基于未知测度理论的商场消防安全评价

为了有效防控商场火灾,提高商场的消防安全管理水平,基于火灾发生、发展及造成损失的不确定性,结合商场建筑结构特点构建了包含4 个单元、27 个评价指标的多因素评价指标体系。对不宜直接采用绝对数值的指标进行了转化,依据层次分析法和未确知测度理论建立评价模型。以大同市云冈区某商场为例进行评价,得出其消防安全等级为“较安全”级别,与实际相符,证明了该模型的有效性,并提出针对性的管理建议。可利用该模型对管辖区域内多个商场进行消防安全现状评价,为辖区内商场的消防安全管理工作提供依据和思路。     

基于模糊偏好规划与云计算的商场火灾安全评价模型

为解决商场火灾安全评价指标不确定性、随机性和模糊性导致决策者难以选择合适方法评价商场火灾安全的难题,提出基于模糊偏好规划与云计算的商场火灾安全评价模型。从火灾危险源、建筑防火能力、周边消防救火能力、人员疏散能力、日常管理能力、安全疏散力6 个方面构建评价指标体系。结合模糊理论和层次分析法,引进模糊偏好规划模型计算指标权重。借助云模型实现指标定性与定量两种特性的切换。用该方法评价郑州某商场火灾安全,结果认为火灾安全等级高,需关注可燃物分布、建筑特征、与消防队距离、人员分布、消防安全投入、疏散通道宽度6 个重要指标。研究可为商场日常火灾管理提供可行性建议。     

公共场所室内甲醛、PM2.5和苯系物污染水平测评

为了解北京市部分公共场所室内甲醛、PM_(2.5)和苯系物的污染现状,笔者于2018年5月至6月及2019年4月至6月对北京市内的4家商场和3个体育馆室内不同功能区的甲醛、PM_(2.5)和苯系物的浓度进行了测试,并对其污染水平进行了评价。结果表明:1)商场内甲醛超标幅度较大的区域为A的亲子娱乐区和C的毛绒玩具区2类功能区,分别超过标准值122. 32%和34%;商场B中餐饮区和服饰区的PM_(2.5)存在明显超标现象,分别超过标准值60%和65. 7%;商场B内餐饮区苯系物总浓度最高,达0. 256 mg/m3,其中甲苯超过标准值4. 2%; 2)体育馆F内的羽毛球区和器材室、G内的篮球区和健身房都存在甲醛超标现象,分别超过标准值47. 32%、30. 02%、128%和63%; 3)各测试场所污染物水平综合评价等级结果显示,4家商场中有1家为清洁,3家未污染; 3个体育馆中有1个为清洁,其余2个未污染;但未污染场所中的个别功能区如亲子娱乐区、餐饮区和篮球区存在轻污染现象。经统计学分析,2类公共场所内所有污染物浓度及超标幅度服从显著性水平p 0. 05的χ2双侧检验,具有统计学意义。本次测试中,测试公共场所内甲醛受到装修材料、商品种类和通风情况的影响,PM_(2.5)受到通风情况和人员活动的影响,苯系物主要受到装修材料的影响;另外,餐饮区产生的烹调油烟会影响PM_(2.5)和苯系物的浓度水平。研究结果可对公共场所室内空气中甲醛、PM_(2.5)和苯系物的深入研究提供基础数据。     

火灾后混凝土结构质量的模糊综合评判

本文通过对某商场火灾后混凝土结构的现场检测,运用了模糊数学理论对其质量进行了评价。     

D-S证据理论在商场火灾安全评价中的应用

针对商场火灾安全评价中面对的有效处理不确定信息的问题,提出一种基于D-S证据理论的评价方法。该方法在建立商场火灾安全评价体系的基础上,利用模糊检查结果与分层权重,构造概率赋值函数,计算评价值的上、下界,并且进行多次检查结果的信息融合。与层次分析法等其他方法比较,该方法操作简便,量化结果更加清晰。     

广州市大型商场室内环境状况调查

采用问卷调查、污染物浓度检测的方法，对广州市大型综合商场进行室内环境状况调查和评价。结果表明，商场室内处于未污染状况,主要污染物是可吸入颗粒物、总挥发性有机化合物和臭氧；主要污染来源于顾客、商品和室外空气；商场内人员对室内空气的不可接受率为22.64%，室内空气属于不可接受；室内人员已有病态建筑综合症发生；长时间低浓度污染,是室内污染的重要特征；室内人员对商场的温度、相对湿度和室内光照度、视觉环境等满意程度很高。     

大型商业中心空气质量和环境质量的主观调查

对某空气质量达标的大型商场室内环境进行了主观调查,得出了调查对象对室内空气质量、热环境、听觉环境、人体工效环境的评价结果,并从调查对象在该环境活动时间的长短、性别、受教育程度、年龄等方面对上述评价产生的影响进行了分析.结果表明,调查对象对商场的各项评价大多是“良”和“一般”,工作人员对空气质量的评价明显低于顾客.     

摹仿—建筑品论之二

从艺术哲学的角度对我国尤其建筑界那种热衰摹仿和复 不良风气进行了批评，并以北京天桥商场，大观园酒店和西客站为例，对其设计思想做了评价。     

大型商场人员疏散安全通道的评估体系研究

从通道形态、通道防火分隔、通道烟控能力、疏散能力与建筑性价比5个方面,基于层次分析和模糊综合评价的方法,建立大型商场人员疏散安全通道的评估体系。基于该评估体系,以沈阳某商场为例进行实例分析,结果表明,该体系可分析出适合该商场实际特点的安全通道方案。     

基于综合赋权和未确知测度的火灾风险评价

为准确评估商场火灾风险,建立了基于综合赋权法的未确知测度评价模型,该模型利用未确知测度建立单指标测度评价矩阵,基于IIAHP、熵、离差平方和最大化计算评价指标的综合权重,从而得到评价对象的综合测度评价向量,最终判定风险等级和排序.利用建立的模型对商场火灾风险进行评价,选取了16个影响商场火灾风险的评价指标,建立了评价指...     

上海市办公楼室内空气品质的测试和分析

本文利用上海市六幢大楼的实测数据对上海市办公楼室内空气品质环境作了客观和主观两方面的评价,经分析可知,上海市办公楼内室内空气品质环境在客观评价中未达标的情况比较严重,而主观调研的结果也显示,上海市办公楼室内空气品质的可接受率远远低于ASHRAE62-1989所提出的可接受室内空气品质应满足80％的可接受率,实测说明,上海办公楼内仍然存在建筑病综合症(SBS)。同时本文强调基于“可感受的可接受的室内空气品质”这一指标,主观评价良好应是建筑物的设计人员、建造者及管理人员不懈追求的目标。     

Comparison of Data from an IAQ Test House with Predictions of an IAQ Computer Model

One of the objectives of EPA's indoor air quality (IAQ) program is to provide guidance on the impact of indoor sources on IAQ. A computer model, EXPOSURE, was developed to assist in this effort. EXPOSURE calculates pollutant concentration as a function of time for each room of the building. EXPOSURE includes effects of sources, sinks, room-to-room air movement, and air exchange with the outdoors. Several experiments designed to evaluate the impact of indoor sources on IAQ are described. Measured concentrations are compared with concentrations predicted by an IAQ model. The measured concentrations are in excellent agreement with the predictions. The model predictions and the experimental data demonstrate the importance of sinks in determining long-term IAQ.     

Persistent allergic rhinitis and indoor air quality perception--an experimental approach

In order to compare patterns of indoor air perception, including perceptions of temperature, air movement, indoor air quality (IAQ), mental concentration, and comfort, 33 subjects either with persistent allergic rhinitis or controls were exposed to different temperatures and constant relative humidity in an experimental office environment. Results were obtained by means of a self-administered visual analogue scale, analyzed using mean score comparisons and principal component analysis. At 14 degrees C, the rhinitis group reported higher scores for sensations of air dryness than controls. At 18 degrees C, in the rhinitis group, there was a correlation between dry, stagnant air, and difficult mental concentration. This group also correlated heat, dry air, and poor IAQ, in contrast to the control group, which correlated comfort, easy mental concentration, and freshness. At 22 degrees C, the rhinitis group correlated heat, dryness, stagnant air, and overall discomfort. This group also correlated non-dry air, freshness, and comfort, whereas the control group correlated heat, humidity, good indoor air, freshness, and comfort. This study suggests that the rhinitis group perceives indoor temperatures of 14 degrees C as dryer than controls do, and that at 18 and 22 degrees C this group positively correlates different adverse perceptions of IAQ. By means of a self-administered questionnaire in an experimental condition, the present study compares subjective patterns of indoor air perception from individuals with respiratory allergy (allergic rhinitis) to control individuals. It reports different patterns of perception of indoor air quality (IAQ) between the two groups, suggesting that allergic individuals could have different IAQ perception.     

Indoor air quality in Michigan schools

Indoor air quality (IAQ) parameters in 64 elementary and middle school classrooms in Michigan were examined for the purposes of assessing ventilation rates, levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and bioaerosols, air quality differences within and between schools, and emission sources. In each classroom, bioaerosols, VOCs, CO(2), relative humidity, and temperature were monitored over one workweek, and a comprehensive walkthough survey was completed. Ventilation rates were derived from CO(2) and occupancy data. Ventilation was poor in many of the tested classrooms, e.g., CO(2) concentrations often exceeded 1000 ppm and sometimes 3000 ppm. Most VOCs had low concentrations (mean of individual species <4.5 microg/m(3)); bioaerosol concentrations were moderate (<6500 count per m(3) indoors, <41,000 count per m(3) outdoors). The variability of CO(2), VOC, and bioaerosol concentrations within schools exceeded the variability between schools. These findings suggest that none of the sampled rooms were contaminated and that no building-wide contamination sources were present. However, localized IAQ problems might remain in spaces where contaminant sources are concentrated and that are poorly ventilated. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a continuing concern for students, parents, teachers, and school staff, leading to many complaints regarding poor IAQ. Investigations of these complaints often include air sampling, which must be carefully conducted if representative data are to be collected. To better understand sampling results, investigators need to account for the variability of contaminants both within and between schools.     

Indoor air quality and the associated health risk in primary school buildings in Central Europe – The InAirQ study

The indoor air quality (IAQ) was investigated in sixty-four primary school buildings in five Central European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Slovenia). The concentration of volatile organic compounds, aldehydes, PM_2.5 mass, carbon dioxide, radon, as well as physical parameters were investigated during the heating period of 2017/2018. Significant differences were identified for the majority of the investigated IAQ parameters across the countries. The median indoor/outdoor ratios varied considerably. A comprehensive evaluation of IAQ in terms of potential health effects and comfort perception was performed. Hazard quotient values were below the threshold value of 1 with one exception. In contrast, 31% of the school buildings were characterized by hazard index values higher than 1. The maximum cumulative ratio approach highlighted that the concern for non-carcinogenic health effects was either low or the health risk was driven by more substances. The median excess lifetime cancer risk values exceeded the acceptable value of 1 × 10⁻⁶ in the case of radon and formaldehyde. PM_2.5 mass concentration values exceeded the 24 h and annual guideline values set by the World Health Organization in 56 and 85% of the cases, respectively. About 80% of the schools could not manage to comply with the recommended concentration value for carbon dioxide (1000 ppm).     

空调系统新风和回风对室内空气品质的影响

分析了目前空调系统新风和回风对室内空气品质的影响，认为室内污染的不断增加是室内品质变坏的主要原因；新风的质量直接影响室内空气品质；回风是室内空气的二次污染源，导出了回风对室内空气污染的理论计算公式，文中认为新风率是20%能明显提高室内空气品质。     

室内空气品质的新定义与新风直接入室方法的实验测试

不能把室内空气品质仅仅认同于一系列污染控制指标，应以人们对空气品质的满意程度来徇空气品质的高低。因此主观评价是判定室内空气品质的主要依据。新风对改善室内空气品质起着比其他因素更为重要的作用。本文着重研究将新风直接送入空调室，并采用独特的方法减少新风对室内温度场的速度场的干扰，室内人员普遍反映室内空气品质极大改善，而未感受到新风的干扰。     

Air quality in rooms conditioned by chilled ceiling and mixed displacement ventilation for energy saving

A transient-contaminant-transport model is developed for assessing IAQ in the breathing zone when introducing return air into rooms conditioned by CC/DV system to save energy. The steady state transport model of [1] is extended to transient conditions while accounting for significant wall plumes associated with external loads.Experiments are performed to validate the extended model predictions of IAQ expressed in the level of CO₂ concentration. Experiments are conducted in a chamber with two external walls in Kuwait Climate. Measurements are recorded in time of the air temperature and CO₂ concentration at selected locations in the room and compared with values predicted by the model. Experimental results agreed well with model predictions. The maximum errors in predicted CO₂ concentrations are less than ±25 ppm in presence of external load. 60% fresh air fraction resulted in 37% less energy consumption compared with 100% fresh air CC/DV system.The validated model is applied to a case study in Kuwait to evaluate energy saving over the cooling season for a typical office space while using mixed DV air. Energy savings of up to 20.6% can be realized using mixed supply air while maintaining IAQ compared with energy used for the 100% fresh air.     

Assessment of ventilation and indoor air pollutants in nursery and elementary schools in France

The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and ventilation in French classrooms. Various parameters were measured over one school week, including volatile organic compounds, aldehydes, particulate matter (PM_2.5 mass concentration and number concentration), carbon dioxide (CO₂), air temperature, and relative humidity in 51 classrooms at 17 schools. The ventilation was characterized by several indicators, such as the air exchange rate, ventilation rate (VR), and air stuffiness index (ICONE), that are linked to indoor CO₂ concentration. The influences of the season (heating or non‐heating), type of school (nursery or elementary), and ventilation on the IAQ were studied. Based on the minimum value of 4.2 l/s per person required by the French legislation for mechanically ventilated classrooms, 91% of the classrooms had insufficient ventilation. The VR was significantly higher in mechanically ventilated classrooms compared with naturally ventilated rooms. The correlations between IAQ and ventilation vary according to the location of the primary source of each pollutant (outdoor vs. indoor), and for an indoor source, whether it is associated with occupant activity or continuous emission.     

Uncertainty in indoor air quality and grey system method

Based on analysis of uncertainty, this paper presents grey system theory to handle the “grey” characteristic of IAQ. Grey comprehensive analysis of indoor air quality reveals that we should pay more attention to the air purification and humidity control in the design and maintenance of HVAC. In order to represent grey characteristic of IAQ system, the educed grey IAQ models can identify the variation intervals of key IAQ model parameters that are lack of directly measurable messages in practical situations. Furthermore, grey assessment is an effective multifactor comprehensive assessment method that can express the integrative influence of contamination indexes on indoor air quality. We can determine the IAQ grade and make comparison according to the grey incidence matrix R.