性能的比较，得出新型膨化硝铵硫磺工业炸药具有低的成本和优良的爆炸性能。     

压装PBX炸药DDT管实验初始反应演化过程分析

在DDT管中采用惰性模拟材料研究电点火头和黑火药产生的初始压力对惰性模拟材料点火端面的影响;采用高速摄像机记录了DDT管内HMX基压装PBX炸药的燃烧发光过程;分析了压装PBX炸药DDT管实验初始反应演化过程。结果表明,电点火头和黑火药产生的初始压力会引起邻近脆性炸药端面裂纹形成和局部破坏,炸药燃烧的火焰沿炸药基体裂纹和炸药与管壁之间的缝隙中传播,压装PBX炸药初始反应演化与缝隙对流燃烧过程密切相关。     

回收HMX基炸药制备民用耐热炸药性能研究

利用回收HMX基炸药制备民用炸药H781A,对该炸药药粉在产品组成、热安定性、机械感度等性能和装药的高温安全性、使用性能以及穿深性能进行试验。药粉试验结果表明,该产品符合民用炸药产品验收规范;装药试验结果表明,H781A与民用炸药H781性能相当。因此,由废旧HMX基炸药回收制备的耐热炸药H781A,可安全、有效地装填射孔弹进行高温射孔作业。     

Explosive Mixtures for Explosive Welding of Thin Foils: Part 2. RDX–Baking Soda Mixtures

Explosive mixtures of RDX powder and baking soda have been investigated. It was found that the size of the RDX particles had crucial influence on the detonation properties of such explosives. The suggested mix of explosives can be recommended for use in explosive welding and some other applications.     

压装高能炸药的燃烧转爆轰实验研究

用电探针和压力传感器测定了质量分数为95%压装高能炸药(密度为1.86 g/cm~3)的燃烧转爆轰特性.研究了点火药量和约束条件对压装高能炸药燃烧转爆轰过程的影响.结果表明,压装高能炸药难以发生燃烧转爆轰,点火药药量从1.5 g增至3.0 g时,炸药的反应强度有所提高,但对燃烧转爆轰的影响较小.在强约束条件下,该压装炸药能基本实现燃烧转爆轰,爆轰诱导距离约为545 mm.     

Nanometric Aluminum in Explosives

Aluminum nanopowders, because of their larger surface area, can increase the burning rate of propellants. It has been suggested that the powders could also enhance the detonation properties of certain explosives. For these reasons, an experimental study was undertaken to compare the performance of nanometric and micrometric aluminum in various explosives. No enhancement of performance was found in plastic‐bonded explosives. In fact, a reduction of the detonation velocity was found in plastic‐bonded explosives that are based on an energetic binder system. No increase of the detonation velocity was found in mixtures of aluminum and either Composition B or Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil, but a small increase in the heat of detonation was measured. The mixture of TNT and nano‐aluminum demonstrated higher detonation velocities and heats of detonation. The increase was higher at small charge diameters. Nanometric aluminum was shown to reduce the critical diameter of such mixtures, and it is concluded that the nano‐aluminum reacts faster than regular micron‐size particles in TNT/Al compositions.     

Critical detonation diameter of industrial explosive charges: Effect of the casing

The critical detonation diameter of industrial explosive charges is analyzed as a function of their state characteristics (composition, density, and structure) and the presence of a casing. The main reason for the increase in the critical diameter with increasing density of ammonium nitrate explosive charges is the reduction in the energy release rate in the chemical reaction zone of the detonation wave. The effect of the particle size of the components and the amount of the sensitizing component on the critical diameter of powdered and granular explosives fits into the concept of explosive combustion. An analytical formula for the critical detonation diameter of emulsion explosives is obtained which correctly describes experimental data. A possible mechanism of the effect of metal casings on the critical detonation diameter is considered for porous explosives whose detonation velocity is lower than the sound velocity in the casing.     

Energetic Characteristics of HMX‐Based Explosives Containing LiH

The high energy density compound octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) and the strong exothermic compound LiH represent an excellent principal explosive and an active fuel, respectively. Herein, the energetic characteristics of HMX‐based explosives are explored by adding LiH as fuel additive. The detonation parameters of HMX‐based explosives containing LiH were tested with free‐field explosion experiments and compared with those of traditional TNT, HMX, and aluminized explosives. The results show that the explosives exhibit higher energy and present preferable explosion effect when LiH is added as an explosive ingredient. The improvement of impulse is more than 32.8 % at 2 m. The shock wave peak overpressure increases by almost 40 % at a distance of 3 m from detonation center specially for the explosive containing both LiH and Al additives. Elemental H and Li are expected to release tremendous energy to effectively improve the explosives instant damage power, but the detonation duration is shorter than that of Al‐containing mixed explosives, which may limit the advantage over Al in the impulse. Li₂CO₃ powder is the solid product of HMX/LiH, which explains the LiH oxidation during the explosion. The exothermic processes in the formation are the reason for the increased energy of HMX/LiH explosives. These results can provide guidance to a potential energetic system formed by HMX and LiH.     

含防爆剂农用硝酸铵的感度研究

实验在169℃左右加热硝酸铵到熔融状态,加入防爆剂,冷却到室温,得到含防爆剂的硝酸铵。测试其摩擦感度、5 s延滞期爆发点、静电火花感度以及配成铵油炸药后的撞击感度、雷管感度。结果表明,含防爆剂硝酸铵较普通硝酸铵撞击感度从88%降到24%,摩擦感度降为0%,5 s爆发延滞期从462℃增加到474℃,静电火花感度和雷管感度无明显变化。     

Methods for estimating the average sensitivity of explosives

Two approaches to the estimation of the sensitivity of explosives to external disturbances are proposed. One of them involves evaluation of the hazard of a particular technological operation in the production or processing of an explosive. The second approach defines a generalized risk factor for handling of the given explosive. Methods are discussed for estimating the average sensitivity. A classification of industrial explosives by their average sensitivity is given.Central Scientific-Research Institute of Chemical Machinery, Chernogolovka 142432. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 96–99, November–December, 1994.     

超细RDX/Al混合炸药的制备及性能

以超细RDX为主体炸药,通过添加Al粉,干法工艺制备出超细RDX/Al混合炸药;对制得的样品进行了撞击感度、摩擦感度测试。实验结果表明,相对超细RDX,超细RDX/Al混合炸药的撞击感度和摩擦感度有一定程度的降低。     

铝粉含量和粒径对乳化炸药作功能力的影响

为研究铝粉对乳化炸药作功能力的影响,在负氧平衡的乳化炸药中分别添加不同含量和粒径的铝粉,采用测时仪法测定其爆速;通过水下爆炸实验计算出含铝乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能和总能量等参数。结果表明,当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为5%时,含铝乳化炸药的爆速最大,分别为5 128、5 071m/s;当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为20%时,乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能、总能量均随着铅粉含量的增加而增大,比冲击波能分别增加19.7%、15.3%;比气泡能分别增加12.6%、13.7%,总能量分别增加15.1%、14.5%。     

铝粉粒度对乳化炸药能量输出特性及热安定性的影响

为了研究铝粉粒度对乳化炸药水下爆炸能量输出的影响,在相同乳化炸药中分别添加3种不同粒度的铝粉制得含铝乳化炸药。利用水下爆炸实验,获得冲击波压力时程曲线,经分析计算得到峰值压力、冲击波冲量、比冲击波能、比气泡能、总能量等水下爆炸能量参数。并运用DSC-TG联用技术测试添加不同粒度铝粉的乳化炸药在不同升温速率下的热安定性。结果表明：铝粉粒度对乳化炸药水下爆炸的能量有较大的影响,添加了中粒度（平均粒度为177.2 μm）铝粉的乳化炸药各能量参数均达到最大值,而3组样品的热安定性则随着铝粉粒度的减小而降低,活化能的最大降幅达3.7%。     

Modification of W/O Emulsions by Demilitarized Composition B

A series of W/O emulsion explosives containing 30–50 wt‐% of the demilitarized mixture RDX/TNT (Composition B 50/50) was prepared. Detonation velocities and relative explosive strengths of these mixtures were determined and their detonation characteristics were calculated according to the EU standard methods for commercial explosives. Thermal reactivities of the most reactive components of these W/O mixtures were examined by means of differential thermal analysis and outputs were analyzed according to the Kissinger method. The reactivities, expressed as the E_a ⋅ R⁻¹ slopes of the Kissinger relationship, correlate with the squares of the detonation velocities of the corresponding explosive mixtures. It was found that fortification of the W/O emulsions by the demilitarized mixture RDX/TNT allows modification of detonation velocities of the resulting emulsion explosives within relatively broad limits. However, the effect of this admixture on the relative explosive strength is not well defined. Nevertheless, fortification in this sense can give rock‐blasting explosives with a performance on the level of industrial powdered amatols.     

超临界流体技术制备超细炸药与超细混合炸药研究进展

本文阐述了超临界流体技术在制备超细粉体方面的发展概况以及相应的原理、特点,并重点对超临界流体技术目前在制备超细炸药与超细混合炸药方面的应用进行了综述,同时对超临界流体在含能材料中的应用前景进行了展望。     

PBX炸药细观结构冲击点火的二维数值模拟

为了研究冲击加载下非均质炸药的点火机理,对PBX炸药细观结构在冲击加载下的响应过程进行了二维数值模拟.首先对炸药颗粒的压制过程进行数值模拟,获得PBX炸药的细观结构模型.然后对炸药冲击点火进行数值模拟计算,考虑了热力耦合作用和炸药自热反应,分析了炸药颗粒尺寸、密度和黏结剂对炸药冲击点火的影响.结果表明,冲击作用下PBX...     

Underwater detonation performance of the aluminum film explosive

A new aluminized explosive is proposed, and the approach is to replace the aluminum powder in the traditional aluminized explosive with an aluminum film. The purpose is not only to improve mechanical properties and lower the impact sensitivity of traditional aluminized explosives, but also to reduce environmental pollution in the aluminum particle production process. The pressure-time curves of the aluminum film explosive and RDX are measured in underwater explosion experiments. The peak pressure, impulse, shock wave energy, and bubble energy are obtained by analyzing the curves. The results of the study indicate that the peak pressure of the aluminum film explosive is lower than that of RDX. However, the aluminum film explosive maintains a high pressure for a longer period of time. The large amount of energy is found to liberate by subsequent reactions of the Al film with the primary detonation products. The increase in the explosion energy of the aluminum film explosive is based mainly on the increase in the bubble energy.