介孔硅酸锰镁可充镁电池正极材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

采用介孔二氧化硅MCM-41作模板和硅源, 合成了具有介孔结构的可充镁电池正极材料硅酸锰镁. 分别用XRD、SEM、TEM和氮气吸脱附测试研究了合成材料的介孔结构, 并通过循环伏安、恒电流充放电测试比较了介孔与无孔硅酸锰镁材料的电化学性能. 由于介孔材料活性表面较大, 可增加电解液与活性材料的接触, 使材料具有较多的电化学反应位. 因而, 与相应的无孔材料相比, 具有介孔结构的硅酸锰镁材料呈现出较低的充放电极化、较大的放电容量和较高的放电电压平台. 在0.25 mol/L Mg(AlCl₂EtBu)₂/THF 电解液中, 0.2 C(约62.8 mA/g)充放电速率下, 介孔硅酸锰镁材料首次放电容量可达到241.8 mAh/g, 放电平台为1.65 V ( vs Mg/Mg²⁺). 设计具有介孔结构的材料为提高可充镁电池正极的电化学性能提供了一条有效的途径.     

镁二次电池正极材料研究进展

自然界中镁储量丰富,镁二次电池在大负荷储能设备方面具有良好的发展前景。然而,正极材料的寻找和改进一直是镁二次电池的难点。对近几年镁二次电池正极材料的主要研究进展进行了介绍,着重总结了已报道的具有各种独特微纳米尺寸结构的材料,结果表明材料的介观结构和微观结构(原子排布)对材料的性能都有着至关重要的影响。表现出良好性能的微纳米尺寸结构可被类似体系或材料所参考。     

High-Energy Interlayer-Expanded Copper Sulfide Cathode Material in Non-Corrosive Electrolyte for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMB) have been regarded as an alternative to lithium-based batteries because of their abundant elemental resource, high theoretical volumetric capacity, and multi-electron redox reaction without the dendrite formation of magnesium metal anode. However, their development is impeded by their poor electrode/electrolyte compatibility and the strong Coulombic effect of the multivalent Mg²⁺ ions in cathode materials. Herein, copper sulfide material is developed as a high-energy cathode for RMBs with a non-corrosive Mg-ion electrolyte. Given the benefit of its optimized interlayer structure, good compatibility with the electrolyte, and enhanced surface area, the as-prepared copper sulfide cathode exhibits unprecedented electrochemical Mg-ion storage properties, with the highest specific capacity of 477 mAh g⁻¹ and gravimetric energy density of 415 Wh kg⁻¹ at 50 mA g⁻¹, among the reported cathode materials of metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, and polyanion-type compounds for RMBs. Notably, an impressive long-term cycling performance with a stable capacity of 111 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 C (560 mA g⁻¹) is achieved over 1000 cycles. The results of the present study offer an avenue for designing high-performance cathode materials for RMBs and other multivalent batteries.     

Cathode Architectures for Rechargeable Ion Batteries: Progress and Perspectives

To satisfy the rising demand for energy, battery electrodes with higher loading, to simultaneously increase areal energy and power, are necessary. Nevertheless, in conventional thin-film electrodes, there is mutual exclusion between energy (capacity) and power. Increasing the thickness of electrodes alone is not feasible since this will lead to reductions in ion-diffusion efficiency, as well as electrode flexibility. To address this difficulty, 3D electrode architectures, especially cathode architectures, are proposed to pave a new path for the design and optimization of battery devices. Recent research suggests that 3D cathode architectures may optimize the configuration and engineering processes of battery technologies. Herein, the state-of-the-art progress of cathode architectures in various rechargeable-ion-battery technologies is summarized. Emphasis is placed on the different architecture strategies, areal loading, and mechanical understanding of 3D electrodes. Upcoming research directions are further outlined for future development in this field.     

钠离子电池铁基正极材料的研究进展

随着锂电池在新能源汽车和大型定置装备上的应用,稀有金属锂(Li)供应短缺问题日益凸显。因而发展钠离子可充电池尤其是室温钠离子电池受到了全球范围内的重视。相比于其他正极材料,铁基正极材料具有电位高,储量丰富等优势。综述了当前国内外各类钠离子铁基正极材料最新研究进展,介绍了其结构特征和电化学性能,总结了各类型铁基正极材料应用于钠离子电池的优缺点。最后提出新型的高电压聚硫酸根离子铁基正极材料具有诱人的应用前景。     

锂离子电池磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备及改性研究进展

橄榄石型磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)由于安全性能好、循环寿命长、原材料来源广泛、无环境污染等优点被公认为是最具发展潜力的锂离子动力与储能电池正极材料。综述了近年来磷酸铁锂正极材料在制备和改性方面的最新进展。在此基础上,提出了磷酸铁锂正极材料未来的主要研究和发展方向。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi-x-yCoxMnyO2的研究现状

正极材料对锂离子电池的性能和价格具有决定性的作用，对正极材料的研究一直是锂离子电池研究中的热点。主要对一类新型正极材料LiNi-x-yCoxMnyO2的国内外研究现状进行了综述，并比较了不同合成方法对其电化学性能的影响，最后对这类正极材料的研究给予了展望。     

锂离子电池正极材料的研制新进展

综述了锂离子电池正极材料的最近发展动态,着重介绍了被修饰的正极材料、O3-LiCoO2、LiFeO2的合成方法及电化学性能。展望了锂离子正极材料的发展趋势。     

微波加热在锂离子电池正极材料合成中的应用

近年来,微波加热技术由于独特的加热机理及加热快速均匀、节能高效、易于控制等特点受到了国内外研究者的广泛关注。本文重点介绍了微波加热在层状、尖晶石型及橄榄石型正极材料合成中的应用,认为采用微波加热技术合成正极材料,在合成效率、电极材料微观结构及电化学性能上,与传统的加热方式相比,都有一定的改善,并对微波加热技术合成锂离子电池正极材料的前景进行了展望。这对于推动正极材料的商业化进程具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

锂离子电池正极材料的研究进展

综述了锂离子电池正极材料Ｌｉ－Ｃｏ－Ｏ、Ｌｉ－Ｎｉ－Ｏ、Ｌｉ－Ｍｎ－Ｏ体系及Ｌｉ－Ｖ－Ｏ、Ｌｉ－Ｔｉ－Ｏ等体系的研究进展,重点介绍了合成方法及其对性能的影响,并对有关文献进行了比较归纳,指出研究中存在的问题。     

Defect Engineering on Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries

The reasonable design of electrode materials for rechargeable batteries plays an important role in promoting the development of renewable energy technology. With the in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying electrode reactions and the rapid development of advanced technology, the performance of batteries has significantly been optimized through the introduction of defect engineering on electrode materials. A large number of coordination unsaturated sites can be exposed by defect construction in electrode materials, which play a crucial role in electrochemical reactions. Herein, recent advances regarding defect engineering in electrode materials for rechargeable batteries are systematically summarized, with a special focus on the application of metal-ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and metal–air batteries. The defects can not only effectively promote ion diffusion and charge transfer but also provide more storage/adsorption/active sites for guest ions and intermediate species, thus improving the performance of batteries. Moreover, the existing challenges and future development prospects are forecast, and the electrode materials are further optimized through defect engineering to promote the development of the battery industry.     

MXenes for Rechargeable Batteries Beyond the Lithium‐Ion

Research on next‐generation battery technologies (beyond Li‐ion batteries, or LIBs) has been accelerating over the past few years. A key challenge for these emerging batteries has been the lack of suitable electrode materials, which severely limits their further developments. MXenes, a new class of 2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides, are proposed as electrode materials for these emerging batteries due to several desirable attributes. These attributes include large and tunable interlayer spaces, excellent hydrophilicity, extraordinary conductivity, compositional diversity, and abundant surface chemistries, making MXenes promising not only as electrode materials but also as other components in the cells of emerging batteries. Herein, an overview and assessment of the utilization of MXenes in rechargeable batteries beyond LIBs, including alkali‐ion (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺) storage, multivalent‐ion (e.g., Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Al³⁺) storage, and metal batteries are presented. In particular, the synthetic strategies and properties of MXenes that enable MXenes to play various roles as electrodes, metal anode protective layers, sulfur hosts, separator modification layers, and conductive additives in these emerging batteries are discussed. Moreover, a perspective on promising future research directions on MXenes and MXene‐based materials, ranging from material design and processing, fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanisms, to device performance optimization strategies is provided.     

Anionic Se‐Substitution toward High‐Performance CuS1−xSex Nanosheet Cathode for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (rMBs) are promising as the most ideal further energy storage systems but lack competent cathode materials due to sluggish redox reaction kinetics. Herein, developed is an anionic Se‐substitution strategy to improve the rate capability and the cycling stability of 2D CuS_1?xSe_x nanosheet cathodes through an efficient microwave‐induced heating method. The optimized CuS_1?xSe_x (X = 0.2) nanosheet cathode can exhibit high reversible capacity of 268.5 mAh g^?1 at 20 mA g^?1 and good cycling stability (140.4 mAh g^?1 at 300 mA g^?1 upon 100 cycles). Moreover, the CuS_1?xSe_x (X = 0.2) nanosheet cathode can deliver remarkable rate capability with a reversible capacity of 119.2 mAh g^?1 at 500 mA g^?1, much higher than the 21.7 mAh g^?1 of pristine CuS nanosheets. The superior electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the enhanced reaction kinetics, enriched cation storage active sites, and shortened ion diffusion pathway of the CuS_1?xSe_x nanosheet. Therefore, tuning anionic chemical composition demonstrates an effective strategy to develop novel cathode materials for rMBs.     

尖晶石LiMn2-x-yCoxLayO4-zClz/C复合电极的性能研究

采用高温固相法合成了掺杂改性的锂离子电池用尖晶石型LiMn_2-x-yCo_xLa_yO_4-zCl_z和复合型LiMn_2-x-yCo_xLa_yO_4-zCl_z/C正极材料. 通过X射线衍射和环境扫描电镜对材料的晶体结构和表观形貌进行了分析, 通过恒电流充放电测试和交流阻抗技术对材料的电化学性能进行了测试. 实验结果表明, 所制备的材料LiMn_2-x-yCo_xLa_yO_4-zCl_z和LiMn_2-x-yCo_xLa_yO_4-zCl_z/C均为单一的尖晶石结构, 其中以葡萄糖作为碳添加剂所得的复合材料的电性能最佳. 该材料具有良好的充放电循环可逆性能, 以0.2C倍率充放电, 首次放电比容量可达126.5mAh·g^-1, 充放电循环50次后平均放电比容量仍保持在123.5mAh·g^-1以上, 衰减不超过2.4%.     

锂离子电池正极材料LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2的研究进展

综述了近几年锂离子电池正极材料层状三元过渡金属氧化物LiCoxNiyMn1-x-yO2的研究进展，重点讨论了综合性能优异的LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2的电化学性能、结构、制备方法以及存在的不足，LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2与其它商业化正极材料相比具有高容量、热稳定性好、高倍率放电等诸多优异的性能，若能解决循环、存放等问题，将有望成为新一代锂离子电池正极材料。     

控制结晶法制备球形锂离子电池正极材料的研究进展

球形材料具有堆积密度大、体积比容量高、加工性能好等突出优点. 球形化是锂离子电池正极材料的重要发展方向. 控制结晶法是制备球形材料的理想方法. 本文介绍了控制结晶法的原理, 综述了采用控制结晶法制备球形锂离子电池正极材料---LiCoO₂、LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂、LiMn₂O₄、LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂、LiFePO₄的研究和发展, 并对球形材料在锂离子电池中的应用前景进行了分析.     

磷酸盐系锂离子电池正极材料的研究进展

分别介绍了可以作为锂离子二次电池正极材料的几种磷酸根聚阴离子过渡金属锂盐的研究近况,着重分析了磷酸亚铁锂和磷酸钒锂的现状.LiFePO4为橄榄石结构,具有较高开路电压、高理论容量、电压平台稳定、环境友好等优点,但电子导电率和离子传导率低制约了它的应用,介绍了解决磷酸亚铁锂两低问题的方法;磷酸钒锂为NASCION结构,理论容量比磷酸亚铁锂高,具有一定的研究价值,介绍了磷酸钒锂的制备方法,认为磷酸钒锂最主要的问题是稳定性不高.指出当前锂离子二次电池正极材料应该加快磷酸亚铁锂的工业化进程,加速磷酸钒锂的研究步伐,同时不放松其他更新正极材料的开发.