Influence of the yeast strain on Monastrell wine colour

Two commercial yeast strains were assayed during the winemaking process of Monastrell grapes to determine their influence on colour and phenolic composition of the resulting wines during alcoholic fermentation and maturation. The results showed that in 2002, the wines did not present great differences but in 2003 higher colour intensity and phenolic compounds content were detected when one of the commercial strains was used. A discriminant statistical analysis clearly showed that different yeasts led to different wines as regard their chromatic characteristics.Industrial relevanceThe importance of yeast in winemaking is extensively known since they are responsible for the transformation of sugars into ethanol and for the formation of the most significant aroma compounds in wines. However, they may also participate in wine colour and this role is usually not taken into account in the wine industry. The choice of a yeast strain is an important factor since these microorganisms have the capacity to retain or adsorb phenolic compounds and, on the other hand, yeast may contribute to stabilizing wine colour, as a result of participating in the formation of vitisins during fermentation or liberating mannoproteins that have the capacity to bind to anthocyanins and tannins, protecting them from precipitation. Two commercial yeast strains were assayed during the winemaking process of Monastrell grapes to determine their influence on colour and phenolic composition of the resulting wines during alcoholic fermentation and maturation. The results showed that higher colour intensity and phenolic compounds content were detected when one of the commercial strains was used, both during fermentation and wine aging, and may be used as a tool during winemaking for obtaining stable and highly coloured wines.     

Impact of maceration time on colour‐related phenolics,sensory characteristics and volatile composition of mulberry wine

This study investigated the effect of maceration treatment on colour‐related phenolics, sensory characteristics and volatile composition in mulberry wine. Pre‐fermentation maceration was performed for 2 days (‘short’), 6 days (‘medium’) and 8 days (‘long’), respectively, followed by the same fermentation process. Results showed that the long maceration (LM) caused higher level of anthocyanins in wine, especially cyaniding‐3‐O‐rutinoside, cyaniding‐3‐O‐glucoside and dephinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside, whereas the short maceration caused lower level of phenolic acids in wine. The medium maceration (MM) wine showed the highest level of flavonols but the lowest concentration of flavan‐3‐ol. The LM wine exhibited greater red tone and colour intensity accompanied by higher amounts of free and copigmented anthocyanins. The LM wine showed lower levels of alcohols, acids, terpenoids, benzenes and sulphur compounds, whereas the lowest level of esters was found in the MM wine. The LM wine had reduced fruity and floral aroma and overall flavour complexity compared with the other wines. Copyright © 2018 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Antioxidant phenolic compounds of pomegranate wines produced by different maceration methods

Various methods were evaluated in the production of ‘Hicaz’ pomegranate wine by microvinification. The chemical, phenolic and antioxidant characteristics of the wines were assessed by measurement of water‐soluble dry matter, acidity, density, alcohol content, volatile acidity, total monomeric anthocyanins, polarized colour intensity and individual phenolic compounds. Three different methods – classical maceration (N), seed‐supplemented maceration (S) and seed + enzyme supplemented maceration (E) – were applied. Total phenolic compounds of pomegranate must and wines (after 18 months of storage) were 1897 mg/L (must), 1663 mg/L (N), 1339 mg/L (E) and 1414 mg/L (S). Phenolic compounds in pomegranate must and wines included gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p‐coumaric acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, epicatechin and catechin. Total antioxidant capacities (Trolox equivalents) of pomegranate must and wines (N, E and S) were 9.9 mm /L (must), 9.8 mm /L (N), 9.7 mm /L (E) and 9.5 mm /L (S). Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

5 个调色葡萄品种酚类物质轮廓分析

对调色葡萄品种‘烟73’、‘烟74’、‘Kolor’、‘Tintorera’和‘Dornfelder’成熟期果实和小规模发酵的葡萄酒进行基本理化指标和酚类物质分析。结果表明,‘Kolor’和‘烟73’果实花色苷含量较高,均超过4?000?mg/kg（以果实鲜质量计）;‘Tintorera’和‘烟73’果实黄酮醇含量较低,分别为43.99?mg/kg和59.6?mg/kg（以果实鲜质量计）;‘Dornfelder’果皮黄烷醇含量最低。在5?个调色葡萄酿造的葡萄酒中,‘烟73’的花色苷质量浓度最高（1?827.87?mg/L）;‘Tintorera’葡萄酒中黄酮醇（19.87?mg/L）、黄烷醇（35.34?mg/L）和酚酸（43.77?mg/L）质量浓度都低于其他品种。对果实花色苷含量进行主成分分析,能将大部分品种很好地区分。在此基础上构建正交偏最小二乘判别分析模型,能将各品种的果皮和果肉很好地区分,筛选出的差异物质大多为F3’5’H羟基取代花色苷。利用葡萄果实和葡萄酒中共同的酚类物质构建Pearson相关系数模型,结果显示,有70.37%的物质具有较强的相关性。本研究针对调色葡萄的酚类物质轮廓进行分析,能为干红葡萄酒以颜色和辅色为目的的调配提供基础。     

Changes in phenolic composition of Tinta Miúda red wines after 2 years of ageing in bottle: effect of winemaking technologies

The major phenolic compounds (catechins, oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins) in Tinta Miúda red wines made by various winemaking technologies (i.e., fermentation with carbonic maceration, fermentation with stem contact and fermentation without stem contact) were analyzed after 2 years of ageing in bottle, and compared with the data on their younger state (i.e., at the time of bottling). The concentrations of all individual phenolic compounds analyzed were significantly changed and their degradation rates (percent of decrease) were highly dependent on the winemaking technology used. The degradation of anthocyanins was, in general, more remarkable than that of catechins and proanthocyanidins. Catechins and proanthocyanidins in carbonic maceration wine appeared more stable than in skin fermentation wines, during ageing in bottle.     

Application of high‐power ultrasounds during red wine vinification

Wine colour is one of the main organoleptic characteristics influencing its quality. It is of special interest in red vinifications due to the economic resources that wineries have to invest for the extraction of the phenolic compounds responsible for wine colour, compounds that are mainly located inside the skin cell vacuoles, where the volatile compounds are also found. The transfer of phenolic compounds from grapes to must during vinification is closely related to the type of grapes and the winemaking technique. During traditional winemaking, grapes are crushed and skin macerated for several days, with pumps overs to facilitate the colour extraction. To increase this extraction, some chemical (maceration enzymes) or physical technologies (thermovinification, cryomaceration, flash‐expansion) can be applied. In this work, a new methodology has been tested. This methodology consists in the application of high‐power ultrasounds to crushed grapes to increase the extraction of phenolic compounds. Crushed grapes were treated with this non‐thermal technology and vinified, with 3, 6 and 8 days of skin maceration time, and the results were compared with a control vinification, where crushed grapes were not subjected to any treatment and were skin macerated during 8 days. The wine chromatic characteristics (determined spectrophotometrically) and the individual phenolic compounds (anthocyanins and tannins, determined by HPLC) were followed during the maceration period, at the end of alcoholic fermentation and after two months in bottle. Also, the wine volatile compounds were determined by GC‐MS. The wines made with ultrasound‐treated grapes showed differences with the control wine, especially regarding total phenol content and tannin content. The wines elaborated with sonicated grapes and with only three days of skin maceration time presented similar concentration of anthocyanins and twice the concentration of tannins than control wines elaborated with 8 days of skin maceration.     

The influence of pectolytic enzyme addition and prefermentative mash heating during the winemaking process on the phenolic composition of Okuzgozu red wine

The effects of pectolytic enzyme addition and mash heating prior to fermentation on the phenolic component of Okuzgozu red wine during the winemaking and ageing processes were investigated. In general, the highest concentration of total phenolics was found in the mash-heated wines, whereas the total flavan-3-ol and total anthocyanin contents in all of the wines, decreased notably during the winemaking and ageing processes. As determined by HPLC, hydroxycinnamic acids were the major phenolic acids in the red wines. After 6 months in the bottle, the enzyme-treated wines had lower phenolic acid concentrations than had the control and mash-heated wines, but no significant (p < 0.05) differences were found in the concentration of total phenolic acids between the control and mash-heated wines. All of the phenolic acid levels decreased with the winemaking and ageing processes whereas only gallic acid increased. The wines treated by the pectolytic enzyme addition had a lower monomeric flavan-3-ol content than had the other wines, and the amount of monomeric anthocyanins extracted did not increase with the addition of enzymes.     

Flavonoids and C13-norisoprenoids in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz: relationships between grape and wine composition,wine colour and wine sensory properties

Background and Aims: This study investigated flavonoid composition and C₁₃-norisoprenoids (β-damascenone and β-ionone) in Shiraz grapes and wines, their relationships and links to wine sensory properties. Methods and Results: Differences in the grape berry flavonoid profile were created by exposing bunches to varying levels of sunlight intensity through canopy manipulation. Grapes were harvested at similar maturity and three replicate wines were made for each treatment in both vintages. Grapes produced under shaded canopy conditions had reduced anthocyanins and skin tannins, but little effect on seed tannins was observed. Pigmented polymers and tannins in wines were related to berry flavonoid composition (anthocyanins, skin and seed tannins, and their ratios). In grapes and wines, no significant effects were observed in response to canopy manipulation for two hydrolytically released C₁₃-norisoprenoids, β-damascenone and β-ionone. Relationships were established for wine flavonoid composition, wine colour density, sensory perception of the astringency-related mouth-feel attributes and a quality scale. A positive relationship between wine quality score and hydrolytically released β-damascenone in both berries and wines was found, but not for free β-damascenone or any quantified forms of β-ionone. Conclusion: Higher concentrations of anthocyanins and skin tannins in berries, coupled with a lower concentration of seed tannins were associated with higher wine quality. The ratio anthocyanins*skin tannins/seed tannins is proposed as an indicator of wine flavonoid composition, wine colour and wine quality. Excessive canopy shade was detrimental to berry and wine composition and intensified sensory detection of ‘straw’ and ‘herbaceous’ characters in the wines. Significance of the Study: This study increases the understanding of the balance and composition of flavonoid compounds and C₁₃-norisoprenoids in berries and their relationship with wine composition and wine sensory properties, but also highlights the importance of a canopy microclimate assessment.     

Color,Phenolics, and Antioxidant Activity of Blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.), Blueberry (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth.), and Apple Wines from Ecuador

Seventy wines were produced in Ecuador under different processing conditions with local fruits: Andean blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.) and blueberries (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth.) and Golden Reinette apples. Wines were evaluated for antioxidant activity (AA) using the radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) method, total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, total monomeric anthocyanins (TMAs) using the pH differential test, and color parameters using VIS‐spectrophotometry. For blackberry wines, ellagitannins and anthocyanins were also analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection (HPLC‐DAD). Apples wines (n = 40) had the lowest TPC (608 ± 86 mg/L) and AA (2.1 ± 0.3 mM Trolox). Blueberry wines (n = 12) had high TPC (1086 ± 194 mg/L) and moderate AA (5.4 ± 0.8 mM) but very low TMA (8 ± 3 mg/L), with a color evolved toward yellow and blue shades. Blackberry wines (n = 10) had the highest TPC (1265 ± 91 mg/L) and AA (12 ± 1 mM). Ellagitannins were the major phenolics (1172 ± 115 mg/L) and correlated well with AA (r = 0.88). Within anthocyanins (TMA 73 ± 16 mg/L), cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside (62%) and cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (15%) were predominant. Wines obtained by cofermentation of apples and blackberries (n = 8) showed intermediate characteristics (TPC 999 ± 83 mg/L, AA 6.2 ± 0.7 mM, TMA 35 ± 22 mg/L) between the blackberry and blueberry wines. The results suggest that the Andean berries, particularly R. glaucus, are suitable raw materials to produce wines with an in vitro antioxidant capacity that is comparable to red grape wines.     

The Influence of Prefermentative Addition of Gallic Acid on the Phenolic Composition and Chromatic Characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon Wines

In this study, the prefermentative addition of gallic acid in Cabernet Sauvignon red winemaking was performed. The influence of gallic acid addition on wine phenolic composition, the ratio of copigmentation, and the color parameters were monitored throughout the winemaking process. The results showed that the prefermentative addition of gallic acid enhanced the extraction of total anthocyanins and the copigmentation effect, producing wines with more darkness, redness, yellowness, and saturation. Moreover, the addition of gallic acid contributed to the concentration of total phenolic acids. However, it had a negative effect on the concentrations of flavonols and flavan‐3‐ols in the final wines. Thus, the prefermentative addition of gallic acid at appropriate levels might be a promising enological technology to obtain wines with high color quality and aging potential.     

Biogenic amines and the importance of starter cultures for malolactic fermentation

Biogenic amines are compounds produced mainly by microorganisms from the decarboxylation of some amino acids which may cause several health issues in susceptible people. In the winemaking process, one of the factors with the greatest impact on the final concentration of biogenic amines in wine is the malolactic fermentation, which mainly involves the action of lactic acid bacteria. This article gathers scientific literature on the importance of the use of inoculation in winemaking, especially for the potential formation of biogenic amines in spontaneous fermentations, with emphasis on malolactic fermentation. It establishes the set of attributes that influence the formation of biogenic amines in winemaking and aspects related to their toxicity, especially histamine and tyramine. With the growing interest of the market in products with less chemical appeal, the safety of wines, whether from non‐conventional or traditional winemaking, must increasingly be observed. Therefore, the importance of using cultivated starter cultures is discussed, along with the safety of organic wines and the presentation of articles that seek to reconcile the production of organic wine with the preservation of the ‘microbiological terroir’ in a safe way, using selected wild yeasts and lactic acid bacteria.     

Association Between Modification of Phenolic Profiling and Development of Wine Color during Alcohol Fermentation

To solve the problem of wine color instability in western China, different additives (the maceration enzymes Vinozym G and Ex‐color, yeasts VR5 and Red Star, and commercial tannins) were added during alcoholic fermentation of Syrah (Vitis vinifera L.). The phenolic profile and color characteristics of wine were examined using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and CIELAB, respectively. The results showed that the combination of the enzyme Ex‐color with the Red Star yeast eased the release of non‐anthocyanins from grape berries into wine, whereas the use of enzyme Vinozym G and VR5 yeast enhanced the concentration of anthocyanins and achieved a higher red hue (a* value) and a lower yellow hue (b* value) in the wine. The addition of commercial tannins greatly promoted the level of gallic acid in the wine and led to a relatively higher concentration of anthocyanins. Partial least‐squares regression analysis was used to find out the major phenolics, which were in close relation with color parameters; principal component analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of different winemaking techniques to wine color. The combination of these 2 analytic methods indicated that Vinozym G and VR5 yeast together with commercial tannins should be an appropriate combination to enhance the stability of wine color during alcohol fermentation, which was related to a significant increase in cyanidin‐3‐O‐(6‐O‐acetyl)‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3‐O‐(6‐O‐coumaryl)‐glucoside, trans‐peonidin‐3‐O‐(6‐O‐coumaryl)‐glucoside, trans‐malvidin‐3‐O‐(6‐O‐coumaryl)‐glucoside, and malvidin‐3‐O‐(6‐O‐acetyl)‐glucoside‐pyruvic acid, all of which played an important role in stabilizing wine color.     

Determination of phenolic compounds in wines: Influence of bottle storage of young red wines on their evolution

Various analytical methods based on the HPLC-DAD technique were used to determine 38 phenolic compounds in red wines. While anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids were determined by direct injection of wine samples, hydroxybenzoic acids, catechins, procyanidins and flavonols required an analytical pretreatment involving liquid–liquid partitioning with ethyl ether followed by solid-phase extraction on C₁₈ mini-columns. The proposed analytical methods were used to establish the phenol composition of Mencía and Brancellao, two varietal young red wines, and its influence on colour stability during storage in bottles for one year. At the end of malolactic fermentation, Mencía wine was found to contain much greater amounts of anthocyan pigments than was Brancellao wine. This resulted in a higher colour density but a weaker hue in Mencía wine than in Brancellao wine. Phenolic compounds evolved similarly in both wines during storage; changes in such compounds involved a decrease in the levels of monomeric anthocyanins, phenolic acids, epicatechin and flavonols, and an increase in those of procyanidins. The absence of a relationship between the changes in colour density and monomeric anthocyanins in both wines suggests that copigmentation and polymerization with other phenolic compounds (viz. phenolic acids, catechins and/or flavonols) prevail over degradation of the pigments.     

不同工艺对‘关口’葡萄干白葡萄酒品质的影响

目的:采用不同酿造工艺技术对‘关口’葡萄进行干白葡萄酒的酿造,揭示不同果皮浸渍工艺对‘关口’葡萄干白葡萄酒的影响,以期最大程度地发挥‘关口’葡萄的深加工可能性。方法:分别对‘关口’葡萄进行发酵前的果皮浸渍(fermentation before skin contact,FbSC)、带皮发酵(fermentation on skins,FoS),以澄清汁发酵作对照处理,测定各处理所得葡萄酒的基本理化指标、酚类物质、香气成分,并进行感官评价。结果:与对照组相比,采用FbSC和FoS工艺所得葡萄酒的pH值均增加,可滴定酸质量浓度均降低;对于采用FoS工艺所得的葡萄酒,其总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇、单体酚的质量浓度显著高于采用FbSC工艺所得的葡萄酒和对照组的葡萄酒(P0.05),香气成分总质量浓度则显著低于FbSC组和对照组(P0.05);与对照组相比,采用FbSC和FoS工艺所得葡萄酒的香气成分中的酸类和酯类物质质量浓度显著降低(P0.05),醇类和萜烯类物质质量浓度显著增大(P0.05)。另外,经过FbSC与FoS处理后,‘关口’葡萄干白葡萄酒的香气由以果香等香气为主转化为以果干、蜂蜜及成熟水果类香气为主;并且在澄清度、颜色、香气质量、口感纯正度、口感浓度、口感持久性、口感质量、整体平衡性等方面也均优于对照组。结论:果皮浸渍处理一定程度上提高了‘关口’葡萄干白葡萄酒的品质。     

Effects of the rootstock Ramsey (Vitis champini) on ion and organic acid composition of grapes and wine, and on wine spectral characteristics

The influence of Ramsey, used as rootstock of the scion cvs Muscat Gordo Blanco (syn. Muscat of Alexandria), Shiraz (syn. Syrah), Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay, on the characteristics of the grape berries and of wine made from them was investigated, comparing ‘own-rooted’ and ‘grafted’, and comparing wine fermented as juice (without skins) and must (juice and skins). The study involved the partitioning of K+ within berries, changes in juice K+, malic and tartaric acid through fermentation, wine inorganic ion and organic acid composition, and wine spectral characteristics. K+ concentration was higher in berries from grafted than from own-rooted for all varieties except Chardonnay, and highest for grafted Shiraz. It was higher in skin than in pulp and seeds. In the pulp, it was highest for grafted Shiraz. K+ concentrations in all ferments using must (i.e. juice plus skins) increased during the initial two days after crushing, with the increase reflecting extraction from skins, being greatest for Shiraz and Muscat Gordo Blanco. Tartaric acid concentration in must also increased during the initial two days after crushing and then decreased. Malic acid concentration was higher in juice of Ramsey-grafted than own-rooted vines, especially for Shiraz; concentrations did not change markedly during the initial 12 days of fermentation, except where malo-lactic fermentation occurred. Wine made from grapes of grafted contained significantly less tartaric and more malic acid than that made from own-rooted for all varieties and for both fermentation types, with the exception of tartaric acid in wine of Muscat Gordo Blanco fermented as must. Wine made from juice had significantly higher tartaric acid and lower malic acid than that made from must for all varieties except for tartaric acid in wine from grafted Shiraz and malic acid in own-rooted Chardonnay. Wine had a smaller tartaric acid/malic acid ratio when made from must. Wine pH was positively correlated with K+ but negatively with tartaric acid and with the tartaric acid to malic acid ratio. Overall, Shiraz wine contained highest Cl?, Na+ and K+ concentrations. Red wines obtained from grafted had higher colour hue, especially those from Shiraz. Wines made from fruit borne on own-rooted Cabernet Sauvignon had the highest concentration of total anthocyanins, ionised anthocyanins and total phenolics.     

适宜‘法国野’葡萄的葡萄酒生产类型探究

为挖掘云南地方酿酒葡萄品种‘法国野’的酿酒潜力,筛选适合该品种的葡萄酒生产类型和基本工艺。采用4种工艺酿制2个类型葡萄酒:浸渍发酵法(maceration-fermentation,MF)酿制干红葡萄酒、冷浸渍+放血法(cold pre-fermentation maceration&saignée,CMS)酿制桃红葡萄酒、冷浸渍+放血+浸渍发酵法(cold pre-fermentation maceration,saignée and maceration-fermentation,CMS-MF)酿制干红葡萄酒,直接压榨法(direct press,DP)酿制桃红葡萄酒,其中2款干红葡萄酒均进行苹果酸-乳酸发酵(malolactic fermentation,MLF)。陈酿3个月后,对4款葡萄酒进行理化指标分析和感官评价。结果表明:与DP和MF相比,CMS和CMS-MF可分别显著提高桃红和干红葡萄酒的单宁、花色苷、总浸出物含量及色度;且CMS和DP桃红葡萄酒的香气、口感和总评得分均显著高于MF和CMS-MF干红葡萄酒,但同类型葡萄酒间的感官质量并无显著差异(P<0.05)。相关性分析表明,感官评价总评得分与酒精度和可滴定酸含量呈显著正相关,与花色苷、单宁和总浸出物含量呈显著或极显著负相关,这证明了MF和MLF工艺均不利于改善‘法国野’葡萄酒的感官质量。此外,与CMS相比,DP可显著提高葡萄汁的还原糖含量和最终葡萄酒的酒精度,并显著降低对单宁的浸提,且保持相当的感官质量。因此,酿酒葡萄‘法国野’更适合于酿造桃红葡萄酒,可将DP作为首选工艺,因其在确保葡萄酒感官质量的同时,又可减少工序、节约成本。     

Impact of Processing Parameters on the Phenolic Profile of Wines Produced from Hybrid Red Grapes Maréchal Foch,Corot noir,and Marquette

Phenolic extraction in hybrid and interspecific wine grape cultivars is poorly understood, especially in terms of the impact of fermentation and enological conditions on condensed tannins and anthocyanins. Following fractionation via solid‐phase extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography, phenolic profiles of must and wine from red hybrid grape cultivars Maréchal Foch, Corot noir, and Marquette were examined to assess the impact of enzyme and tannin addition, cold soak, and hot press during vinification. Across cultivars, hot press treatments resulted in the greatest extraction of condensed tannin, anthocyanin, and other monomeric phenolic compounds in musts, and treatments that increased skin contact time or cellular degradation during fermentation produced higher concentrations of tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonols. However, these increases were transient, evincing incomplete carryover into finished wines. Depending on initial must extraction, diglucoside forms of anthocyanins were either selectively extracted or selectively retained throughout fermentation when compared to their monoglucoside counterparts. Typical of hybrid grapes, tannin concentrations across cultivars were low, even under hot press conditions. For condensed tannins and anthocyanins, a cultivar‐specific, stable‐state concentration and phenolic profile emerged regardless of fermentation conditions. Due to the high levels of diglucoside anthocyanins and low levels of condensed tannins, it is expected that the color development and profile in these wines produced from hybrid grape cultivars will be dictated by the monomeric anthocyanins and their potential role in copigmentation processes involving other monomeric phenolic species, as opposed to the formation of polymeric color pigments.     

Relationships between berry size,berry phenolic composition and wine quality scores for Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) from different pruning treatments and different vintages

Background and Aims: Commercial winemakers observed differences in wine sensory properties among wines produced from vines of three different pruning treatments in a single vineyard. To clarify the relationships between berries and wine quality, this study examined berry size and berry composition and the quality rating for wines produced from the pruning treatments. Methods and Results: The study was conducted over three seasons. Berries from Machine‐, Cane‐ and Spur‐pruned vines were sampled at commercial harvest for analysis of berry size and berry phenolic composition. Wines made from each treatment were assessed for quality by a panel of winemakers. Machine berries were lighter and had higher concentrations of anthocyanins, tannins and total phenolics than Cane or Spur. Machine wines had the lowest quality scores. Comparing vintages, berries from 2004 were lighter, but did not always differ in phenolic composition to other vintages, and wines from 2004 had lower quality scores than the other vintages. Vintage effects were generally stronger than pruning effects. Conclusions: In this study, high berry anthocyanins, total phenolics and tannin concentration measures were not good indicators of wine quality scores. Changes in vineyard treatments and, in particular, vintage influences, produce incremental, but potentially important, changes to berry size and composition and to wine quality. Significance of the Study: This study is unique in its focus on the commercial reality of producing wines to a specific style and quality, while bringing scientific rigour to investigating the relationships between berries and wine quality in this vineyard over a number of vintages.     

Phenolic compound profiles in selected Queensland red wines at all stages of the wine-making process

The phenolic profiles of Queensland red wines (two Cabernet Sauvignons and one Shiraz) from different stages of wine-making were studied. Samples were taken at crush, after the primary and malolactic fermentations, post-oaking, and post-bottling, and then extracted and separated into aqueous and organic fractions using liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction, and analysed by HPLC-DAD-MS. About 75% of the phenolic compounds were extracted into the aqueous fraction, with malvidin-3-glucoside and derivatives as the main components. The major non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds (∼25%) included gallic acid, syringic acid, ethyl gallate, caftaric acid, coutaric acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, catechin, and quercetin. The polymerisation of anthocyanins was shown to occur progressively throughout the wine-making process. Most of the 25 identified phenolic compounds had highest concentrations during the fermentation stage, and stabilised or slowly decreased thereafter. There were weak and insignificant correlations (P > 0.05) between individual phenolic compounds and the total antioxidant activities (ORAC). Four groups of phenolic compounds (anthocyanins, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acids) each showed some correlation with the total antioxidant activity, as did the total polyphenol content, suggesting that the antioxidant properties of red wine are due to a complex mixture of phenolic compounds that vary in composition throughout the wine-making process.     

Assessment of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) impact on phenolic and sensory quality of Bordeaux grapes,musts and wines for two consecutive vintages

Background and Aims: The impact of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea)) was quantified on chemical, phenolic and sensory qualities of grapes, derived musts and wines. Methods and Results: Analyses were carried out by using naturally or artificially infected grape berries at ripeness or overripeness. In grape seeds, chemical analyses revealed no major differences between healthy and rotten grapes. In grape skins of Botrytis‐affected berries, concentrations of all the phenolic compounds (anthocyanins and proanthocyanidin monomers, dimers and trimer) decreased drastically. Mean degree of polymerization of the proanthocyanidin polymeric fraction was also affected in skins. Chemical analyses of musts and wines made with different percentages of rotten berries showed a moderate impact of the pathogen on their phenolic composition. Nevertheless, sensory analyses underlined a loss of wine sensory quality perceptible from a threshold as low as 5% of Botrytis‐affected grapes onwards. Conclusion: Phenolic variations and the associated negative impact in grapes, derived musts and wines may be related to oxidation phenomena from B. cinerea. The main effects of severity/age of grey mould and the level of berry maturity are also discussed. Significance of the Study: B. cinerea drastically affects the phenolic and organoleptic properties of grape skins and derived wines. Therefore, prophylactic actions early in the vineyard, evaluation of the sanitary status of the harvested grapes and berry sorting are primordial even under low disease pressure.