低密度聚乙烯–蒙脱土纳米复合材料的电树枝生长特性

绝缘材料的电树枝生长特性分析是评估其绝缘性能的重要方法之一。采用熔融插层复合法制备了一种低密度聚乙烯–蒙脱土纳米复合材料,设计制作了纳米复合材料的电树枝生长试样及实验系统,在实验中观测了恒定电压下试样中电树枝生长过程及电树枝形态,测量了试样中电树枝的生长速度与扩散系数,分析了电树枝的局部放电统计特性。通过分析低密度聚乙烯–蒙脱土纳米复合材料的结晶行为,说明了纳米蒙脱土对该纳米复合材料中电树枝的抑制机制。实验与分析结果表明:纳米蒙脱土粒子有效提高了低密度聚乙烯的结晶度并减小了晶粒尺寸。同时,纳米蒙脱土粒子有利于降低纳米复合材料电树枝局部放电量与放电重复率,延缓了电树枝的引发与生长。     

XLPE/OMMT纳米复合电介质力学性能和水树枝特性研究

为了研究交联行为对纳米复合电介质力学性能和水树枝特性的影响,采用熔融共混的方法分别制备了聚乙烯/蒙脱土(PE/OMMT)和交联聚乙烯/蒙脱土(XLPE/OMMT)两种纳米复合材料,并对其拉伸性能、动态力学性能和水树枝老化特性进行测试.结果表明:有机化蒙脱土(OMMT)加入到XLPE中起到物理交联点和应力分散的作用,使纳米复合材料的拉伸强度增大、韧性增强.均匀分散的OMMT片层阻热和物理支撑的双重作用提高了纳米复合材料高温区的储能模量.纳米复合材料的水树枝引发时间较短,OMMT片层有利于缓冲水分子的伸缩变形对分子链的冲击,水树枝生长长度较小.而交联后形成的三维网状结构使纳米复合材料承受形变的能力增强,具有更优的抗水树枝性能.     

化学交联方式对聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响

为研究化学交联对聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响,选用低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）、过氧化物交联聚乙烯、硅烷交联聚乙烯作为试验材料。采用水针电极法培养水树枝,用金相显微镜观测水树枝的形态,并统计了水树枝的尺寸和引发率;同时观测了试样的结晶形态,测定了试样的结晶度、交联度和杂质质量分数,并对比分析了交联前后及不同交联方式试样的电气...     

冷却介质对低密度聚乙烯电树枝老化特性的影响

低密度聚乙烯是电力电缆的主要绝缘材料,电树枝生长特性分析是评估电缆绝缘性能的基础。为此选用冰水、空气和硅油3种不同介质对聚乙烯进行淬火处理,采用针板电极设计出试样的电树枝生长实验系统,通过实时数字显微摄像系统对试样中电树枝生长过程进行了观测,采用差示扫描量热法分析了试样的结晶度和晶粒尺寸均匀性,采集了试样的局部放电数据并对数据进行了统计分析。试验与分析结果表明:硅油冷却聚乙烯电树枝增长速度与扩散系数均小于冰水、空气冷却试样;3种试样中,硅油冷却聚乙烯结晶度最高,晶粒尺寸分布最均匀,放电量与放电重复率较低;冰水冷却聚乙烯结晶度最低,放电量与放电重复率较高。     

冷却介质对低密度聚乙烯空间电荷输运特性的影响

低密度聚乙烯是高压电力电缆的主要绝缘材料,空间电荷被认为是影响电力电缆绝缘安全可靠性的关键因素之一。为此,选用冰水、空气和硅油3种不同冷却方式对聚乙烯试品进行淬火处理,采用电声脉冲法测量系统对聚乙烯试品中空间电荷的消散特性进行了测试,并结合阶梯式升压试验测定空间电荷阈值场强,根据空间电荷限制电流理论推导出总电荷量与电荷迁移率,采用差示扫描量热法分析了试样的结晶度和晶粒尺寸均匀性。试验与分析结果表明:硅油冷却聚乙烯电荷视在迁移率大于冰水、空气冷却试样;3种试样中,硅油冷却聚乙烯结晶度较高,晶粒尺寸分布较均匀,阈值场强较高,而冰水冷却聚乙烯结晶度、晶粒分布均匀性与阈值场强较低。     

蒙脱土改性聚乙烯复合材料的高场介电性能研究

利用熔融插层法制备了聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料,研究蒙脱土对聚乙烯介电性能的影响。研究分析了纯聚乙烯和不同的聚乙烯/蒙脱土复合材料的树枝化性能,通过直流预电应力电树引发试验,探讨了空间电荷的极性效应对不同材料树枝化性能的影响。试验结果表明:与纯聚乙烯和其他复合材料相比,加入相容剂的聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的电树潜伏期更长,电树生长速度更慢,而且显示出与LDPE不同的极性效应。不同材料的热激电流(TSC)试验结果显示:聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的松弛时间分布展宽,峰值增高,说明在纳米复合材料中引入了更多的陷阱能级,这些陷阱调制了载流子浓度和迁移率,从而抑制了树枝的起始与生长。     

改性XLPE材料的水树枝抑制特性研究

为提高交联聚乙烯(XLPE)的抗水树枝性能,分别将片层状纳米蒙脱土(MMT)、球型纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)和极性乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)与XLPE熔融共混,制备出3种改性XLPE材料,并对其进行加速水树枝老化试验。结果表明:纯XLPE试样的水树枝生长长度较长且分形复杂,而添加纳米颗粒和极性共聚物的改性试样,其水树枝生长长度减小且分形维数降低,表明改性试样具有较好的抑制水树枝的能力;水树枝老化后,纯XLPE试样和改性XLPE试样水树区的羰基指数均高于非水树区,说明水树枝老化是电化学降解的作用;改性试样水树枝老化后,水树区的结晶度低于非水树区,结晶能力变差。     

XLPE/OMMT纳米复合材料水树枝老化特性的研究

通过熔融共混法分别以EEA、EVA为相容剂制备了聚合物/蒙脱土(XLPE/OMMT)纳米复合材料。采用水针法对试样进行水树老化,并通过显微镜观察水树枝形态,研究OMMT用量、两种相容剂和有机插层剂种类对水树枝的影响。结果表明:与纯XLPE相比,添加OMMT的复合材料的水树枝生长长度明显减小,采用EVA作为相容剂可有效提高XLPE/OMMT复合材料的抗水树枝性能,有机插层剂对水树枝的生长长度影响较小。     

聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合物的显微结构及其树枝化性能

电树枝是一种发生在高分子材料中的电致裂纹现象,是一种严重威胁以高聚物为主要绝缘材料的电力设备运行安全的电老化现象.为了分析蒙脱土对聚乙烯电树枝化的抑制作用,本文采用熔融插层法制备了聚乙烯/蒙脱土(PE/MMT)复合材料,通过扫描电子显微镜对其结构进行了表征,证实了该复合材料基本上达到了纳米数量级,即形成了纳米复合材料.试验研究了交、直流电压作用下纯聚乙烯(PE)和PE/MMT纳米复合材料的树枝化特性(如电树生长速度、分形维数等特征),结果表明聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料对电树具有较好的抑制效果.     

电场诱导蒙脱土在聚乙烯中取向分散及对其电树枝特性影响研究

为提高低密度聚乙烯(low-density polyethylene,LDPE)材料的抗电树枝老化能力,提出采用交流电场诱导蒙脱土(montmorillonite,MMT)片层,以实现其在低密度聚乙烯中取向分散的方法。首先,设计了电场诱导实验装置,用工频交流电场对熔融状态下的低密度聚乙烯/蒙脱土(LDPE/MMT)复合材料进行诱导实验;其次,通过测试材料的 X 射线衍射谱、紫外光透射率和材料断面、表面的扫描电子显微图片,表征了电场诱导对MMT在LDPE中的取向分散影响;最后,对比观察了电场诱导前后LDPE/MMT复合材料中的电树枝的引发和生长特性的差异。结果表明,电场诱导有助于MMT片层在LDPE中均匀分散,且使得MMT片层沿平行于电场的方向发生偏转,诱导后的 LDPE/MMT复合材料在垂直于取向电场的方向上具有更好地抑制电树枝的能力。     

Water treeing in binary linear polyethylene blends: the mechanicalaspect

Water treeing tests were performed on low density polyethylene (LDPE) and four different binary blends of sharp linear polyethylene (LPE) fractions (M_w=2500 and 76000), which were either quenched in air from the melt or isothermally crystallised at 123°C. Although the morphology and initial mechanical properties of the materials tested were significantly different, the vented tree growth characteristics were similar for all of them. This is in disagreement with the electromechanical models of water treeing, which correlate water tree growth with the fracture toughness of the material. Time to breakdown distributions were also similar for both LDPE and the binary LPE blends, which indicates that, regardless of the initial material morphology and the actual structure of water trees, the length of water trees is one of the controlling factors in insulation failure. The visible light image of water trees in LPE blends did not disappear upon drying as it usually does in LDPE and crosslinked polyethylene insulation     

The fractal analysis of water trees: an estimate of the fractaldimension

Water trees result from ac electrical aging of the polymeric insulation of medium and HV power cables in a humid or wet environment. As suggested by their name, they arise from penetration of water in the polymer. Visual observation with the help of an optical microscope shows tree (bush) type structures. This suggests that water trees might be fractal objects. Calculation of the fractal dimension from experimental samples may confirm the fractal characteristics and also give information on the damage caused to the polymer. In this work images of water trees taken under the optical microscope, dyed by methylene blue and etched for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were studied in order to estimate the fractal dimension using a box-counting algorithm. The photographs, made using an optical microscope (scale of 100 μm), of the dyed samples were obtained from laboratory-aged low-density polyethylene (LDPE) specimens using accelerated techniques. Different field amplitude and frequency and also time of aging were used and the dimension values were compared. SEM images resulting from aged cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables revealed a structure at a different scale (~3 μm). Each photograph was analyzed to compare regions with and without water trees     

Investigation of Water Tree Degradation in Dry‐Cured and Extruded Three‐Layer (E‐E Type) 6.6‐kV Removed XLPE Cables

Dry‐cured and extruded three‐layer (E‐E type) 6.6‐kV cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables were introduced into electric power systems more than 30 years ago, but they do not experience failures because of water tree degradation. Also, the degradation index of water treeing for these cables has not been established. Therefore, investigating results of residual breakdown voltage and water tree degradation of these cables will help us plan for cable replacement and determine water tree degradation diagnosis scheduling, and will be fundamental data for cable lifetime evaluation. In this study, the authors measured the ac breakdown voltages of dry‐cured and E‐E type 6.6‐kV XLPE cables removed after 18 to 25 years of operation and observed the water trees in their XLPE insulation. As a result, it was observed that breakdown voltages were larger than the maximum operating voltage (6.9 kV) and the ac voltage for the dielectric withstanding test (10.3 kV). Water trees were mainly bow‐tie water trees and their maximum length was approximately 1 mm. Although the number of measured cables was limited, the lifetime of this type of cable was estimated to be approximately 40 years, even experiencing water immersion.     

Understanding Electrical Performance and Microstructure of Water Tree Aged Cables after Silicone Injection during Electrical-Thermal Accelerated Aging

To further understand the long-term effect of rejuvenation fluid on water tree aged cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables after silicone injection, electrical performance and microstructure of water tree aged cables were investigated during an electrical-thermal accelerated aging experiment. Two groups of treated and untreated water tree aged cable samples were subjected to electrical-thermal aging for 2 weeks. The results of the dielectric loss factor showed that the electrical performance of the treated samples was significantly better than that of untreated samples after electrical-thermal aging. Microobservation results showed that the overall water tree sizes of the treated samples were much smaller than those of the untreated samples after electrical-thermal aging. Furthermore, there was a second growth of water trees in the original water tree region during electrical-thermal aging in both groups of samples. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), rejuvenation fillers were observed tightly embedded in water tree voids after electrical-thermal aging. The infrared (IR) spectroscopy analysis results showed that the concentration of rejuvenation fluid increased from the outer layer to the inner layer of insulation. Based on the results, due to the improvement of the electric field at the water tree tip and the diffusion of silicone fluid in the insulation layer, both the second growth in the original water tree region and continuing growth at the water tree tip can be effectively inhibited.     

交联聚乙烯电缆水树缺陷的修复方法研究

采用硅氧烷修复液修复交联聚乙烯电缆老化试样中的水树,进而分析修复效果及机理。将介质损耗因数为4%～6%,绝缘电阻7 500～10 000 MΩ的短电缆在7.5 kV 450 Hz交流电压下老化至介质损耗因数达到20%左右,绝缘电阻3 500～5 000 MΩ。然后用压力注入式修复装置把修复液注入缆芯对水树缺陷进行修复。以介质损耗因数、绝缘电阻和击穿电压为指标对修复效果进行评判;通过显微镜切片观察修复前后水树微观形态;通过仿真修复前后水树附近电场分布来分析和验证水树的修复机理。实验结果证明,修复液可以充分与电缆水树中的水发生反应生成胶状聚合物填充水树通道;修复后电缆介质损耗因数、绝缘电阻和击穿电压恢复到新电缆水平;改善了绝缘层电场分布;有效地抑制了水树生长。实验表明,该修复液可有效修复电缆中的水树缺陷,提高电缆绝缘水平。     

Observation of water tree growth in polyethylene in real time

The growth of water trees that lead to breakdown in polyethylene insulation of underground power cables is studied in real time, using a special observation cell for polyethylene that can be placed on the stage of a conventional microscope. The growth of the water tree was followed by time-lapse photography. Sample results are given. The water tree is shown to grow from a single streamer to a bushlike structure. This structure acts as an electrode, and the cycle repeats, with another streamer being sent out     

Condition assessment of 12- and 24-kV XLPE cables installed during the 80s. Results from a joint Norwegian/Swedish research project

This paper reports the results from the condition assessment of 12- and 24-kV cross-linked polyethylene (XPLE) cables using a technique based on dielectric spectroscopy initially developed at KTH in Sweden. The work aims to examine whether the method could detect water tree degradation for the second generation medium voltage (MV) cables with long, but not bridging, water trees. While the overall cable condition was better than expected for second generation XPLE cables, water trees were found in most of the selected cables. The diagnostic method based on the measurement of the dielectric response could only detect water tree degradation in the examined second generation cables when the water trees bridged the insulation wall. Condition assessment above service stress may, in some cases, be required to detect bridging water trees. The results indicate that there is a correlation between the voltage level and the breakdown voltage of the cable. This can be used as a diagnostic criterion for this group of cables.     

在线注入有机硅修复液对交联聚乙烯电缆中水树生长的影响

提出了水树老化电缆的在线修复方法,讨论了在交变电场下修复液对水树的抑制作用及其绝缘修复机理。采用高频高压水针电极法对新样本、预修复样本和在线修复样本进行加速水树老化。老化一个月后,使用显微镜观察样本中水树形态并测量其水树长度。通过差示扫描量热法分析样本绝缘层的劣化程度,同时利用扫描电镜和能谱分析仪对比水树区域的微观形貌及化学结构变化。研究表明,在线注入有机硅修复液能有效地抑制水树的生长。在电场的作用下,修复液分子和水分子同时向强电场区域(如微孔、水树区域等)进行扩散并发生反应,消耗水分并且生成凝胶颗粒填充微孔,一定程度上缓解了绝缘的劣化。     

Evaluation of jacket materials and configurations and effect ofmoisture absorbing materials on preventing water tree growth in powercables

Polymer insulated medium voltage cables have experienced premature failures in-service, due in large part to water treeing. Research has shown that the initiation sites of these water trees are often located where there are stress enhancements at the insulation/semiconducting shield interface and where water soluble contaminants permeate into the insulation. Material suppliers, cable manufacturers and users have introduced improved materials and cable designs as well as processing, manufacturing, transport, storage, and installation techniques that minimize contamination. Despite these advancements, gradual contamination can still occur due to the diffusion of ground water into the insulation. In fact, certain contaminants that are carried through the semiconductor/insulation shield interfaces tend to promote water tree growth. Manufacturers are now beginning to recognise this problem and have suggested the use of moisture resistant cables with jackets made of PVC, polyethylene or metal/polymer laminates along with underjacket water absorbing materials. This paper discusses the effectiveness of different jackets and materials and presents data on the effectiveness of water absorbing materials in delaying water permeation into the insulation. A simple and efficient cable-cell technique was developed which monitored the effectiveness of complete cable designs, by measuring the long-term water permeation resistance of short lengths of distribution class cables