中小企业人力资源成本预算与控制

从企业推行人力资源成本预算控制的重要性和人力资源成本预算管理编制、执行、结算等体系的运作及人力资源成本预算管理的控制措施上进行分析与探讨,努力改善人工成本结构,制定科学规范的人力资源成本控制和管理的办法,使企业人力资源成本的效益指标始终保持在有竞争力的水平之上,形成良性的循环机制。     

气浮-UASB-SBR处理高浓度的香料废水

文章介绍了气浮-UASB-SBR处理高浓度的香料废水的工程设计、调试及运行情况,经处理后出水各项指标低于广东省《水污染物排放限值》(DB44/26-2001)的一级排放标准值(第二时段),该法运行稳定、处理效果好、运行费用低,具有推广价值。     

Optimal Sequential Tests for Two Simple Hypotheses

Abstract

A general problem of testing two simple hypotheses about the distribution of a discrete-time stochastic process is considered. The main goal is to minimize an average sample number over all sequential tests whose error probabilities do not exceed some prescribed levels. As a criterion of minimization, the average sample number under a third hypothesis is used (modified Kiefer–Weiss problem). For a class of sequential testing problems, the structure of optimal sequential tests is characterized. An application to the Kiefer–Weiss problem for discrete-time stochastic processes is proposed. As another application, the structure of Bayes sequential tests for two composite hypotheses, with a fixed cost per observation, is given. The results are also applied for finding optimal sequential tests for discrete-time Markov processes. In a particular case of testing two simple hypotheses about a location parameter of an autoregressive process of order 1, it is shown that the sequential probability ratio test has the Wald–Wolfowitz optimality property.     

单杂质废水处理网络设计

提出一种用于单杂质废水处理网络设计的新方法.这种方法由1个原则和3个规则构成,其指导思想是全局的最优性通过保证每一步的最优性来实现.新方法以除去单位质量杂质所需的费用作为选择下一个设计步骤的依据,每做出一次选择之后,需对剩余问题做一次更新.这样得到初始分步式网络结构,然后再根据规则对其做进一步的调优.与现有的图形化方法和数学规划法相比,新方法的特点是简单而且有效.     

微电解-UASB-二段SBR法处理高浓度的浆染废水

本文介绍了微电解-UASB-二段SBR法处理高浓度的浆染废水的工程设计、调试及运行情况,经处理后出水各项指标低于广东省《水污染物排放限值》纺织染整工业(DB44/26-2001)的一级排放标准值(第二时段),该法运行稳定、处理效果好、运行费用低,具有推广价值。     

Efficient cobalt oxalate synthesis process optimization via second-order modifier adaptation with transfer learning

This paper proposes a second-order modifier adaptation optimization based on the transfer model, which aims to improve the optimization efficiency. Although the traditional modifier adaptation strategy adds a bias to the model to meet the necessary condition of optimality (NCO), approximating only to the first-order may neglect some key higher-order information. Making use of as much higher-order information as possible is an effective way to improve the efficiency of optimization. For this issue, by introducing the second-order information into the modifier adaptation method to compensate the mismatch of higher-order information during the optimization, the compensation of the mismatch between model and plant can get accelerated, thus improving the optimization efficiency. To overcome the difficulty of insufficient data for new process modelling, a process transfer model is also used to fit the relationship between manipulated variables and final product quality. The simulation study of the cobalt oxalate synthesis process shows that this strategy has better optimization efficiency.     

Minimum risk point estimation (MRPE) of the mean in an exponential distribution under powered absolute error loss (PAEL) due to estimation plus cost of sampling

Abstract

We begin with a review of asymptotic properties of a purely sequential minimum risk point estimation (MRPE) methodology for an unknown mean in a one-parameter exponential distribution under a class of generalized loss functions. This class of powered absolute error loss (PAEL) includes both squared error loss (SEL) and absolute error loss (AEL) plus cost of sampling. We prove the asymptotic second-order efficiency property and asymptotic first-order risk efficiency property associated with the purely sequential MRPE problem. For operational convenience, we then move to implement an accelerated sequential MRPE methodology and prove the analogous asymptotic second-order efficiency property and asymptotic first-order risk efficiency property. We follow up with extensive data analysis from simulations and provide illustrations using cancer data.     

Polymer property control in a continuous styrene polymerization reactor using model-on-demand predictive controller

The model-on-demand (MoD) framework was extended to the model predictive control (MPC) to design a multiple variable model-on-demand predictive controller (MoD-PC). This control algorithm was applied to the property control of polymer product in a continuous styrene polymerization reactor. For this purpose, a local auto-regressive exogenous input (ARX) model was constructed with a small portion of data located in the region of interest at every sample time. With this model an output prediction equation was formulated to calculate the optimal control input sequence. Jacket inlet temperature and conversion were chosen as the elements of regressor state vector in data searching step. Simulation studies were conducted by applying the MoD-PC to MIMO control problems associated with the continuous styrene polymerization reactor. The control performance of the MoD-PC was then compared with that of a nonlinear MPC based on the polynomial auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model for disturbance rejection as well as for setpoint-tracking. As a result, the MoD-PC was found to be an effective strategy for the production of polymers with desired properties.     

Biological wastewater treatment system design Part I. Optimal synthesis

Common practice for design of biological wastewater treatment systems involves evaluation of certain fixed structure systems at several alternative conditions. This study considered optimization of both the structure and the design of the system using the structural parameter system synthesis technique. The system was composed of a trickling filter, an activated sludge aeration vessel, and a secondary clarifier. Results of optimal synthesis indicated that the activated sludge system was the most cost effective system for the specific set of process parameters employed. The same conclusion was reached by optimizing several systems with different structures.     

Optimal design of closed-loop supply chain networks with multifunctional nodes

This paper introduces a general mathematical programming framework that employs an innovative generalized supply chain network (SCN) composition coupled with forward and reverse logistics activities. Generalized echelon will have the ability to produce/distribute all forward materials/products and recover/redistribute simultaneously all the returned which are categorized with respect to their quality zone. The work addresses a multi-product, multi-echelon and multi-period Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem in a closed-loop supply chain network design solved to global optimality using standard branch-and-bound techniques. Further, the model aims to find the optimal structure of the network in order to satisfy market demand with the minimum overall capital and operational cost. Applicability and robustness of the proposed model are illustrated by using a medium real case study from a European consumer goods company whereas its benefits are valued through a comparison with a counterpart model that utilizes the mainstream fixed echelon network structure.     

一种新的废水处理系统设计方法

This paper mainly discusses the design of distributed effluent treatment systems with single contaminant.A new method is put forward and four basic rules are provided.The key point of the method is that global optimality is obtained by guaranteeing the optimality of each step taken in the design.Costs per unit mass of removed contaminant are used as a scale to choose the next combination of an effluent stream and a treatment process.The remaining problem is updated after each choice.As for multiple contaminants,a two-stage method is adopted.At the first stage,the sub-networks for each contamiant are designed by the method mentioned above;at the second stage,the sub-networks are merged together in a new way.Overall,the paper presents a simple but practical framework for the effluent treatment system design.     

Generic mathematical programming formulation and solution for computer-aided molecular design

This short communication presents a generic mathematical programming formulation for computer-aided molecular design (CAMD). A given CAMD problem, based on target properties, is formulated as a mixed integer linear/non-linear program (MILP/MINLP). The mathematical programming model presented here, which is formulated as an MILP/MINLP problem, considers first-order and second-order molecular groups for molecular structure representation and property estimation. It is shown that various CAMD problems can be formulated and solved through this model.     

新财会制度实施对成本的影响

１９９３年７月开始实施的新财务会计制度对成本核算方法作了改变，缩短了固定资产折旧年限，改变了修理费提取方法，增加了奖金、坏帐损失等，计入借款利息，对产品成本增减的影响作了分析。     

Plane Stress Analysis of Phase Transformations in Brittle Materials

A numerical analysis of the Crank-Nicolson type is used to determine the temperature distribution and phase-boundary position for a slab-shaped sample that is cooled or heated through a phase transition under the assumption that heat transfer controls the kinetics of the transition, thus the phase boundary remains planar. First-order and second-order transitions (Ehrenfest) are considered, as is a mixed transformation with partially first-order and partially second-order behavior. Stress and temperature distributions are calculated for each type. Particular interest is attached to the surface stress. Results are presented using the thermal and elastic properties of quartz. The results are interpreted in reference to brittle fracture during cooling. When slow crack growth is possible, it is shown that, for a purely first-order transformation, the likelihood of fracture decreases as the cooling rate increases; for a second-order transition, fracture becomes less probable as the cooling rate decreases. For a mixed transition, an optimum cooling rate can minimize the probability of fracture.     

Optimal catalyst pellet activity distributions—fixed-bed reactor with catalyst deactivation

The catalyst pellet activity distribution to maximize fixed-bed reactor performance (profit per time) is determined for first-order, second-order and consecutive first-order reactions in the presence of deactivation. An isothermal heterogeneous plug-flow reactor packed with multiple zones of narrow active region catalysts is considered. The optimal active catalyst location is estimated by a gradient type method. The gradient components are computed with the help of adjoint equations. It is found that the best performance is achieved for one type of catalysts along the reactor. Significant improvements over activity distributions are obtained.     

Effect of redundancy on estimation accuracy in process data reconciliation

For a steady-state process the accuracy of reconciled data may be measured by the trace of its covariance matrix of estimation errors. Quantitative relations are derived for the effects of adding and removing single measurements on estimation accuracy. It is proved that redundancy will never adversely affect estimation accuracy. It will always enhance estimation accuracy, if the measurements relate the process variables in a different way from the constraints. These relations are utilized to develop evolutionary strategies for selecting an optimal measurement structure.     

多工况氢网络压缩机配置和运行优化

炼油厂在实际运行过程中，加氢装置处理的原料油性质发生变化以及生产负荷调整，都会导致加氢单元耗氢量的变化。构建了具有中间管网的定结构氢网络优化模型，该模型包括供氢单元、氢气公用工程管网/中间管网、压缩机、加氢单元、燃料系统以及它们之间的固定连接关系。在常规氢网络中引入压力为1600 psi（1 psi=6.895 kPa）的中间管网，可以减少一台加氢装置的新氢备用压缩机，设计阶段可少投资一台压缩机，即实现了新氢压缩机的优化配置。针对加氢单元正常/高/低负荷3种工况，对具有中间管网的氢网络进行了优化，得到了不同工况下流股的流量分配和压缩机的启停策略，从而实现多工况氢网络的运行优化。     

Low-gain internal model control PID controller design based on second-order filter

A design method is proposed for low-gain internal model control (IMC) proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers based on the second-order filter. The PID parameters are obtained by approximating the feedback form of the IMC controller with a Maclaurin series, in which the second-order filter is applied using the IMC approach to achieve a low-gain PID controller that is suitable for model mismatch problems. Analytical PID tuning rules based on the second-order filter are derived for several common-use process models. The second-order filter is designed from the desired time domain performances of maximum overshoot and settling time. Furthermore, the robustness of the IMC PID controller based on the second-order filter is analyzed, and results show that its robustness performance is better than the first-order filter under certain conditions. Finally, three categories of models divided by the ration of time constant and time delay are presented in the comparative numerical simulations to validate the effectiveness and generality of the proposed PID controller design method.