循环对称结构重根模态振型相关性修正

为消除循环对称结构有限元模态分析和试验模态分析对应重根模态振型之间的夹角误差,实现模态相关性的准确定量分析,基于模态振型方程,揭示不同模态模型重根模态振型夹角误差产生机理,提出修正循环对称结构模态振型相关性的新方法。计算各阶重根模态有限元模态振型与试验模态振型间互模态置信准则(Cross modal assurance criterion, Cross MAC)初值得到夹角误差;在此基础上确定出对应的旋转角度和测点数;对有限元模态振型进行旋转匹配并计算得到修正后的Cross MAC值。应用该方法对制动盘有限元模态模型和试验模态模型进行相关性修正,结果表明：该方法不仅能获得准确的循环对称结构模态相关性,且相比于已有的循回群和初等旋转变换方法而言,修正效率得到显著提高。     

Model order determination and noise removal for modal parameter estimation

Given a noisy impulsive response function (IRF) that has been contributed by an unknown number of modes, this article proposes a different approach from the traditional methods for estimating modal parameters from this noisy IRF. The major difference lies in the way of handling noise and choosing the computational model order. Whereas the traditional approach accommodates noise by purposely increasing the computational model order, the proposed approach uses the actual system order as the computational model order and rejects noise prior to performing the modal parameter estimation. The proposed approach includes three steps: (1) model order (or number of modes) determination from the measured IRF—by finding the rank of a Hankel matrix constructed from the measured IRF, (2) noise removal from the measured IRF to obtain a filtered IRF—by implementing Cadzow's algorithm for the structured low rank approximation (SLRA) on the Hankel matrix, and (3) modal parameters estimation from the filtered IRF—by using the complex exponential method (Prony's method). Numerical studies include both synthesized and experimental data. While measured IRFs with mild and strong noise levels are simulated for a 5 degree-of-freedom mass-spring-dashpot system, the modal parameter estimations based on the filtered IRFs are very good for both noise levels. While experimental data are measured from two accelerometers mounted at a cantilever beam, the modal parameters estimated from the filtered IRFs of the two accelerometers are in excellent agreement.     

Stochastic analysis of Poisson impact series using discrete form,spectrum analysis and time correlation

A stochastic model based on Poisson impact series is developed from a random pulse train model. Using the discrete form of the expectation function, first- and second-order time correlation functions are generated. Then, the force and power spectral density functions are generated by the Fourier transform of the first- and second-order correlation functions, respectively. Experimental force and power spectra are compared with those from the developed model and an existing model using single, multiple and ensemble averaged impact samples. Overlapping and consistent matching occur in most of the regions in these comparisons. The effects of noise and pulse shape deviation are discussed. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that the signal-to-noise ratio increases with the impaction rate. Using ensemble averages of a 100 samples, the impact magnitude and its arrival time is validated to be Gaussian and Uniformly distributed. The signal-to-error ratio increases with the number of ensemble averages. The established model is utilised to carry out modal tests of a space truss. Comparing modal parameters, such as mode shapes, natural frequencies, and damping ratios, consistent matching is observed with those obtained from the random noise test.     

Matrix of the covariance of covariance of acceleration responses for damage detection from ambient vibration measurements

A new matrix on the covariance of covariance is formed from the auto/cross-correlation function of acceleration responses of a structure under white noise ambient excitation. The components of the covariance matrix are proved to be function of the modal parameters (modal frequency, mode shape, and damping parameter) of the structure. Information from all the vibration modes of the structure limited by the sampling frequency contributes to these components. The formulated covariance matrix contains more information on the vibration modes of the structure that cannot be obtained by the general methods for extracting modal parameters. When the component of the covariance matrix is used for damage detection, it is found more sensitive to local stiffness reduction than the first few modal frequencies and mode shapes obtained from ambient excitation. A simply supported 31 bar plane truss structure is studied numerically where a multiple damage scenario with different noise levels is identified with satisfactory results.     

模态辨识中随机减量技术的实用改进

针对模态辨识实践中的随机减量加速度特征信号奇异值问题和结构实模态提取问题,提出相应的特征信号截断方法和最小距离法,改善结构模态辨识效果。首先,分析随机减量加速度特征信号的奇异值产生原因,提出特征信号截断方法,用于后续Ibrahim时域处理;其次,通过优化模型建立最小距离法的计算公式,便于从辨识所得复模态中提取结构实模态;最后,通过数值算例和结构模型实验,验证所提方法的可行性。结果表明:随机减量加速度特征信号的有效截断比例可取为1/200～1/50;最小距离法适用于各种类型响应下的结构实模态提取,抗噪能力强。     

SENSITIVITY-BASED OPERATIONAL MODE SHAPE NORMALISATION

In the past few years, in-operation modal analysis has become a valid alternative for structures where classic forced vibration tests would be difficult, if not impossible, to conduct. A disadvantage of this method is that the excitation forces are unknown. Therefore, not all modal parameters can still be estimated. As a result, operational mode shape estimates remain unscaled (dependent on the unknown level of excitation) what restricts the applicability of operational modal models. So far, no techniques are available for the correct re-scaling of operational mode shapes purely based on experimental output-only data. All known methods involve either a detailed knowledge of the material characteristics of the test structure (finite element model approach) or make very restrictive assumptions about the excitation signal. In this contribution, a sensitivity-based method is proposed for the scaling of operational mode shapes on a basis of operational modal models only.     

Scaling-factor estimation using an optimized mass-change strategy

In operational modal analysis, only unscaled mode shapes can be obtained. The mass-change method is in many cases the simplest way to estimate the scaling factors, which involves repeated modal testing after changing the mass at different points of the structure where the mode shapes are known. With this method, the scaling factors are determined using the natural frequencies and mode shapes of both the modified and the unmodified structure. However, the uncertainty on the scaling-factor estimation depends on the modal-analysis accuracy and the mass-change strategy (number, magnitude, and location of the masses) used to modify the dynamic behavior of the structure. In this paper, a procedure to optimize the mass-change strategy is proposed, which uses the modal parameters (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of the original structure as the basic information.     

Erratum to “Scaling-factor estimation using an optimized mass-change strategy” [Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 24(5) (2010) 1260–1273]

In operational modal analysis, only unscaled mode shapes can be obtained. The mass-change method is in many cases the simplest way to estimate the scaling factors, which involves repeated modal testing after changing the mass at different points of the structure where the mode shapes are known. With this method, the scaling factors are determined using the natural frequencies and mode shapes of both the modified and the unmodified structure. However, the uncertainty on the scaling-factor estimation depends on the modal-analysis accuracy and the mass-change strategy (number, magnitude, and location of the masses) used to modify the dynamic behavior of the structure. In this paper, a procedure to optimize the mass-change strategy is proposed, which uses the modal parameters (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of the original structure as the basic information.     

基于环境激励的大跨度钢桥模态试验研究

模态试验是桥梁结构试验考核的重要内容之一,试验获得的模态参数对验证结构设计、建立结构的动力学模型以及使用状态的评估均具有重要意义.传统的模态试验方法是采用人工激励法进行激振,但对于大跨度钢桥无论是实施人工激励还是测试外部激励都是困难的.为此,采用基于环境激励的谱分析方法对某型大跨度钢桥进行了模态测试与分析,并对测试设备、传感器、分析软件作必要的配置与完善,给出了某型大跨度钢桥空载状态下的阵型及相应的固有频率,为同类装备的模态试验及振动特性分析提供了参考.     

圆盘锯片振动特性的计算分析

以有限元分析理论为基础,借助于大型通用有限元分析软件ＡＮＳＹＳ,对轧钢厂冷锯机锯片的固有特性进行了全面系统的研究。通过对锯片在增大夹盘、打孔、开槽情况下固有频率及振型的计算分析发现,对锯片进行不同的处理,都能改变锯片的固有频率及振型,有助于锯片噪声的降低,但对大型冷锯机,只能采取增大夹盘和开不开口槽两种方法;上述计算分析结果对钢厂冷锯机噪声的降低及新型锯片的设计都有很好的指导意义。     

几种常用损伤动力指纹的适用性研究

通过讨论几种常用动力指纹的模态灵敏度,研究了它们的适用性。采用特征灵敏度分析技术,导出了频率、振型和模态柔度对结构参数的灵敏度计算表达式,在此基础上定义了模态加权指针来定量描述各阶模态的损伤动力指纹对结构损伤的灵敏度。通过典型模态稀疏和模态密集结构模型的数值模拟研究发现：对于模态稀疏的简单结构。低阶模态柔度对结构损伤较为敏感;对于模态密集的复杂结构。低阶频率、振型和模态柔度的损伤灵敏度均较差,而且模态柔度在低阶模态条件下远没有在高阶模态条件下对结构损伤敏感。     

使用应变模态和遗传算法的有限元模型修正方法

提出了采用应变模态置信度为待修正响应特征的有限元模型修正方法。应变模态置信度是评价有限元仿真与试验测试结果相关性的方法,可以为模型修正提供全局的频率误差信息和局部的应变相关性信息。首先,介绍了应变模态和有限元模型修正的相关理论方法;然后,以某航空加筋壁板结构为对象,通过仿真分析和"仿真试验"获得结构的应变模态频率以及对应的应变振型,进一步计算频率误差和应变模态置信度误差;最后,基于两种误差构造模型修正的目标函数,采用遗传算法对目标函数进行优化,修正结构中的待修正参数,并将修正后参数代入模型,验证所提方法的正确性和有效性。结果表明:所采用的方法获得的修正后有限元模型具有复现修正响应特征的能力,并且对于未修正频段内的响应也具有较好的预测能力。     

柴油机前端齿轮室总成异响源识别分析与改进

针对柴油机前端齿轮室总成在常用转速下产生异响的问题,采用EEMD小波时频分析方法进行了异响源的识别分析;通过整车定置试验和台架试验分析,提取了异响源的时频特征;通过有限元模型仿真分析,计算了齿轮室总成结构的约束模态频率和振型。综合上述分析结果发现,异响原因是壳体件结构局部刚度不足引起的系统共振。通过改进齿轮室总成结构,提高了固有频率,消除了齿轮室总成异响。     

基于传递率函数的运行模态分析方法

传统的运行模态分析方法在推导过程中多假设激励为白噪声,造成在应用上有一定的局限性。提出了一种基于传递率函数的运行模态分析方法,无需采用白噪声假设,利用两种不同载荷情况下的传递率函数构造有理函数,通过有理分式Forsythe正交多项式法对其进行拟合,得到模态频率、阻尼和振型参数。最后,采用机翼模型仿真算例和悬臂梁实验,验证了在非白噪声激励情况下该方法的有效性与可靠性。     

基于模态叠加法的声固耦合噪声仿真与实验

在ANSYS中建立了长方体箱体的有限元模型,并计算结构模态。将有限元模型和结构模态导入Virtual Lab,计算空腔声模态,用模态叠加法计算耦合声场对激励的响应,得到了声压级分布云图和场点频率响应曲线。设计了长方体箱体的振动噪声实验,将声卡采集得到的噪声信号在Matlab中进行傅立叶分解,得到声场内一点对激振频率的响应曲线。仿真数据与实验数据有较好的一致性。     

Crack detection in simply supported beams without baseline modal parameters by stationary wavelet transform

There are significant changes in the vibration responses of cracked structures when the crack depth is significant in comparison to the depth of the structure. This fact enables the identification of cracks in structures from their vibration response data. However when the crack is relatively small, it is difficult to identify the presence of the crack by a mere observation of the vibration response data. A new approach for crack detection in beam-like structures is presented and applied to cracked simply supported beams in this paper. The approach is based on finding the difference between two sets of detail coefficients obtained by the use of the stationary wavelet transform (SWT) of two sets of mode shape data of the beam-like structure. These two sets of mode shape data, which constitute two new signal series, are obtained and reconstructed from the modal displacement data of a cracked simply supported beam. They represent the left half and the modified right half of the modal data of the simply supported beam. SWT is a redundant transform that doubles the number of input samples at each iteration. It provides a more accurate estimate of the variances at each scale and facilitates the identification of salient features in a signal, especially for recognising noise or signal rupture. It is well known that the mode shape of a beam containing a small crack is apparently a single smooth curve like that of an uncracked beam. However, the mode shape of the cracked beam actually exhibits a local peak or discontinuity in the region of damage. Therefore, the mode shape ‘signal’ of a cracked beam can be approximately considered as that of the uncracked beam contaminated by ‘noise’, which consists of response noise and the additional response due to the crack. Thus, the modal data can be decomposed by SWT into a smooth curve, called the approximation coefficient, and a detail coefficient. The difference of the detail coefficients of the two new signal series includes crack information that is useful for damage detection. The modal responses of the damaged simply supported beams used are computed using the finite element method. For real cases, mode shape data are affected by experimental noise. Therefore, mode shape data with a normally distributed random noise are also studied. The results show that the proposed method has great potential in crack detection of beam-like structures as it does not require the modal parameters of an uncracked beam as a baseline for crack detection. The effects of crack size, depth and location, and the effects of sampling interval are examined.     

抽油机支架的有限元动态性能分析

应用有限单元法对电机换向抽油机支架进行了动态模态分析,建立了支架模态的有限元分析模型,计算并分析抽油机支架前九阶模态的固有频率和振型,对支架结构尺寸对模态的影响作了进一步分析。结果表明所研究的抽油机支架的各阶模态频率偏低,且各阶模态均影响支架的整体稳定性,这可以通过改变支架结构尺寸,或结构优化的方法来提高支架的固有频率。     

振动流化床干燥机的振型分析

为了研究LHZC6/60型振动流化床干燥机主要模态的特性,对干燥机进行简化,建立有限元模型。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对干燥机进行了模态分析,求出干燥机的前8阶固有频率和振型图。通过分析干燥机的振型图得到振动流化床干燥机的动态特性和其结构的薄弱环节,这为该机结构的改进设计和动态分析提供了理论依据。     

环形波动陀螺结构设计与仿真

基于 MEMS 技术,提出了一种环形波动陀螺结构并建立了谐振子的有限元模型。利用 ANSYS软件对谐振子进行了模态分析,确定了各阶振型和固有频率。通过分析谐振子结构参数对振型和频率的影响,得到了谐振子的优化设计参数,优化后其工作频率与其他振型频率的差大于1 kHz,有效避免工作模态与其他模态间的频率耦合。经仿真验证,设计的环形结构的性能参数满足要求,具有明显的优越性。