An urn occupancy approach for cognitive radio networks in DTVB white spaces

The paradigm of cognitive radio recently received considerable interest to address the so called ‘spectrum scarcity’ problem. In the USA, the Federal Communications Commission issued the regulatory for the use of cognitive radio in the TV white space spectrum. The primary objective is the design of cognitive devices able to combine the use of spectrum sensing and GEO-location information with the concept of the cognitive control channel to manage the cognitive devices. The recent standard ECMA-392 defines physical layer techniques and medium access control protocols to enable a cognitive network managed in a fully distributed fashion. In this work, we pursue the design of an efficient medium access control protocol for the cognitive control channel to flexibly and reliably exchange messages inside the cognitive radio network. In particular, we explore how the cognitive devices can raise their awareness of spectrum vacancies of spectrum vacancies by means of sensing when the distributed beaconing defined by ECMA-392 is used. Our main contributions are the following: (1) we propose a proprietary medium access control protocol based on the Standard ECMA-392; (2) we model the behavior of the cognitive radio network by means of an innovative urn model approach, (3) we investigate the access of the cognitive devices to the frequency channels with and without spoofing attacks and (4) we investigate the ability of the cognitive devices to identify frequency holes accounting for perfect and imperfect spectrum sensing, as well as we study the network throughput.     

Attack Detection Scheme Against Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification on Common Control Channel in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio is an intelligent technology designed to help secondary users (SUs) increase their opportunity to access unused spectrum channels while avoiding interference with the primary users. In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), to find the available channels, SUs execute cooperative spectrum sensing and exchange channels-related control information, namely an available channels list (ACL), on a common control channel (CCC) before determining which channels they may transmit. However, some SUs, defined as attackers, could create a security issue by sharing false ACL information with other SUs to increase their own utilization of the available channels, which significantly decreases the performance of CRNs. In this paper, we propose an efficient detection scheme for CCC security to identify any attacker among the cooperating SUs. In the proposed scheme, all SUs share their ACL information on the CCC, with an associated reputation, which is updated according to its own behavior in each cooperation round, to cooperatively identify attackers. An attacker will be excluded from cooperating group with the result that its updated reputation value exceeds a certain threshold. Simulation results show how to further improve the performance of the proposed scheme by choosing optimized thresholds. In addition, we also illustrate that the proposed scheme can achieve considerable performance improvement compared with a attack detection technique COOPON for secure ACL information exchange.     

Hybrid Common Control Channel Based MAC Protocol with Proactive Handoff Scheme in Cognitive Radio Network

Wireless Personal Communications - The common control channel (CCC) design plays a pivotal role in achieving the desired quality of service in cognitive radio (CR) technology. Various schemes of...     

认知无线电网络的MAC层关键技术

认知无线电作为一种智能的频谱共享技术,已成为无线通信领域的研究热点。为达到在不干扰授权用户的条件下有效地实现机会式频谱利用,认知无线电网络的媒体接入控制（MAC）层不仅需要提供传统的服务,还要求能支持一套全新的功能。频谱检测管理通过对检测模式的选取、检测周期及检测时长的设置、检测信道的选取和检测静默期的设置等实现检测策略和参数的选取及优化。接入控制主要采用与授权用户协调接入和透明接入两种方式避免与授权用户的接入产生碰撞。动态频谱分配针对二进制干扰模型和累积干扰模型进行不确定频谱资源的优化分配。安全机制通过增加MAC帧的认证和保密以防御MAC层的安全攻击。跨层设计结合物理层和网络层、传输层等上层信息设计和实现全局优化的MAC层技术。     

Cooperative Communications for Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio is an exciting emerging technology that has the potential of dealing with the stringent requirement and scarcity of the radio spectrum. Such revolutionary and transforming technology represents a paradigm shift in the design of wireless systems, as it will allow the agile and efficient utilization of the radio spectrum by offering distributed terminals or radio cells the ability of radio sensing, self-adaptation, and dynamic spectrum sharing. Cooperative communications and networking is another new communication technology paradigm that allows distributed terminals in a wireless network to collaborate through some distributed transmission or signal processing so as to realize a new form of space diversity to combat the detrimental effects of fading channels. In this paper, we consider the application of these technologies to spectrum sensing and spectrum sharing. One of the most important challenges for cognitive radio systems is to identify the presence of primary (licensed) users over a wide range of spectrum at a particular time and specific geographic location. We consider the use of cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems to enhance the reliability of detecting primary users. We shall describe spectrum sensing for cognitive radios and propose robust cooperative spectrum sensing techniques for a practical framework employing cognitive radios. We also investigate cooperative communications for spectrum sharing in a cognitive wireless relay network. To exploit the maximum spectrum opportunities, we present a cognitive space–time–frequency coding technique that can opportunistically adjust its coding structure by adapting itself to the dynamic spectrum environment.      

Graph cut based clustering for cognitive radio ad hoc networks without common control channels

Clustering is an efficient tool to improve the routing and data transmission performance in large scale networks. However, in cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs), clustering design is challenging due to the dynamic spectrum access and the blind information environment. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed clustering algorithm for CRAHNs, where neither a dedicated common control channel (CCC) nor prior topology information is required. First, a neighbor discovery protocol without relying on CCC is proposed to construct the local topology. Then, we model the network as a undirected graph and formulate the clustering process as a graph cut problem. We design a mincut based heuristic algorithm to approximate the optimal clustering solution. After this, we also present a synchronize protocol to achieve the global consistency of cluster memberships. Finally, we propose a proactive cluster maintenance mechanism to reduce the interferences caused by PU activities. We validate our work through comparisons with other clustering methods. The simulation results show that, by adjusting the cluster structure according to the changing spectrum, the proposed method reduces the interference and improves the network efficiency.     

基于认知无线电的ROF-PON光无线接入技术

文章提出了基于认知无线电的光纤无线通信系统-无源光网络(ROF-PON)光无线接入网络系统结构。该方案光纤中直接传输射频信号。光层可采用波分复用-无源光网络(WDM-PON)技术(也可以是一个定制的光接入层)。远端的光网络单元(ONU)将得到的传感信息回传到中心局(CO),应用认知无线电技术进行处理。频谱感知和信道接入等都在CO处理,降低了整个系统的复杂度,发挥了光纤无线通信系统(ROF)的优势,也发挥了认知无线电在管理频谱方面的特长。     

Transmission Range-Aware Clustering for Green Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

The absence of network infrastructure and opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) results in connectivity and stability problems. Clustering is known as an effective technique to overcome this problem. Clustering improves network performance by implementing a logical network backbone. Therefore, how to efficiently construct this backbone among CRAHNs is of interest. In this paper, we propose a new clustering algorithm for CRAHNs. Moreover, we model a novel cluster head selection function based on the channel heterogeneity in term of transmission ranges. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to model the channel heterogeneity into the clustering formation in cognitive radio networks. Simulation results show that the performance of clustering is significantly improved by the channel heterogeneity considerations.     

认知无线电关键技术及应用的研究现状

归纳了认知无线电功能的演进,讨论了其相关频谱政策和标准化工作的进展,并重点对频谱侦听和主用户检测、动态频谱分配、功率控制等关键技术及认知无线电在无线区域网、ad hoc网络、UWB系统中应用的研究现状进行了分析.在此基础上探讨了认知无线电技术未来发展值得关注的热点问题.     

认知无线电网络基于F范数的频谱共享

针对多用户多输入多输出认知无线电网络的频谱共享问题,提出一种在保证授权用户服务质量要求的前提下,以认知网络容量最大化为目标的基于F范数的频谱共享方法.该方法利用信道矩阵的F范数选择认知用户以获得认知网络的多用户分集增益,并采用两次选择的方式降低算法的复杂度,通过将认知用户的发射信号投射到干扰信道的零空间来避免认知用户对...     

Reinforcement-Learning-Based Double Auction Design for Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks

In cognitive radio networks, an important issue is to share the detected available spectrum among different secondary users to improve the network performance. Although some work has been done for dynamic spectrum access, the learning capability of cognitive radio networks is largely ignored in the previous work. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement-learning-based double auction algorithm aiming to improve the performance of dynamic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks. The dynamic spectrum access process is modeled as a double auction game. Based on the spectrum access history information, both primary users and secondary users can estimate the impact on their future rewards and then adapt their spectrum access or release strategies effectively to compete for channel opportunities. Simulation results show that the proposed reinforcement-learning-based double auction algorithm can significantly improve secondary users’ performance in terms of packet loss, bidding efficiency and transmission rate or opportunity access.     

Cross-Layer Based Opportunistic MAC Protocols for QoS Provisionings Over Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks

We propose the cross-layer based opportunistic multi-channel medium access control (MAC) protocols, which integrate the spectrum sensing at physical (PHY) layer with the packet scheduling at MAC layer, for the wireless ad hoc networks. Specifically, the MAC protocols enable the secondary users to identify and utilize the leftover frequency spectrum in a way that constrains the level of interference to the primary users. In our proposed protocols, each secondary user is equipped with two transceivers. One transceiver is tuned to the dedicated control channel, while the other is designed specifically as a cognitive radio that can periodically sense and dynamically use the identified un-used channels. To obtain the channel state accurately, we propose two collaborative channel spectrum-sensing policies, namely, the random sensing policy and the negotiation-based sensing policy, to help the MAC protocols detect the availability of leftover channels. Under the random sensing policy, each secondary user just randomly selects one of the channels for sensing. On the other hand, under the negotiation-based sensing policy, different secondary users attempt to select the distinct channels to sense by overhearing the control packets over the control channel. We develop the Markov chain model and the M/G^Y/1-based queueing model to characterize the performance of our proposed multi-channel MAC protocols under the two types of channel-sensing policies for the saturation network and the non-saturation network scenarios, respectively. In the non-saturation network case, we quantitatively identify the tradeoff between the aggregate traffic throughput and the packet transmission delay, which can provide the insightful guidelines to improve the delay-QoS provisionings over cognitive radio wireless networks.     

基于OFDM认知无线电网络的最优路径算法

针对基于正交频分复用的分布式认知无线电网络,在考虑频谱移动特性的同时,为保证认知用户数据传输的可靠性,提出一种最优路径的基于OFDM认知无线电网络路由算法.该算法首先通过建立认知无线电网络的模型计算信道的期望传输时间和信道干扰,结合类似于按需路由的基本流程得到所有可能的路径.最后,根据最小累积期望传输时间和路径平均吞吐量的指标来选择最优路径.仿真的结果表明,OROCR算法可以明显地减少平均端到端时延,大大地提高平均端到端吞吐量.     

基于滤波器组的认知无线电频谱检测

认知无线电的首要任务是动态、可靠地检测无线电频谱环境。因此,每个认知无线电终端必须具有频谱检测的功能。文章在简述认知无线电频谱检测技术的基础上,提出了基于滤波器组的频谱检测方案,详细描述了多相滤波器组的设计方法和功率谱估计算法,并在加性高斯白噪声环境下进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,在恰当设置判决门限的情况下基于滤波器组的认知无线电频谱检测具有良好的性能。     

Signal Processing in Cognitive Radio

Cognitive radio allows for usage of licensed frequency bands by unlicensed users. However, these unlicensed (cognitive) users need to monitor the spectrum continuously to avoid possible interference with the licensed (primary) users. Apart from this, cognitive radio is expected to learn from its surroundings and perform functions that best serve its users. Such an adaptive technology naturally presents unique signal-processing challenges. In this paper, we describe the fundamental signal-processing aspects involved in developing a fully functional cognitive radio network, including spectrum sensing and spectrum sculpting.      

认知无线电技术及其政策影响和市场前景预测

认知无线电是在软件无线电的基础上发展而来的能够自适应外界环境变化的无线通信技术。认知无线电的网络结构有3种类型:集中式,分布式和集中 分布式。它通过频谱自适应技术来实现动态频谱分配,相关技术包括频谱检测技术,信道估计与预测技术、数据传输技术和多天线通信技术。随着认知无线电技术的发展,各国际标准组织和行业联盟纷纷开展相关的研究,并着手制定认知无线电的标准和协议。目前,认知无线电的推广仍面临着政策问题,但其市场需求日益扩大。总而言之,此技术的产业化发展还有很长的路需要走。     

Spatiotemporal Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio networks need to continuously monitor spectrum to detect the presence of the licensed users. In this paper, we have exploited spatial diversity in multiuser networks to improve the spectrum sensing capabilities of centralized cognitive radio (CR) networks. We develop a fixed and a variable relay sensing scheme. The fixed relay scheme employs a relay that has a fixed location to help the cognitive network base station detect the presence of the primary user. The variable relay sensing scheme employs cognitive users distributed at various locations as relays to sense data and to improve the detection capabilities. This effectively reduces the average detection time by exploiting spatial diversity inherent in multiuser networks. Finally, we study the network outage probabilities to compare the performances of the fixed and variable relay schemes.     

一种新的认知无线电非合作功率控制博弈算法

当认知无线电网络以"衬底式"(Underlay)的方式与主用户网络共享频谱时,需要对认知用户进行功率控制,以确保认知用户在不干扰主用户的前提下,公平地共享认知频谱资源。利用博弈分析的方法,设计了一个基于链路增益因子的代价函数,并据此提出了一种新的非合作功率控制博弈算法。仿真结果表明,该算法的均衡结果既改善了用户的帕累托(Pareto)性能,又提高了链路增益较差的用户的吞吐量,实现了网络资源的平等共享。     

Cognitive radio for next-generation wireless networks: an approach to opportunistic channel selection in ieee 802.11-based wireless mesh - [accepted from open call]

?Cognitive radio? has emerged as a new design paradigm for next-generation wireless networks that aims to increase utilization of the scarce radio spectrum (both licensed and unlicensed). Learning and adaptation are two significant features of a cognitive radio transceiver. Intelligent algorithms are used to learn the surrounding environment, and the knowledge thus obtained is utilized by the transceiver to choose the frequency band (i.e., channel) of transmission as well as transmission parameters to achieve the best performance. In this article we first provide an overview of the different components to achieve adaptability in a cognitive radio transceiver and discuss the related approaches. A survey of the cognitive radio techniques used in the different wireless systems is then presented. To this end, a dynamic opportunistic channel selection scheme based on the cognitive radio concept is presented for an IEEE 802.11-based wireless mesh network.     

Improving TDMA Channel Utilization in Random Access Cognitive Radio Networks by Exploiting Slotted CSMA

This paper aims to improve the spectrum efficiency of the licensed time division multiple access (TDMA) channel by exploiting the unused periods of primary users (PUs) in cognitive radio networks. A wireless network that consists of two classes of users, PUs and CR users, accessing a time slotted based common communication channel is considered. PUs employ TDMA and have always high priority over the CR users to access the channel. CR users utilize slotted Carrier Sense Multiple Access and can access the channel when it is not occupied by the PUs. New expressions for the throughput of both CR network and overall network have been derived in order to evaluate the channel utilization. Besides, an example network have been developed, modeled and simulated by using the OPNET Modeler simulation software with the purpose of verifying the analytical throughput results. The simulation results obtained under various network load conditions are consistent with the analytical results. This study has also proposed that the overall channel utilization can be improved by well exploiting the spectrum holes without interfering with the PU transmissions.