操作条件对正渗透分离性能的影响

正渗透是以渗透压差为驱动力的新型膜分离过程。采用水流分布较佳的膜池结构,研究了膜朝向、流动方式对正渗透水通量性能的影响,结果表明PRO模式（当膜的活性层朝向驱动液时）的水通量明显高于FO模式（当膜的活性层朝向原料液时）,但其衰减程度较大;在溶液浓度差相同的条件下,逆流操作更利于水通量的提高。针对FO模式和逆流条件,探讨了溶液温度对水通量和反向盐通量的影响,结果表明：膜两侧溶液温度同步升高时,正渗透过程的水通量和反向盐通量均增加,且水通量的增加幅度大于反向盐通量;单侧增加溶液的温度时,驱动液侧温度升高对水通量性能的提升效果优于原料液侧。综合考虑过程能耗和系统性能,认为单独升高驱动液温度更具实用价值。     

正渗透膜污染影响因素的研究与分析

以海藻酸钠（ALG）为典型有机污染物,采用TFC FO膜,以水通量下降率和污染阻力作为膜污染的评价指标,探究了正渗透（FO）过程中的膜摆向（FO模式和PRO模式）、原料液（FS）和驱动液（DS）的浓度、原料液中Ca²⁺浓度和pH对FO膜污染的影响规律,并提出适宜的膜清洗方案。结果表明,在PRO模式下,膜污染阻力为3.38×10¹¹m^-1,而在FO模式下仅为3.88×10¹⁰m^-1,表明FO模式污染轻;FS或者DS浓度的增大均会导致污染阻力增大,使得污染更加严重;当FS中不含Ca²⁺和含Ca²⁺浓度分别为1mmol/L和2mmol/L时,相较于初始通量,其通量降低率分别15.40%、18.49%和24.93%,当Ca²⁺浓度从1mmol/L增大到2mmol/L过程中,膜污染阻力增大1.6倍;当FS的pH为4.2、7.0和10.7时,水通量降低率依次增加,分别为14.56%、14.82%和18.78%。分别采用去离子水、pH为3.0的HCl溶液、pH为11.8的NaOH溶液以及十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS,pH=11.0）溶液对膜进行清洗,得到SDS溶液清洗效果较好,通量恢复率可达90.70%。     

正向渗透工艺及其在水处理中的应用

<正>向渗透(FO)是水分子透过选择性半透膜从化学势高的一侧扩散到化学势低的一侧的渗透过程,它以膜两侧不同溶液的浓度差为驱动力。在正向渗透膜分离过程中,为维持提取液渗透压的稳定,需浓缩回用提取液(DS)。在众多水处理领域,尤其在废水处理领域、饮水净化及海水淡化方面,正向渗透工艺更是得到了广泛的研究和应用。正向渗透过程的低能耗、低膜污染是未来膜分离技术发展的趋势。     

正渗透膜净水试验研究

研究了正渗透(FO)过程中水通量和驱动溶质扩散规律,并以奎宁和腐殖酸作为模型有机物,研究FO膜对有机物的截留性能。结果表明,FO水通量与驱动液含量正相关,但由于内部浓差极化的影响并不呈正比例;温度越高所产生的水通量也越大,在温度11～36℃时水通量从4 L/(m2.h)上升至10 L/(m.h)。驱动溶质的反扩散量随运行时间的延长线性增加,由于唐南效应Na+的反扩散量大于2价阳离子。FO膜对奎宁和腐殖酸均有较好的截留效果。     

基于FBG传感的正渗透膜界面剪切力变化特性

针对正渗透(FO)过程中膜面剪切力的分布式测量问题,基于光纤光栅(FBG)传感技术提出一种膜面剪切力的实时测量方法。研究了不同入口流速对剪切力分布、水通量和反向盐通量的影响,并对膜面的水力学特性进行分析。结果表明,FBG技术能够较好地给出FO膜组件表面流速的变化状况。膜面各位置的剪切力均呈现周期性的变化,在FO膜表面切向方向上,剪切力呈现空间分布的不均匀变化,直接导致了渗透通量的变化。增大入口流速能有效地改善膜面各位置的冲刷作用,但采用较大的入口流速才能使膜面距离入口较远位置的剪切力得到明显的提高。膜组件两侧剪切力的同步增加有利于提高膜通量,但单纯增加剪切力并不能更好地减缓浓差极化而提高水通量。     

纳滤法处理含氟废水工艺条件的研究

采用Dow FilmTec公司的NF-90纳滤膜处理模拟含氟废水,主要考察了压力、pH、流量、温度、氟离子初始浓度等对膜渗透通量和氟离子截留率的影响。结果表明:压力升高,膜渗透通量增大,氟离子截留率先增大后减小;pH对膜渗透通量无明显影响,氟离子截留率随pH的升高而增大;流量升高膜渗透通量和氟离子截留率略有增大;温度升高,膜渗透通量增大,氟离子截留率降低;氟离子初始浓度增大,膜渗透通量减小,氟离子截留率降低。在压力1.0 MPa、pH 10.01、流量30 L/h、温度20℃的条件下NF-90膜截留率可达到95%;当处理氟浓度小于100 mg/L,出水氟浓度可达到国家工业一级排放标准。     

聚砜纳滤膜的制备

研究聚砜纳滤平板膜的制备,通过浸没相转化过程制备膜,讨论和研究聚砜(PSF)含量,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮含量,凝固浴温度和空气浴时间对膜结构、硫酸镁溶液水通量和截留率的影响,结果表明;聚砜(PSF)含量增加,凝固浴温度升高、空气浴时间增长时,都可以使膜水通量降低,截留增大,而聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)含量增加时水通量增加,截留率降低。     

管式膜MBR处理垃圾渗滤液过程中膜的性能研究

采用管式膜MBR工艺处理垃圾焚烧场渗滤液,考察了长时间运行下管式膜通量的变化及操作压力、循环流量、温度、污泥含量等对管式膜性能的影响.结果表明,当循环体积流量达到1 000L·h-1、操作压力0.13 MPa时,膜通量达到48.02 L·m-2·h-1,膜通量随着操作压力升高而升高;随着温度的升高膜通量呈上升趋势,当温度达到32.7℃时,平均膜通量达到107.5 L·m-2·h-1;污泥含量对膜通量影响不大,污泥质量浓度在30～45 g·L-1时,膜通量仍能维持在75～100 L-m2·h-1;通过适当的膜清洗(NaClO溶液清洗),管式膜能保持在较高的通量(≥75 L·m-2·h-1,温度27.4～32.1℃)下长时间稳定运行.     

正渗透过程中水与溶质的传递现象

正渗透是一种利用渗透原理的新兴膜技术,近年来在国内外受到了广泛的关注。解析该过程中溶剂水的传递和驱动溶质的反向传递对其发展和应用至为关键。首先开展了两种膜的取向下,正渗透过程中的水通量和溶质反向摩尔通量的实验研究。当驱动溶液在膜分离层侧时,水通量更高,而溶质反向摩尔通量更低,表明水的传递对溶质的反向传递有限制作用。而后分别考察了不同的单一溶质和二元混合溶质作为驱动溶质时,水和溶质的传递现象。当单一中性溶质或电解质作为驱动溶质时,水通量和溶质反向摩尔通量均随驱动溶液浓度的升高而增大;在相同操作条件下,驱动溶质的扩散系数越小,溶质反向摩尔通量越小;中性溶质与电解质混合溶液为驱动溶液时,溶质分子之间存在耦合传递效应。     

正渗透过程中水与溶质的传递现象

正渗透是一种利用渗透原理的新兴膜技术,近年来在国内外受到了广泛的关注。解析该过程中溶剂水的传递和驱动溶质的反向传递对其发展和应用至为关键。首先开展了两种膜的取向下,正渗透过程中的水通量和溶质反向摩尔通量的实验研究。当驱动溶液在膜分离层侧时,水通量更高,而溶质反向摩尔通量更低,表明水的传递对溶质的反向传递有限制作用。而后分别考察了不同的单一溶质和二元混合溶质作为驱动溶质时,水和溶质的传递现象。当单一中性溶质或电解质作为驱动溶质时,水通量和溶质反向摩尔通量均随驱动溶液浓度的升高而增大;在相同操作条件下,驱动溶质的扩散系数越小,溶质反向摩尔通量越小;中性溶质与电解质混合溶液为驱动溶液时,溶质分子之间存在耦合传递效应。     

Investigation on removing recalcitrant toxic organic polluters in coking wastewater by forward osmosis

Investigation was made on the efficiency of two commercial membranes in removing via forward osmosis (FO) the low molecular weight organic compounds typical of coking wastewater. The membranes were supplied by Poten and HTI companies. The organics in the simulated coking water were indole and pyrridine. Under FO mode, the rejection to the organics by Poten membrane was around 50%, whereas that for HTI membrane was obviously higher, ranging from 65% to 74%. The response of the two membranes in terms of Water flux and reverse salt flux (RSF) towards changing feed/draw solution (DS) flow rates in FO mode showed similar tendency, but different degree. Generally, the flux in FO using HTI membranes was lower. For HTI membrane, FO operated with pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) mode was also performed and the overall rejection of the organics was slightly lower than that in FO mode. In the long term FO test within 15 days, both Poten and HTI membranes displayed flux reduction and rejection enhancement. But the variation with Poten membrane was much more obvious. Discussion was carried out about the reasons and the mechanisms behind the FO performance difference between two membranes and the variation in flux and rejection with operation conditions. Characterizations by SEM, FTIR, AFM, XRD and XPS were tried to support the proposed explanations.     

An agent-based simulation with NetLogo platform to evaluate forward osmosis process (PRO Mode)

Forward osmosis (FO), as an emerging technology, is influenced by different factors such as operating conditions, module characteristics, and membrane properties. The general aim of this study was to develop a suitable (flexible, comprehensive, and convenient to use) computational tool which is able to simulate osmosis through an asymmetric membrane oriented in pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) mode in a wide variety of scenarios. For this purpose, an agent-based model was created in NetLogo platform, which is an easy-to-use application environment with graphical visualization abilities and well suited for modeling a complex system evolving over time. The simulation results were validated with empirical data obtained from literature and a great agreement was observed. The effect of various parameters on process performance was investigated in terms of temperature, cross-flow velocity, length of the module, pure water permeability coefficient, and structural parameter of the membrane. Results demonstrated that the increase in all parameters, except structural parameter of the membrane and the length of module led to the increase of average water flux. Moreover, nine different draw solutes were selected in order to assess the influence of net bulk osmotic pressure difference between the draw solution (DS) and feed solution (FS) (known as the driving force of FO process) on water flux. Based on the findings of this paper, the performance of FO process (PRO mode) can be efficiently evaluated using the NetLogo platform.     

正渗透膜分离的研究进展

正渗透是浓度驱动的膜技术,是指水通过选择性渗透膜从高水化学势区域向低水化学势区域的传递过程。本文介绍了正渗透的基本构成（驱动力、汲取液和正渗透膜材料）,指出膜两侧的浓差极化是水通量性能的最大障碍,采用通量模型说明了膜在两种放置方向下存在的内浓差极化和外浓差极化,内浓差极化对驱动力的减小起着重要的作用;论述了膜材料、原料液浓度、汲取液浓度对正渗透和压力延迟渗透水通量的影响;此外,评述了正渗透过程的膜污染和能耗。     

正渗透膜过程中临界通量的影响因素

临界通量是膜过程中一种重要的污染特性指标.采用阶梯汲取液浓度递增法测定不同污染物、架桥离子浓度及膜面流速对正渗透(FO)膜过程临界通量的影响.结果表明,海藻酸钠(SA)、腐殖酸(HA)及二氧化硅(SiO2)污染时FO膜临界通量值分别为29.32,46.35和32.17 L/(m2·h);随 Ca2+浓度由0 mmol/...     

正渗透过程中汲取质反向渗透研究进展

正渗透(FO)作为一种浓度驱动的膜技术,因其膜污染轻、能耗低和回收率高等优点而逐渐成为膜技术领域的研究热点之一。汲取质的反向渗透是正渗透过程中不可忽视的现象,但其研究相对比较滞后。本文主要介绍了汲取质反渗模型的研究进展,分析了渗透压差、膜表面流速、膜结构与膜材料、温度、汲取质种类、膜取向、离子水力半径等因素对汲取质反向渗透的影响情况,并发现汲取质的反向渗透通量可由其浓度或汲取液渗透压的一元多项式表达。总体而言,FO模式的汲取质反渗模型经过不断发展已相对比较完善,而压力阻尼渗透(PRO)模式的反渗模型则缺陷较大,有待进一步研究;此外,关于汲取质反渗过程影响因素及其影响机制的研究对于汲取质、膜材料的选择与开发,以及正渗透过程的优化均具有重要的指导作用,因此会引起越来越多的关注。     

刮刀厚度对聚酰胺正渗透复合膜性能的影响

为考察正渗透过程基膜厚度对膜水通量的作用,有效地提高膜的综合性能,采用浓度2 mol/L的NaCl作为汲取液、去离子水为原料液作为评价系统,考察了刮刀厚度不同对正渗透复合膜性能的影响。结果表明,以筛孔80μm的筛网作为支撑材料,当采用厚度为45μm的刮刀所制备的超滤膜作为支撑材料时,制备所得的正渗透复合膜性能为佳,结构参数S可低至1.086 mm;并具有最好的稳定性以及最佳的污染冲洗恢复效果。     

Potential use of nanofiltration like-forward osmosis membranes for copper ion removal

The discharge of industrial effluent containing heavy metal ions would cause water pollution if such effluent is not properly treated. In this work, the performance of emerging nanofiltration(NF) like-forward osmosis(FO)membrane was evaluated for its efficiency to remove copper ion from water. Conventionally, copper ion is removed from aqueous solution via adsorption and/or ion-exchange method. The engineered osmosis method as proposed in this work considered four commercial NF membranes(i.e., NF90, DK, NDX and PFO) where their separation performances were accessed using synthetic water sample containing 100 mg·L~(-1) copper ion under FO and pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) orientation. The findings indicated that all membranes could achieve almost complete removal of copper regardless of membrane orientation without applying external driving force.The high removal rates were in good agreement with the outcomes of the membranes tested under pressuredriven mode at 1 MPa. The use of appropriate salts as draw solutes enabled the NF membranes to be employed in engineered osmosis process, achieving a relatively low reverse solute flux. The findings showed that the best performing membrane is PFO membrane in which it achieved N 99.4% copper rejection with very minimum reverse solute flux of 1 g·m~(-2)·h~(-1).     

A novel ammonia—carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process

A novel forward (direct) osmosis (FO) desalination process is presented. The process uses an ammonium bicarbonate draw solution to extract water from a saline feed water across a semi-permeable polymeric membrane. Very large osmotic pressures generated by the highly soluble ammonium bicarbonate draw solution yield high water fluxes and can result in very high feed water recoveries. Upon moderate heating, ammonium bicarbonate decomposes into ammonia and carbon dioxide gases that can be separated and recycled as draw solutes, leaving the fresh product water. Experiments with a laboratory-scale FO unit utilizing a flat sheet cellulose tri-acetate membrane demonstrated high product water flux and relatively high salt rejection. The results further revealed that reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are not suitable for the FO process because of relatively low product water fluxes attributed to severe internal concentration polarization in the porous support and fabric layers of the RO membrane.     

Synthesis and characterization of PES/PSF/PEG by immersion precipitation for Mediterranean seawater desalination by FO membrane

In the present study, a simple, inexpensive, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer was used to enhance the hydrophilicity of the forward osmosis (FO) membrane using various PEG concentrations as a pore forming agent in the casting solution of polyethersulfone/polysulfone (PES/PSF) blend membranes. A nonwoven PES/PSF FO blend membrane was fabricated via the immersion precipitation phase inversion technique. The membrane dope solution was cast on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nonwoven fabric. The results revealed that PEG is a pore forming agent and that adding PEG promotes membrane hydrophilicity. The membrane with 1 wt% PEG (PEG1) had about 27% lower contact angle than the pristine blend membrane. The PEG1 membrane has less tortuosity (which reduces from 3.4–2.73), resulting in a smaller structure parameter (S value) of 277 μm, due to the presence of open pores on the bottom surface structure, which results in diminished ICP. Using 1 M NaCl as the draw solution and distilled water as the feed solution, the PEG1 membrane exhibited higher water flux (136 L m⁻² h⁻¹) and lower reverse salt flux (1.94 g m⁻² h⁻¹). Also, the selectivity of the membrane, specific reverse salt flux, (J_s/J_w) showed lower values (0.014 g/L). Actually, the PEG1 membrane has a 34.6% higher water flux than the commercial nonwoven-cellulose triacetate (NW-CTA) membrane. By means of varied concentrations of NaCl salt solution (0.6, 1, 1.5, and 2 M), the membrane with 1 wt% PEG showed improved FO separation performance with permeate water fluxes of 108, 136, 142, and 163 L m⁻² h⁻¹. In this work, we extend a promising gate for designing fast water flux PES/PSF/PEG FO blend membranes for water desalination.