Evaluation of tempering behaviour in modified 9Cr–1Mo steel by magnetic non-destructive techniques

Modified 9Cr–1Mo steels were normalized at 1050 °C/30 min and tempered over a wide range of temperatures to observe the effect of tempering temperature on the material properties. The material revealed mechanical softening when tempered at temperature less than the lower critical temperature (～810 °C: Ac₁). Beyond Ac₁ temperature the materials strength increased drastically due to the formation of fresh martensite. Magnetic Hysteresis Loop (MHL) and Magnetic Barkhausen Emissions (MBE) techniques were used to evaluate the magnetic properties of the materials with tempering. Magnetic softening was observed by tempering the material below the Ac₁ temperature where a decrease in coercivity and an increase in RMS voltage of the MBE were found. Tempering beyond Ac₁ magnetic hardening was observed by the increase in coercivity and the decrease in RMS voltage of MBE. Such results revealed that magnetic techniques could be a better tool for the evaluation of tempering of modified 9Cr–1Mo steel.     

回火温度对42CrMo钢组织和力学性能的影响

通过显微组织观察和力学性能检测,分析了42CrMo钢在不同回火温度下微观组织形貌和力学性能的变化.通过三维原子探针(3DAP)技术分析500℃回火温度下42CrMo钢中元素分布情况,研究了Cr、Mn、Mo等合金元素对钢性能的影响.结果表明,42CrMo钢水淬后在450℃回火时显微组织为回火屈氏体,在500～650℃区间...     

Effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure,corrosion resistance,and antibacterial properties of Cu-bearing martensitic stainless steel

In this study, the effects of tempering temperature on the microstructure, hardness, antibacterial performance and corrosion resistance of Cu-bearing 5Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel (5Cr15MoV-Cu MSS) were investigated using an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, a transmission electron microscope, an antibacterial test, electrochemical measurements, and the salt spray test. The results showed that the hardness curve had a saddle shape and its values reached the peak value after tempering at 500°C, due to the secondary hardening effect by the precipitation of tiny secondary carbides and Cu-rich precipitates. In addition, the antibacterial results also showed excellent antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli at 500°C because of the formation of Cu-rich precipitates. Results of corrosion tests indicated that the corrosion resistance decreased gradually with an increase of the tempering temperature. In particular, the passivation did not occur when the tempering temperature was above 500°C, which may be related to the Cu-rich precipitates and Cr depletion.     

Vergleichende Untersuchungen des SwRK-Verhaltens verschiedener Dampfturbinenschaufelstähle

Comparative investigations into the corrosion fatigue behaviour of different steam-turbine-blade steels Corrosion fatigue tests in NaCl-solution in the temperature range from ambient temperature to 150°C revealed a decrease of the corrosion fatigue strength of the steels X20Cr13 with 1% resp. 2.5% Mo, X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 and X2CrNiMoN 22 5 with increasing temperature; a minimum of the corrosion fatigue strength is reached at 150°C. At temperatures of about 80°C it was found an optimum corrosion fatigue behaviour of the Mo-alloyed steel X20CrMo13 2.5 in comparison with the other investigated steels. It was observed that crack initiation of the ferritic, Mo-alloyed steel is caused by Cl-induced pitting, of the soft martensitic steel by oxide inclusions and of the duplex steel by non metallic, brittle inclusions and/or by grain boundarys of the ferritic/austenitic microstructure. Crack initiation caused by pre-deformation at slip bands was observed on the duplex steel. All materials investigated failed at elevated temperatures. At temperatures higher than 80°C an optimum corrosion fatigue behaviour was not found.     

Alternative PWHT to Improve High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of Advanced 9Cr Steel Welds

Creep-resistant 9Cr steels are extremely important in thermal power generation industry due to their marked resistance to creep and corrosion. The weldability of these alloys is critical since they are used in welded construction equipment. The required mechanical properties are achieved after post-weld heat treatment. This study examined the effect of different post-weld heat treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of creep strength-enhanced 9Cr steel welding deposits. It was obtained with an experimental flux-cored arc welding wire used under protective gas (Ar-20% CO₂). The heat treatments used were: (1) tempering (760 °C?×?2 h), (2) solubilizing (1050 °C?×?1 h)?+?tempering (760 °C?×?2 h) and (3) solubilizing (1150 °C?×?1 h)?+?first tempering (660 °C?×?3 h)?+?second tempering (660 °C?×?3 h). All-weld metal chemical composition was analyzed, and hot tensile tests were carried out at different temperatures. Charpy-V impact tests and Vickers microhardness measurements were also performed. Microstructures were studied using x-ray diffraction and optical and scanning electron microscopy. In all cases, a martensitic matrix with intergranular and intra-granular precipitates was detected. In the as-welded condition, δ-ferrite was also found. Microhardness dropped, and the impact energy increased with post-weld heat treatments. The highest hot tensile strength result was achieved with samples submitted to austenization at 1150 °C and double tempering at 660 °C.     

热处理工艺对双金属带锯条背材30Cr4MoNiV钢组织和性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、洛氏硬度计和万能试验机研究了双金属带锯条的背材用钢30Cr4MoNiV经1150~1190 ℃淬火和520~640 ℃回火后的微观组织和力学性能,并通过弯曲疲劳试验和锯切试验来检测30Cr4MoNiV钢的疲劳性能。结果表明:30Cr4MoNiV钢合适的淬火温度为1190 ℃,此时合金元素固溶充分且马氏体组织均匀细小;最佳回火温度为600 ℃,得到回火索氏体组织。经1190 ℃淬火+600 ℃回火3次后,30Cr4MoNiV钢的强塑积为15.64 GPa·%,弯曲疲劳性能由3745次提高到5270次,且锯切疲劳性能比进口CDW钢高25.6%。     

Effect of High-Energy and Instantaneous Electropulsing Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of 42CrMo SteelEI北大核心CSCD

42CrMo steel was widely used in many industry fields for its excellent hardenability and high temperature strength. Many transmission mechanisms and fasteners, such as roller and heat-resistant gear, are made of this steel. However, the ductility of 42CrMo steel is relatively low after quenching and tempering. During high tempering Mo riched carbides at grain boundary and undecomposable martensite at low tempering are the main reasons for poor ductility of 42CrMo steel. Grain refinement can enhance both strength and ductility significantly, but traditional refinement technology will cause intergranular oxidation so that strengthening effect was weak. Although thermomechanical treatment can achieve dynamic recrystallization, its refinement effect is unstable. Elecropulsing treatment, which makes significant change in microstructure and properties of metals, has been applied in many fields such as, modification of solidified microstructure of liquid metal, healing of fatigue crack, nanocrystallization of amorphous materials and so on. Moreover, this process can produce superior mechanical properties in metals. In order to improve the mechanical properties of 42CrMo steel better, high-energy and instantaneous electropulsing treatment was applied. In this contribution, 42CrMo steel was subjected to traditional and electropulsing treatment individually. It was found that EPQ treatment (480 ms electropulsing treatment, water cooled) results in finer grain, promoting the formation of retained austenite and twin martensite; EPT treatment (180 ms electropulsing treatment, air cooled) can stabilize retained austenite in EPQ specimen and induce multiphase structure. Mechanical properties results indicate that strength-ductility balance of EPQ and EPQ+EPT specimen are 32% and 13.9% higher than that of TQ (traditional quenched) and EPQ+TT (traditional tempered) specimen respectively.     

Thermomechanical processing of 42CrMoS4 steel

Abstract

Billets of 42CrMoS4 steel were subjected to a programme including forging and rolling to different reduction ratios, followed by quenching and tempering to simulate online thermomechanical treatment (TMT) during rolling. The mechanical properties obtained were compared with those obtained by conventional heat treatment (CHT) (quenching from 860°C and tempering). It was found that increasing the hot reduction ratio from 18 to 60%, accompanied by a decrease in the finish rolling temperature from 900 to 750°C, enhances strength only at the expense of elongation, while rapid quenching instead of air cooling from the same finish rolling temperature yields improvements in both strength and ductility. It was also found that CHT provides higher hardness, whereas TMT provides higher impact toughness. TMT will confer major economic savings since the heat treatment is achieved online.     

26CrMo4钢的热处理工艺

通过Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机测量了26CrMo4钢的相变温度,然后对其进行910 ℃水淬和400~740 ℃回火处理,并用光学显微镜、拉伸试验、硬度试验和冲击试验研究了热轧态和淬火、回火后的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:26CrMo4钢具有优良的淬透性,910 ℃水淬可得到原奥氏体晶粒细小均匀的马氏体组织。26CrMo4钢的强度和硬度随着回火温度的提高而降低,回火温度在400~600 ℃、600~640 ℃和640~730 ℃之间时,抗拉强度随回火温度升高而下降的速率分别为1.685、1.500和2.822 MPa/℃。26CrMo4钢的冲击性能随着回火温度的升高而提高,700 ℃回火时0 ℃冲击吸收能量达到227 J,但继续提高回火温度至730 ℃时0 ℃冲击吸收能量基本保持不变。26CrMo4钢640 ℃和700 ℃回火后均具有较好的低温冲击性能,-70 ℃冲击吸收能量仍分别可达81 J和110 J。     

回火温度对大尺寸锻态35CrMo钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

研究了回火温度对大尺寸锻态35CrMo钢调质处理后组织特性及力学性能的影响,特别针对回火过程中渗碳体的析出动力学及大尺寸试块的组织性能不均匀性展开了分析。结果表明,锻坯热处理前的铁素体、珠光体带状组织经调质处理后完全消除,最终组织为含有大量渗碳体析出的回火马氏体,同时试块心部包含少量分布于原奥氏体晶界的回火贝氏体。回火过程中渗碳体的析出分为C扩散控制的快速长大阶段和Cr扩散控制的尺寸稳定阶段。锻态35CrMo钢经调质处理后仍存在力学性能各向异性,随着回火温度的升高,试验钢横、纵向强度下降,塑性和韧性同步提升。经综合考虑,当回火温度为570 ℃时,其强度、塑性和韧性具有最优匹配。     

Evolution of the structure and mechanical properties of a bulk-nitrided corrosion-resistant ferritic steel upon tempering in the temperature range of 400–700°C

Methods of the X-ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy were used to study changes in the structural phase state and mechanical properties of bulk-nitrided 08Kh17T steel (0.08 wt % C, 17 wt % Cr, 0.8 wt % Ti, 0.5 wt % Si, 0.8 wt % Mn, 0.025 wt % S, and 0.035 wt % P) upon tempering in the temperature range of 400–700°C. The changes in the mechanical properties of the nitrided steel upon tempering are associated with the predominance of either the solid-solution or precipitation strengthening, i.e., with the presence of martensite in the steel structure at low temperatures of tempering and the precipitation of particles of Cr₂N nitrides of different dispersity upon increasing the tempering temperature. The greatest increase in the ultimate tensile strength and yield stress (1.8–2.5 times) at a satisfactory plasticity (no less than 10%) of the bulk-nitrided steel is achieved by tempering bulk-nitrided steel in a temperature range of 600–700°C.     

42CrMo钢高强度叶片轴的热处理

随着 42 Cr Mo钢锻件有效截面的减小 ,其综合力学性能验收指标相对提高。而在生产中 ,采用油淬调质不能满足验收条件 ,通过试验 ,制定出双液淬火加高温回火工艺从而获得良好的综合力学性能 ,解决了生产中类似的问题     

Use of SECM to study the electrochemical behavior of DIN 1.4575 superferritic stainless steel aged at 475 °C

In order to lower the excessive costs of metallic prosthesis materials alternatives to Ti and Ti alloys have been searched. In this study, the corrosion resistance of the DIN 1.4575 superferritic stainless steel, either solution annealed or solution annealed and aged at 475 °C for periods varying from 100 to 1080 h, was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization methods in Hanks' solution. The solution annealed and the aged for 1080 h samples were also tested using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in a 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution at 25 °C. The EIS results showed that the corrosion resistance of the DIN 1.4575 steel decreases with heat treatment time at 475 °C probably due to alpha prime formation. Besides the diminution of the overall impedance values, the low frequency limit of the Nyquist diagrams show a progressive change from an almost capacitive response to a resistive behavior as the heat treatment time increases. Pitting corrosion resistance also decreased with aging time at 475 °C.     

Tempered martensite embrittlement in a 32NiCrMoV125 steel

This study focused on tempered martensite embrittlement in a 32NiCrMoV125 steel through examination of the effects of austenite grain size and tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and fracture morphology of this material. Two different austenite grain sizes were obtained by austenitizing at 870 and 950 °C. After quenching, the specimens were tempered in the temperature range of 200–650 °C. The results obtained in this research indicate that by increasing the tempering temperature, the strength and hardness decrease, but ductility increases. However, impact testing indicated that tempered martensite embrittlement occurred when samples were tempered in the range of 250–400 °C. Fractography revealed intergranular and quasi-cleavage fracture. In summary, increasing the austenite grain size decreased strength, but increased impact toughness, except for samples tempered between 200 and 350 °C.     

回火温度对26CrMo4s/2钢钻杆用管性能的影响

测定了26CrMo4s/2钢钻杆用管在回火温度上升时的相变点,重点研究了不同回火温度对材料的拉伸强度、夏比冲击功的影响。研究结果表明,回火温度的提高会导致强度指标下降,塑性和韧性指标上升,当回火温度超过620℃时,材料强度降幅加大;26CrMo4s/2钢热处理后可以满足ANSI/APISpec5DP—2009标准中E、X、G等3个钢级的要求;选择合适的回火温度后,冲击功达到100J以上(7.5mm×10mm,21℃)。     

18Cr2Ni4WA钢渗碳淬火后回火温度对力学性能的影响

为了研究18Cr2Ni4WA钢渗碳淬火后不同回火温度对渗碳表面和未渗碳部分(心部)力学性能的影响,采用显微硬度计、拉伸试验机和冲击试验机对渗碳淬火后不同回火温度下试样的力学性能进行了研究,并且运用ABAQUS仿真软件对不同回火温度下的齿轮试样性能进行了模拟分析。结果发现:随着回火温度的升高,试样硬度和强度降低的同时,心部的冲击吸收能量也下降明显,在300 ℃时其冲击吸收能量值接近于技术要求规定的最小值,考虑到炉温和材料成分存在不均匀性,因此此类钢在某些特定条件下,渗碳淬火后回火温度不宜高于260 ℃。     

Cr13Ni4Mo钢逆转变奥氏体的形成及其对性能的影响

采用XRD、扫描电镜、EBSD、拉伸性能测试等手段研究了Cr13Ni4Mo钢逆转变奥氏体的形成规律、形成机制与力学性能。结果表明,Cr13Ni4Mo钢经550～730℃一次回火后并没有逆转变奥氏体产生;经630℃一次回火+530～630℃二次回火时,随二次回火温度的升高,逆转变奥氏体含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,其抗拉强度、伸长率和强塑积也相应地先增加后减少。当二次回火温度为590℃时,逆转变奥氏体的含量达到峰值,综合力学性能最佳。二次回火温度为550℃时,逆转变奥氏体主要以切变机制在马氏体板条内部形成,随着二次回火温度升高,逆转变奥氏体逐渐以扩散机制形成为主。     

Korrosionsverhalten nichtrostender Vergütungsstähle mit rund 13% Chrom

Corrosion behaviour of stainless heat-treatable steels with approx. 13% Cr Hardness and weight losses in 5% and 20 acetic acid of the stainless heattreatable steels X 15 CrMo 13, X 20 Cr 13, X 20 CrMo 13, X 35 CrMo 17 and X 22 CrNi 17 have been examined as a function of tempering heat and tempering time. The basic trend of the weight loss curves is determined by the segregation of chromium carbides and the loss in chromium associated with it. The absolute magnitude of the weight losses in the hardened condition, in the segregation condition leading to maximum proneness, and in the annealed condition mainly depends on the chromium and molybdenum contents in the matrix, as metallurgical investigations have shown. With isotherm tempering, the commencement of the weight loss rise is largely independent of the corrosive medium. But the position of the maximum and the end of corrosion proneness depend on the type of corrosive medium. The dissolution current density determined in 10% sulphuric acid at 60° C and + 700 mVE shows the same correlation with the tempering method as the weight losses in 5% nitric acid at room temperature. A diagram shows, for all the steels investigated, the beginning and end of corrosion proneness as a function of tempering heat and tempering time. The notch impact strength of the steels in the range of corrosion-proneness is low and greatly fluctuating. As far as the practical application of the steels is concerned, it is important to avoid this range of corrosion proneness, indicated by the diagram.     

镜板材料25CrM04高温力学模拟试验及分析

镜板是大型水轮发电机推力轴承的重要组成零件,其锻件制造难度很大,是制约我国大型水电机组国产化的瓶颈。大型水轮发电机镜板可采用25CrMo4材料,该材料有良好的综合性能。本文采用高温力学模拟技术,研究25CrMo4的高温力学性能。通过观察25CrMo4的再结晶组织,分析了影响晶粒均匀性的因素。试验结果表明,较高的温度和低变形速率有利于提高晶粒均匀性,不同变形区的晶粒大小也有区别。     

High-temperature tribological properties of Ni-P alloy coatings deposited by electro-brush plating

High-temperature tribological properties of Ni-P alloy coatings processed by electro-brush plating on 20CrMo steel have been investigated. A ball-on-disc configuration was employed and 4 mm diameter Si3N4 balls were used as static counterpart. All the wear tests were carried out at 450°C for 180 min without lubricants. The electro-brush plating Ni-P coating is amorphous in as-deposited condition, and it becomes polycrystalline with the formation of Ni and Ni3P after heat treatment at 450°C for 1 h. The friction coefficient of the Ni-P coating is just 50% of that of the 20CrMo steel at the friction temperature of 450°C. A mild adhesive wear mechanism was found for the electro-brush plating Ni-P coating tested at 450°C, whereas for the 20CrMo steel at the same temperature a mixed adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism was observed.