磁场处理水用于锅炉和冷却水处理

本文从理论和实践上综述了磁化水的特性、磁化机理、国内外的发展近况及其使用安装等。该法用于锅炉和各类冷却水处理有广泛的前景。     

Hydrothermal Modeling Studies of Cooling Tower Alternatives

The Environmental Effects Committee of the ASCE Energy Engineering Division has been developing a report on “Energy Production and Reservoir Water Quality” for publication. The report covers the regulatory framework that dictates much of the procedures for studies related to this topic, the fundamental reservoir hydrodynamics and water quality modeling used in preparing studies, the kinds of studies that can be prepared at different levels of analysis, and a series of applications that illustrate the problems encountered and applications of the various techniques. This study of hydrothermal modeling as applied to examining cooling tower alternatives for an existing steam electric station on a moderately large reservoir is included in this report and is presented here as an illustration of the types of studies included. This particular study subtended the usual steam electric plant cooling water discharge studies that relate to specific regulatory thermal plume size standards, and had to be designed around developing plant and cooling tower operations that would meet specific fisheries requirements for a zone of passage and refuge for fishes throughout the receiving embayment. After being used in developing cooling tower and plant operating details for the designers to work with, it was required that the hydrothermal modeling results be verified under actual tower operating conditions. In addition, it was required that the impact of the combined operations on dissolved oxygen be examined in detail. This paper covers the background to setting up the study, the kinds of statistical comparisons used to verify the hydrothermal studies, and similar studies for the analysis of dissolved oxygen distributions.     

连铸结晶器冷却水处理方法探讨

分析了连铸机结晶器冷却水处理工艺的现状，比较了软水闭路循环、软水开路循环和硬水开路循环等几种方法的特点，认为采用硬本开路循环加阻垢缓蚀剂处理连铸结晶器水质问题是比较经济有效的办法．     

喷雾推进冷却塔在炼钢氧枪冷却水系统的应用

介绍了喷雾推进通风冷却塔在济钢一炼钢厂氧枪冷却水循环系统中的应用。运行情况表明:较之传统的机械通风冷却塔,喷雾塔具有冷却效果好,节能效益显著,一次性投资省,运行维护可靠方便的优点。该塔在同类型企业中具有广泛的应用前景。     

Removal of Inorganic Mercury from Polluted Water Using Structured Nanoparticles

This paper presents a process for the removal of inorganic mercury from aqueous solutions using alumina nanoparticles, which were prepared by the sol-gel method. Different amounts of mercury were added to the particles until a critical concentration was achieved, thus inducing the alumina sol flocculation. Particle growth was monitored during the process using dynamic light scattering. The amount of metal ion adsorbed on the surface of the alumina sols was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Initial mercury concentrations ranging between 50 and 100 ppm decreased to below 1 ppb in a short time.     

Removal of Antibiotics from Surface and Distilled Water in Conventional Water Treatment Processes

Conventional drinking water treatment processes were evaluated under typical water treatment plant conditions to determine their effectiveness in the removal of seven common antibiotics: carbadox, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim. Experiments were conducted using synthetic solutions prepared by spiking both distilled/deionized water and Missouri River water with the studied compounds. Sorption on Calgon WPH powdered activated carbon, reverse osmosis, and oxidation with chlorine and ozone under typical plant conditions were all shown to be effective in removing the studied antibiotics. Conversely, coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with alum and iron salts, excess lime/soda ash softening, ultraviolet irradiation at disinfection dosages, and ion exchange were all relatively ineffective methods of antibiotic removal. This study shows that the studied antibiotics could be effectively removed using processes already in use in many water treatment plants. Additional work is needed on by-product formation and the removal of other classes of antibiotics.     

轧钢厂提高循环水利用率的措施

在多年实践的基础上，对原循环水系统存在的问题加以改进。论述了提高循环率的途径．     

连铸机二次冷却水的比水量控制

为克服现行连铸二冷水控制模型的缺陷，提出了新的比水量自动配水控制模型，计算机根据生产情况的变化，自动选定配水模型以控制水表，该模型还考虑了各段喷嘴的有效性。     

Arsenic Removal from Water by Moving Bed Active Filtration

Arsenic (As) in drinking water was removed by a combined co-precipitation, active filtration process. A serpentine prereactor for ferric chloride (FeCl3) reagent mixing was combined with a moving bed active filter, followed by separation of waste residuals from clean water discharge. Waste effluent, using 10% of influent for transport, was retained in a clarifier for settling prior to water recycling. Process residuals passed leach tests for landfill disposal. The pilot-scale apparatus was tested at a small community, public drinking water system in Fruitland, Id. In a 49?hour test, influent groundwater averaging 40.2±1.0?μg/L total As (n = 17) was fed at 38?L/min?(10?gpm) and FeCl3 solution was added at an optimized Fe to As molar ratio of 133:1. Arsenic concentrations were reduced to 3.3±1.4?μg/L(n = 49) over the test period. Research observations support the hypothesis that the formation and renewal of iron oxide-coated sand in the active filter is a viable mechanism for high efficiency As removal. Further testing is underway to optimize long-term operating performance and to characterize the chemical processes of the system.     

应用静电场处理工业循环冷却水

应用静电场技术代替化学药剂软化法 ,将硬度为 5 0 0 0mg/L的水软化至 2 5 0mg/L以下 ,满足第二冶炼厂EI3 70 -9/ 0 97型离心透平压缩机等设备对冷却水的要求 ,不但有防垢效果还能去除原有设备及管道中的水垢     

Estimating the Removal of Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals from Raw Drinking Water by Coagulation Flocculation

A mathematical model was developed to estimate the efficacy of coagulation–flocculation treatment for removing neutral hydrophobic organic chemicals from raw drinking water. The model assumed that the only significant removal mechanism was the destabilization and settling of organic matter containing sorbed anthropogenic organic compounds. The model was validated with standard jar tests using compounds with a range of hydrophobicities (log?Kow = 1.89?to?5.48), including contaminant candidate list chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and endocrine disrupting chemicals. Final concentrations of test compounds after coagulation and flocculation were in good agreement with model estimations for synthetic waters composed of Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI) humic acid solutions. The final compound concentrations in coagulated natural waters from two drinking water reservoirs were about 80% lower than those estimated with the model. Overestimations of treated water concentrations by the model were attributed to an increase in sorption by natural organic matter when coiled in aluminum hydroxide flocs, compared to sorption to dispersed natural organic matter in untreated water.     

Treating High-Turbidity Water Using Full-Scale Floc Blanket Clarifiers

Dynamic responses of the blanket in full-scale flat-bottom type floc blanket clarifiers at the PingTsan Water Works, Taiwan Water Supply Corporation, were monitored given a step-change in coagulant (polyaluminum chloride, PACl) dosage. The blankets in the clarifiers were easily washed out using the conventional coagulation-clarification process (the “single-stage process”), seriously threatening drinking water quality. Consequently, the PingTsan Water Works included a pretreatment stage before the single-stage process to enhance treatment efficiency. The performance of this full-scale “two-stage process” for treating high-turbidity storm water was monitored on November 9 to 10, 2000. The two-stage process achieved a stable blanket and good quality clarified water that was insensitive to variation in raw water turbidity or PACl dose. Pilot tests were also conducted on October 6 to 7, 2001 to reveal performance differences between the single-stage and two-stage processes in dealing with high-turbidity water. The single-stage process yielded a blanket that was sensitive to PACl change. Not only was the produced blanket easily washed out when the PACl dose was step-decreased, it was also slow to recover when the chemical dosage was returned to its original value. The blanket yielded by the two-stage process was more robust to low coagulant dose, and recovered more easily when coagulant supply was increased. Applying the two-stage process to achieve the same effluent quality from single-stage process could significantly reduce total PACl dosage.     

BTEX Removal from Produced Water Using Surfactant-Modified Zeolite

Produced water (water generated during recovery of petroleum) contains large amounts of various hazardous organic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). With increasing regulations governing disposal of this water, low-cost treatment options are necessary. This study evaluated the effectiveness of surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ) for removal of BTEX from produced water. The long-term effectiveness of SMZ for BTEX removal was investigated along with changes in sorption properties with long-term use. The results of these investigations show that SMZ completely removes BTEX from produced water up to a compound-specific capacity, and that SMZ can be regenerated via air sparging without loss of sorption capacity. The BTEX mobility in laboratory columns of SMZ was in the order of decreasing water solubility and increasing Kow. The most soluble compound, benzene, began to elute at 8 pore volumes (PV), while the least soluble compounds, ethylbenzene and xylenes, began to elute at 50 PV. After treating 4,500 PVs of water in the column system over 10 sorption/regeneration cycles, no significant reduction in sorption capacity of the SMZ for BTEX was observed. The mean Kds determined in these column experiments ranged from 18.3?L/kg for benzene to 95.0?L/kg for p- and m-xylene. Laboratory columns were upscaled to create a field-scale SMZ treatment system. The field-scale system was tested at a natural gas produced-water treatment facility near Wamsutter, Wyo. We observed even greater sorption of BTEX in the field column than predicted from the laboratory results. In the field column, initial benzene breakthrough occurred at 10 PV and toluene breakthrough began at 15 PV, and no breakthrough of ethylbenzene or xylenes occurred throughout the 80 PV experiment. The field and laboratory results, along with the low price of SMZ (about $460?per?metric?t), suggest that SMZ has a potential role in a cost-effective produced water treatment system.     

Hydrodynamic Modeling of Coastal LNG Cooling Water Discharge

The evaluation of the mixing zone for a proposed expansion to a liquefied natural gas facility on the northeast coast of the State of Qatar in support of an environmental impact assessment was performed using the Generalized Environmental Modeling System for Surface Waters (GEMSS). The circulating seawater at the facility absorbs heat during the liquefaction of natural gas, resulting in a maximum temperature rise of 10°C. The heated seawater is discharged through a long canal into the Arabian Gulf with minimum jet momentum. GEMSS was calibrated, verified, and then used to model the thermal plume for a proposed expansion of the facility. A probabilistic approach for defining the mixing zone using World Bank standards was developed. Model results show that the thermal plume is vertically stratified, with a relatively large surface area and a relatively small bottom contact area. The advantage of this design is that it maximizes heat exchange with the atmosphere by increasing the driving force and isolating the temperature increase from benthic organisms.     

凉水塔布水孔的改造

介绍了某厂硫酸系统AHBLG全玻璃钢横流式凉水塔漫水严重、分水板变形的问题；提出了将布水槽上布水孔孔径由010扩大到016的改造方案；实施后，每年节约生产用水200万t。     

循环水喷雾冷却塔的技术改造

分析了循环水PVC填料冷却塔的本身问题,应用热力学理论,阐明了喷雾冷却塔的优越性,在总结喷雾推进冷却装置应用经验的基础上,探讨了悄同情况下的两种应用方案。     

Removal of 17β Estradiol and Fluoranthene by Nanofiltration and Ultrafiltration

With the recent emergence of endocrine disrupting compounds as an important potable drinking water and reclaimed wastewater quality issue, the removal of two estrogenic compounds (17β-estradiol and fluoranthene) by nanofiltration and ultrafiltration membranes was investigated. A less hydrophobic organic compound model species [parachlorobenzoic acid (PCBA)] was tested. 17β-estradiol (E2), fluoranthene, and PCBA were applied to the membrane in the presence and absence of natural organic matter (NOM). Both batch adsorption and dead-end stirred-cell filtration experiments indicated that adsorption is an important mechanism for transport/removal of relatively hydrophobic compounds, and is related to the octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) values. All filtration measurements were performed approximately the same permeate flow rate in order to minimize artifacts from concentration polarization varied with different hydrodynamic operating conditions at the membrane interface. The percent removal by dead-end stirred-cell filtration ranged from 10 to >95% depending upon membrane pore size/hydrophobicity and presence/absence of NOM at an initial concentration ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 μM. Additional batch adsorption experiments with radio-label (3H) E2 at lower concentrations ranging 0.025 to 5 nM showed that E2 removal due to adsorption was independent of its initial concentration. Adsorption occurs both on the membrane surface and interior membrane pore surfaces. However, adsorption was insignificant for PCBA (log?KOW = 2.7), but removal presumably occurred due to electrostatic exclusion. Partition coefficients (log?K) of 0.44 to 4.86 measured in this study increased with log?KOW and membrane pore size.     

一、二棒穿水控冷装置的设计

介绍为满足高强度螺纹钢生产而设计的一、二棒材穿水控冷装置及供水系统。     

水轮风机与冷却塔无电运行

充分挖掘和利用水循环系统合理的富裕能量,优化系统能源流配置,用超低比转速混流式水轮机替代传统冷却塔上电机及减速传动装置,水轮机拖动风机运转模式行之有效,实现了冷却塔无电运行,是企业实现节能减排目标的措施之一。     

Control of PAHs from Incineration by Activated Carbon Fibers

The aim of this research was to use activated carbon fibers (ACFs) to adsorb 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species from flue gas emissions during incineration. The operation conditions included the presence of three activated carbon fibers, the adsorption temperature (200, 300, and 340°C), and the weight of the ACFs. The removal efficiencies of the gaseous and solid-state PAHs were evaluated respectively. It was found that the BET surface area did not affect PAH removal when the BET surface area was enough for PAH removal and micropore volume was the determinant parameter for PAHs removal. The best adsorption temperature in this study was 300°C. The removal efficiency of PAHs was proportional to the weight of ACFs.