NVP接枝壳聚糖水凝胶的合成与溶胀性能

合成了N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮（NVP）接枝壳聚糖（CHI）水凝胶,讨论了NVP/CHI、引发剂、交联剂、聚合温度、乙酸浓度等因素对接枝率及凝胶溶胀性能的影响,NVP∶CHI为6时,接枝率达到300%以上. 溶胀温度、pH值、盐浓度等对凝胶溶胀性能的影响实验表明,凝胶表现出温度敏感性,在40 ℃出现最大平衡溶胀率,并观察到一级相转变;在中性或弱酸性介质中溶胀性能较好;与PVP凝胶相比,NVP接枝CHI凝胶表现出反聚电解质效应. 溶胀动力学研究表明,在溶胀前期,CHI含量较高时,凝胶趋向于非Fick溶胀,说明除了溶剂扩散外,凝胶网络链段弛豫、水分子与凝胶网络间及凝胶高分子链段间相互作用对凝胶溶胀性能的影响至关重要;CHI含量较高时则趋向于Fick溶胀.     

聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/壳聚糖共混水凝胶的制备与水的状态

以戊二醛作为交联剂,制备了聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）/壳聚糖（CHI）共混水凝胶,共混物的玻璃化转变温度T_g随CHI含量的升高而升高,SEM图谱观察到PVP/CHI凝胶表面呈现随CHI∶PVP比而变化的微相分离.凝胶溶胀率随着PVP含量升高、PVP分子量降低、CHI脱乙酰度增大而升高.DSC分析表明,非冷冻状态下,CHI∶PVP为1∶2时,游离水、可冻结结合水、非冻结结合水含量分别为42.7%、43.3 %、14.0 %;CHI∶PVP为1∶8时,凝胶中含非冻结结合水少,DSC曲线上只有一个明显的失水吸热峰,由游离水与可冻结结合水叠加而成.-123℃冷冻条件下凝胶的DSC升温曲线在0、38、53℃观察到一组明显的焓化峰,这是由于低温时冻结为结晶相的游离水、可冻结结合水,随温度升高吸热又转化为游离水、可冻结结合水所致.     

PVA/Fe2O3磁敏感性水凝胶的制备及性能

采用循环冷冻-解冻方法制备了聚乙烯醇(PVA)/Fe2O3磁敏感性水凝胶. 考察了水凝胶的力学性能、溶胀性能和磁敏感性,并用扫描电镜观察了其表面形貌. 结果表明,当Fe2O3含量为1%(w)时,水凝胶的力学性能最好;水凝胶的溶胀度和脱水率随时间增加有相似的变化趋势,都随磁性粒子含量升高而降低;溶胀性能降低其交联程度增加;PVA和Fe2O3相容性较好;水凝胶在3000 Oe的磁场强度下达到饱和,呈现出很强的顺磁性,磁滞损耗较多,表明具有较好的磁敏感性.     

温度及pH敏感性聚乙烯醇/羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶的制备与性能研究

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCh)为原料,采用60Co-γ射线辐照交联制备聚乙烯醇/羧甲基壳聚糖(PVA/CMCh)水凝胶;研究了PVA与CMCh的配比、温度、pH及离子强度等对PVA/CMCh水凝胶溶胀率的影响。结果表明适当配比的PVA/CMCh水凝胶具有一定的温度、pH及离子敏感性。该水凝胶在5~20°C时具有较高的溶胀率,温度在20°C以上溶胀率较低,并且有一定的可逆性;水凝胶在pH较低(pH<4.0)和较高(pH>6.0)时溶胀率均较大,而当pH为4.0~6.0时溶胀率较小,显示出一定的pH敏感性。     

粒状聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺/壳聚糖水凝胶的制备、性能及其应用

用反相悬浮聚合法,合成了具有温度/pH敏感性的聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺/壳聚糖粒状半互穿网络(PNIPA/CS semi-IPN)水凝胶,研究了该水凝胶在不同温度、不同pH介质以及不同组成下的溶胀率变化.结果表明:该水凝胶的最低临界溶液温度(LCST)与PNIPA水凝胶基本相同,均在33℃左右,pH=3时溶胀率达到最大,具有明显的温度和pH敏感性.壳聚糖(CS)的不同比例也对凝胶的溶胀率产生很大影响.振荡实验表明:凝胶粒子具有温度响应可逆性.同时进行了乳酸吸附与释放的初步研究,当PNIPA/CS质量比为10时,最大吸附达到168.29 mg(g dry gel)-1,释放率为31.74%.     

亲水-疏水PVP-semi-IPN-PCL水凝胶的制备与溶胀性能

N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮（NVP）在聚己内酯（PCL）的乙酸乙酯溶液中进行自由基聚合,制备了亲水-疏水性聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）/聚己内酯（PCL）半互穿网络水凝胶（PVP-semi-IPN-PCL）。凝胶中PCL的熔融温度T_m无明显变化,而T_m吸热峰形状随PVP含量变化。凝胶平衡溶胀率（ESR）随PVP含量的升高而增大,结合水量的增大尤其显著。由于“笼蔽效应”,低浓度引发剂时,偶氮二异丁睛（AIBN）引发制备的凝胶ESR低于过氧化苯甲酰（BPO）引发剂。交联剂浓度较低时,以戊二醛交联形成凝胶的ESR较N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（NMBA）交联形成的凝胶大。浓度较高时,戊二醛交联凝胶ESR较NMBA低。PVP含量（质量）分别为20%、40%、60%、80%时,凝胶溶胀动力学Fick模型中的n值分别为0.854、0.471、0.466、0.253,说明在合适的PVP含量时,凝胶的溶胀动力学符合Fick模型。     

温度及pH敏感性互穿网络水凝胶的制备研究

采用分步法制备了聚丙烯酸/N-异丙基丙烯酰胺互穿网络水凝胶,研究了互穿网络水凝胶的溶胀性能。结果表明,当水溶液的pH增大时,水凝胶的溶胀率显著增加。在一定的温度范围内,水凝胶的溶胀率随温度升高而减小。聚丙烯酸/N-异丙基丙烯酰胺互穿网络水凝胶表现出显著的温度及pH敏感双重特性。     

PVP/PAA共混水凝胶的制备及性能研究

以丙烯酸(AA)为单体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为添加剂,通过引发剂引发自由基聚合制备了聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/聚丙烯酸(PAA)共混水凝胶,讨论了聚乙烯吡咯烷酮用量、反应温度、引发剂含量及交联剂含量等条件对合成凝胶影响,并研究了其溶胀行为。实验结果表明,在合成过程中,凝胶时间随PVP的含量增多而延长,且乳白色深度逐渐加深;随引发剂的增加,产生乳白色时间及凝胶时间缩短;一定范围内随温度升高可凝胶时间降低;交联剂的用量对凝胶时间无明显影响。在PVP/PAA共混水凝胶体系中,当PVP质量分数为0.6%,PAA质量分数为16.4%,引发剂的质量分数为0.024%,交联剂的质量分数为0.016%时,水凝胶的吸水性最佳,且随体系p H变化,酸性条件下吸水性较差,在碱性条件下吸水性较好;当在Na Cl溶液中溶胀时,水凝胶的吸水性能随盐离子浓度增大而下降且达到一定浓度后,水凝胶的吸水性能趋于稳定,盐离子对其影响微弱。PVP/PAA水凝胶的吸水效率高,且表现出很强的吸水能力,并且具有成本低廉,应用广泛等特点。     

温度/pH双敏型羧甲基壳聚糖/海藻酸钠凝胶微球的制备

以羧甲基壳聚糖和海藻酸钠为基材,氯化钙和戊二醛混合液为交联剂,制备温度/p H双敏型凝胶微球。以溶胀度为主要考察指标,采用单次单因子法得到了较适宜的制备条件:2%的羧甲基壳聚糖/海藻酸钠混合溶液和5%的氯化钙/戊二醛混合交联剂的配比均为1∶1(质量比),交联剂的p H为6.8⁷.4,交联温度为40℃。在此条件下制得的凝胶微球,溶胀度随p H和温度的升高均表现出先升高后降低的趋势,当p H和温度分别为7.4和45℃时溶胀度最大,具有明显的p H和温度敏感性,适用于作为药物控释载体材料。     

智能型聚甲基丙烯酸凝胶的合成与表征

以甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为单体,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,无机纳米粒子Laponite或者N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(BIS)为交联剂,通过原位自由基聚合的方法分别合成了纳米复合聚甲基丙烯酸凝胶和传统型聚甲基丙烯酸凝胶,并利用红外、流变、溶胀性能测试、剥离强度测试等手段对凝胶的性能进行了表征。比较了在不同单体(MAA)含量、体系pH值下,Laponite含量和BIS含量对物理交联法和化学交联法制备的凝胶的交联密度的影响,以及两种凝胶溶胀度随溶液pH值以及温度的变化关系。研究表明:增加单体MAA的含量、增加交联剂Laponite或BIS的含量,以及降低体系的pH值有利于凝胶网状结构的形成。化学交联的传统型聚甲基丙烯酸凝胶具有明显的pH敏感性和温度敏感性,而物理交联的纳米复合聚甲基丙烯酸凝胶具有良好的粘结性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。