满液型海水淡化蒸发器的换热特性研究

海水淡化装置，太阳能或余热吸收式制冷机中的蒸发换热器目前使用管排外降膜式蒸发方式。如将传热管束紧凑排列置于饱和状态液体中则变为满液式蒸发换热器，利用传热管束间受限空间内早期沸腾强化换热机理，将中小热负荷条件下的自然对流换热转化为核沸腾换热，在间隙尺寸适宜时，其换热性能可能优于降膜式蒸发换热器。该研究以盐水为实验工质，对紧凑传热管束受限空间的沸腾换热进行了实验研究，确认了满液式蒸发换热器也具有很好的换热性能，在中小热负荷条件下甚至超过降膜式蒸发换热器。     

紧凑传热管束爱限空间内沸腾强化换热特性

海水淡化装置以及太阳能或余热吸收式制冷机中的蒸发换热器,采用管排我降膜式蒸发方式,它具有很多优点,但管间距离较大,以致尺寸较大,供液方式较复杂。将传热管束紧凑排列置于饱和状态液体中,将其变为满液式蒸发换热器,利用传热管束间受限空间内早期沸腾强化机理,将中小热负荷条件下的自然对流换热转化为核沸腾换热,在间隙尺寸适宜时,其换热性能可能优于降膜式蒸发换热器。     

紧凑型强化传热管管束受限空间内沸腾强化换热特性

采用满液式蒸发换热器，利用强化传热管管束受限空间内早期沸腾强化机理，将中小热负荷条件下的自然对流换热转化为核沸腾换热。其换热性能大大优于降膜式蒸发换热器。对紧凑型滚压表面传热管管束在受限空间内沸腾强化换热进行实验研究，确认了满液式蒸发换热器使用紧凑型滚压强化管束具有良好的换热性能，在小管间距时有显著的沸腾换热复合强化效应。     

紧凑满液型叉排管束蒸发换热器内水的沸腾强化换热特性

采用紧凑满液型蒸发换热器,利用水平传热管叉排管束狭窄空间内早期沸腾强化换热机理将中小热负 荷条件下的自然对流换热转化为旺盛核沸腾换热,换热性能大大优于传统的降膜式蒸发换热器。对水平传热管 管束在受限空间内沸腾强化换热进行实验研究,确认了紧凑满液式水平管蒸发换热器具有良好的换热性能,传 热管在管束中的位置对换热特性已经没有明显影响,随着压力增加,受限空间内沸腾强化换热强化效果显著增 加。     

强化传热管束狭窄空间内R_11的沸腾换热特性

对紧凑型滚压面传热管管束狭窄空间内R－11的沸腾强化换热进行了实验研究,确认了由紧凑型滚压强化管束组成的满液式蒸发换热器具有良好的换热性能。其原理是利用强化传热管管束狭窄空间提前从自然对流换热转换为旺盛核沸腾换热,实验结果确认了管束形成的狭窄空间和强化传热面两种强化技术对沸腾换热的强化效果不能简单叠加。     

低压条件下紧凑式顺排管束满液型蒸发换热器的强化换热特性研究

提出了一种新型紧凑式顺排光滑管束组成的满液式蒸发换热器。在低压条件下对水平光滑顺排管束的小空间内沸腾强化换热特性进行了实验研究,确认了管距、管位置和运行压力对强化换热性能的影响。实验表明存在一个能得到最大强化换热效果的最佳管距,这一最佳管距接近沸腾气泡的脱离直径。压力对强化换热效果也有重要影响:随着压力降低,强化换热效果也逐步减弱。实验结果对高效节能型蒸发换热器设计提供了设计基础。     

紧凑高效型水平管束降膜蒸发换热器的实验研究

在大气压条件下使用单列和3列叉排光滑管和滚压强化换热管紧凑管束进行了水降膜蒸发换热实验,确认了滚压管在中,低热负荷范围内能够增强换热系数3～4倍,有很好的沸腾强化换热性能。管间距及液膜溅射损失对蒸发换热特性影响很小。同时也考察了单列和3列管束换热特性闯的差异。实验发现这种差异在低雷诺数区域时更加明显。     

复间冷系统凝汽器管内换热的数值模拟与优化

对电站空冷凝汽器管壳式换热管内氨进行汽液两相流蒸发沸腾的数值模拟,将换热器简化为研究单根水平换热管,分析了不同管壁温度、液氨进口流速、入口温度对沸腾传热性能的影响。确定最优管壁温度、进口流速、入口温度的组合形式。结果表明:壁面温度为302.96K、进口流速为0.1m/s、入口温度为278.15K时换热管的换热效果最佳。     

多管型套管式换热器传热与流阻性能试验研究

多管型套管式换热器是在大尺寸外管的内部布置多根内管所构成的换热设备 ,与单根内管的套管式换热器相比 ,流量大幅增加 ,选用螺纹内管和管间折流板可以强化传热。对于多管型套管式换热器的传热性能试验 ,采用修正威尔逊法进行试验计算 ,得出了两种多管型套管式换热器的传热与流动阻力性能试验结果。     

分离式热管蒸发段的试验研究

该文采用加热石英玻璃管和无缝钢管模拟分离式热管的蒸发段。对例题的充液。流和传热特性进行了系统的试验和理论分析。作者着重分析了核态沸腾传热区及飞溅降膜区的换热原理，试验数据回归整理李相应了换热系数无量钢准则关系式，与试验数据吻合较好；同时将这两个关系式分别与大空间沸腾传热及整体式热管蒸发段降膜传热区传热进行了比较，得出了极为有用的结论。     

Enhancement of boiling heat transfer in restricted spaces in compact horizontal tube bundles

ln desalinization devices and some heat exchangers making use of low‐quality heat energy, both wall temperatures and heat fluxes of heated tubes are quite low and generally cannot cause boiling in flooded‐type tube bundle evaporators with a large tube spacing. But when the tube spacing is very small, boiling in restricted spaces can occur and induce a higher heat transfer than that of a falling film or pool boiling at the same heat flux. This study investigated experimentally the effects of tube spacing, positions of tubes, and heating status of tubes as well as surface status (smooth and roll‐worked) on boiling in restricted spaces in compact horizontal tube bundle evaporators under atmospheric pressure. The experimental results provide a restricted space boiling database for water in smooth and enhanced surface tube bundles. Of particular importance is information concerning the influence of tube spacing of flooded‐type tube bundle evaporators, especially for the case of zero pitch, when the neighboring tubes are contacting each other. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(5): 394–401, 2001     

Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer of Water/Salt Mixtures in the Restricted Space of the Compact Tube Bundle

In desalinization devices and some heat exchangers making use of low-quality heat energy, both the wall temperature and the heat flux of the heated tubes are generally quite low, hence cannot cause boiling in flooded-type tube bundle evaporators with a large tube spacing. But when the tube spacing is quite small, incipient boiling can occur in the restricted space and results in higher heat transfer than that in a falling-film evaporator or during pool boiling at the same heat flux. This study experimentally investigates the effects of the tube spacing, the positions of tubes, and the salt-water concentration on bundle boiling heat transfer of salt water in the restricted space of the compact tube bundle evaporator under atmospheric pressure. The experimental results provide a restricted space boiling database for salt water in the compact tube bundle. Of particular importance is information concerning the influences of the tube spacing of the tube bundle and the concentration of salt water in desalination evaporators.     

Falling Films on Arrays of Horizontal Tubes with R-134a,Part I: Boiling Heat Transfer Results for Four Types of Tubes

A new falling film heat transfer test facility has been built for the measurement of local heat transfer coefficients on a vertical array of horizontal tubes, including flow visualization capabilities, for use with refrigerants. Presently, the facility has been used for evaporation tests on four types of tubes at three tube pitches and three nominal heat flux levels for R-134a at 5°C. A new method for determining local heat transfer coefficients using hot water heating has been applied, and test results for a wide range of liquid film Reynolds numbers have been measured for arrays made of plain, Turbo-BII HP, Gewa-B, and High-Flux tubes. The results show that there is a transition to partial dryout as the film Reynolds number is reduced, marked by a sharp falloff in heat transfer. Above this transition, the heat transfer coefficients are nearly insensitive to the film Reynolds number, apparently because vigorous nucleate boiling is always seen in the liquid film. The corresponding nucleate pool boiling data for the four types of tubes were also measured for direct comparison purposes. Overall, about 15,000 local heat transfer data points were obtained in this study as a function of heat flux, film Reynolds number, tube spacing, and type.     

Enhanced boiling heat transfer in restricted spaces of a compact tube bundle with enhanced tubes

In flooded-type tube bundle evaporators with smooth tubes and general tube gaps, both wall superheat and heat flux are generally quite low and boiling cannot occur on the heated tubes. But when the tube gap is quite small or the enhanced heat transfer tubes are employed, the incipient boiling can occur at low heat flux levels and results in a significant heat transfer enhancement effect. This study investigates experimentally enhancement effects by the restricted space comprising the compact tube bundle and the enhanced tubes for boiling heat transfer of pure water and salt-water mixtures under atmospheric pressure. The experimental results show that the small tube gaps can greatly enhance boiling heat transfer for the compact enhanced tube bundle.     

Heat and mass transfer in wavy falling films of binary mixtures

Heat and mass transfer in an evaporating two-component falling liquid film are considered. Based on physical phenomena of the transport processes, models for the laminar and the turbulent-wavy falling film are presented. A comparison with experimental data shows that the laminar model is only applicable for restricted conditions. Predicted heat transfer coefficients of the turbulent-wavy model are compared with data from experiments with water and water–ethylene glycol as test fluid for Reynolds numbers between 250 and 420. The model predicts well the experimental data.     

Experimental investigation of falling film evaporation on horizontal tubes

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation relating to heat transfer during evaporation of thin liquid films falling over horizontal tubes. Experiments were conducted using 25 mm o.d. copper tubes heated by internal electrical cartridge heaters so that a uniform heat flux was generated on the outside tube surface. Five heated tubes were arrayed on a vertical plane with a pitch of 50 mm. Freon R-11 preheated to the saturation temperature at 0.2 MPa was supplied to the topmost heated tube through feeding tubes. Heat transfer characteristics on each heated tube were clarified in a range of film Reynolds number from 10 to 2000 and the measured data are presented in the form of correlations. Deterioration of heat transfer due to film break down was also considered. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 27(8): 609–618, 1998     

Heat Transfer and Crisis Phenomena at the Film Flows of Freon Mixture over Vertical Structured Surfaces

Results on experimental investigation of heat transfer in the liquid films dichlorofluoromethane R21 and dichlorotetrafluoroethane R114 Freon mixture over the vertical tubes are presented. We have studied the film flow over the outer surface of tubes with 50-mm diameter and different configurations: smooth surface, horizontal ribs, and diamond-shape knurling. Heat transfer coefficients were measured under the conditions of evaporation and nucleate boiling together with wave characteristics of the falling film, binary mixture composition, and critical heat fluxes corresponding to dry spots formation. The film Reynolds number at the inlet to the test section was varied from 15 to 250. At evaporation regime the heat transfer coefficient for a smooth surface decreases classically with an increase of Reynolds number. Dependence of heat transfer coefficient on irrigation density for the surface with diamond-shape knurling is similar to dependence for the smooth surface with insignificant heat transfer intensification. The heat transfer coefficients at nucleate boiling for the studied structured surfaces are close to those obtained for the smooth tube. Development of critical phenomena is determined by regularities of dry spots formation typical for evaporation of the wavy liquid film.     

Effects of radius and heat transfer on the profile of evaporating thin liquid film and meniscus in capillary tubes

The physical and mathematical models are established to account for the formation of evaporating thin liquid film and meniscus in capillary tubes. The core vapor flow is due to gradient of vapor pressure, which is mainly contributed by the shear stress at vapor-liquid interface. The liquid film flow is owing to gradients of capillary pressure and disjoining pressure. The heat transfer is composed of liquid film conduction and evaporation at vapor-liquid interface. The mass balance of vapor flow is considered to obtain the vapor velocity, this can evade directly solving the rarefied gas velocity field.In regard to the capillary tubes of micron scale, the calculation results show that, the bigger the inner radius or the smaller the heat flow, the longer the evaporating interfacial region will be. There only exists meniscus near the wall, and nearby the axial center is flat interface. While as to the capillary tubes of scale about 100 μm, the evaporating interfacial region will increase with heat flux. Compared with capillaries of micron scale, the meniscus region will extend to the center of capillary axis. These can be tentatively explained as strong influence of the thin liquid film.For the capillary tubes of radius about 100 μm, the experimental results indicate that the apparent contact angles and meniscus profiles can almost coincide with those of the theoretical values.     

Contribution of thin-film evaporation during flow boiling inside microchannels

Flow boiling through microchannels is characterized by nucleation and growth of vapor bubbles that fill the entire channel cross-sectional area. As the bubbles nucleate and grow inside the microchannel, a thin film of liquid or a microlayer gets trapped between the bubbles and the channel walls. The heat transfer mechanism present at the channel walls during flow boiling is studied numerically. It is then compared to the heat transfer mechanisms present during nucleate pool boiling and in a moving evaporating meniscus. Increasing contact angle improved wall heat transfer in case of nucleate boiling and moving evaporating meniscus but not in the case of flow boiling inside a microchannel. It is shown that the thermal and the flow fields present inside the microchannel around a bubble are fundamentally different as compared to nucleate pool boiling or in a moving evaporating meniscus. It is explained why thin-film evaporation is the dominant heat transfer mechanism and is responsible for creating an apparent nucleate boiling effect inside a microchannel.