树莓花色苷稳定性的研究

以红树莓花色苷为研究对象,系统研究了光照、温度、pH、食品添加剂和金属离子对树莓花色苷稳定性的影响。结果表明,随加热温度的升高花色苷稳定性下降,在60℃以下花色苷稳定;室外自然光照花色苷不稳定,避光条件下稳定性良好;在pH1.0和pH3.0时花色苷稳定,pH5.0、7.0、9.0花色苷不稳定。食品添加剂苯甲酸钠和蔗糖使花色苷稳定性增加,抗坏血酸使花色苷稳定性降低。金属Al3+离子对花色苷具有增色效应,Al3+和Ca2+对花色苷稳定性无影响。      

酸化乙醇法提取红树莓花色苷的研究

采用酸化乙醇法提取红树莓中的花色苷,通过单因素实验研究了乙醇浓度、酸化乙醇溶液、浸提温度、浸提时间、料液比和浸提次数对花色苷浸提量的影响。通过正交实验得到红树莓中花色苷的最佳提取工艺,即红树莓浆用80%乙醇(含3%的乙酸)溶液以1∶15的料液比在60℃下浸提1h,浸提2次,在此条件下提取得到的花色苷含量为0.726mg/g鲜果。     

黑树莓花色苷分离、纯化与抗氧化活性

采用AB-8大孔树脂和硅胶柱层析技术纯化并分离黑树莓花色苷,分别通过DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和羟自由基清除试验评价花色苷组分的抗氧化活性。结果表明:经过大孔树脂纯化后的花色苷的纯度从17.18%提高到85.21%,得率为0.60%;硅胶柱层析参数为洗脱液配比为正丁醇∶乙酸∶水的体积比为4∶2∶0.5,流速为0.5 mL/min,树莓花色苷粗品与硅胶的质量比为1∶550;得到黑树莓花色苷产物组分分别为BRA1和BRA2,纯度分别为94.53%和92.14%。组分BRA1的抗氧化活性优于组分BRA2,两者均呈现出良好的抗氧化活性。     

Effects of pectolytic enzyme treatments on anthocyanins in raspberry juice

Raspberry juices treated with two commercial pectinase preparations lost almost 20% of their total anthocyanin pigments; losses were related to both concentration of enzyme and time of treatment. Analysis of individual anthocyanins showed differences between the enzymes. Ultrazyme reduced all components in similar proportions, whereas Pectinex apparently also converted cyanidin-3-sophoroside and cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside into cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside respectively, presumably by hydrolysis of β1–2 glucosidic bonds by glucosidase present in the Pectinex.     

Kinetics of the thermal degradation of anthocyanins of the raspberry

Summary Kinetics and thermal degradation of anthocyanin content has been investigated in three raspberry varieties in connection with the variety itself, the sucrose content and the temperature. The values of the rate constant for the first order reaction, and the activation parameters have been calculated. Experiment has been carried out 78, 88, 98, and 108°C.

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Zusammenfassung Bei 3 Himbeersorten wurde die Kinetik des thermischen Abbaues von Anthocyan untersucht in Abhängikeit von der Sorte, dem Zuckergehalt und der Temperatur. Die Versuche werden ausgeführt bei 78, 88, 98 und 108°C; die Ergebnisse für die Reaktionen 1. Ordnung sowie für die Aktivierungskonstanten sind angegeben.

     

The bioavailability and absorption of anthocyanins: towards a better understanding

Evidence that anthocyanin compounds have beneficial effects for health are increasingly being reported in the scientific literature and these compounds are now widely recognised as potential therapeutic compounds. Berry fruit are rich sources of anthocyanins and berry fruit products or derived beverages can provide 10s to 100s of milligrams of anthocyanins in a single serve. Anthocyanins exhibit complex chemical behaviours in vitro and this will result in complex behaviour in vivo. This review attempts to summarize some aspects of anthocyanin biochemistry and discusses these in the context of what is currently known about bioavailability and absorption. Compared with other flavonoid groups, such as flavonols, relatively little is known about details and mechanisms of anthocyanin absorption and transport and much remains to be discovered.     

响应曲面法优化浸提新疆红树莓中花色苷的工艺研究

以新疆红树莓为原料,选取料液比、浸提温度、浸提时间为三个主要因素,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应曲面法研究各个因素间的交互作用,优化花色苷提取工艺.结果表明,5.0g红树莓样品中加入经盐酸酸化的体积分数80％乙醇溶液（pH 3）,料液比1∶7（g∶mL）、提取温度51℃、提取时间65 min,该最优条件下得到的花色苷含量为56.45 mg/100 g.     

Protein-binding approaches for improving bioaccessibility and bioavailability of anthocyanins

Color is an important characteristic of food. Over the last 15 years, more attention has been paid to natural colorants because of the rising demand for clean-label food products. Anthocyanins, which are a group of phytochemicals responsible for the purple, blue or red hues of many plants, offer a market advantage. In addition, anthocyanin-rich foods are associated with protection against cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, diabetes, cancer, microbial-based disorders, neurological disorders, and vision ailments. However, the real health value of anthocyanins, whether as a natural colorant or a functional ingredient, is dependent on the ultimate bioaccessibility and bioavailability in the human body. Many animal and human clinical studies revealed that, after intake of anthocyanin-rich foods or anthocyanin extracts, only trace amounts (< 1% of ingested content) of anthocyanins or their predicted metabolites were detected in plasma after a standard blood draw, which was indicative of low bioavailability of anthocyanins. Protein binding to anthocyanins is a strategy that has recently been reported to enhance the ultimate bioactivity, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability of anthocyanins as compared to anthocyanins delivered without a protein carrier. Therefore, in this review, we address anthocyanin properties in food processing and digestion, anthocyanin-protein complexes used in food matrices, and changes in the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of anthocyanins when bound into anthocyanin-protein complexes in foods. Finally, we summarize the challenges and prospects of this delivery system for anthocyanin pigments.     

On the bioavailability of flavanols and anthocyanins: flavanol-anthocyanin dimers

The bioavailability of flavanols, anthocyanins and anthocyanin-derived pigments like flavanol-anthocyanin dimers already reported to occur in food products is a major unsolved issue. The absorption of the flavanol-anthocyanin dimer (+)-catechin-(4,8)-malvidin-3-O-glucoside (Cat-Mv3glc) through Caco-2 cells was assessed by performing transepithelial transport assays. The ability of Cat-Mv3glc to cross Caco-2 cells was compared with that of malvidin-3-glucoside (Mv3glc), (+)-catechin (Cat) and procyanidin B3 (Cat-Cat), in order to evaluate the influence of some structural features on the transport efficiency. The flavanol-anthocyanin dimer was absorbed in this intestinal model although with a lower efficiency than the monomers Cat and Mv3glc. On the other hand, Cat-Mv3glc was found to cross the intestinal barrier model more significantly than Cat-Cat. This feature may be related to the presence of the glucose moiety in its structure. Overall, this study brings more insights into the bioavailability of anthocyanins and flavanols and represents the first report on the bioavailability of flavanol-anthocyanins.     

Electrochemical behaviour and antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins from Chilean red wine,grape and raspberry

The anthocyanin fractions were extracted from Cabernet Sauvignon red wine, skins of Vitis vinifera grapes and raspberry fruits (Rubus idaeus). In red wine extract, 16 anthocyanins were identified, malvidin-3-O-glucoside being the main anthocyanin, which comprised 53.6% of the total anthocyanin in grape extract. Raspberry extract contained mainly delphinidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was assayed by electrochemical methods. Best resolution of the oxidation peaks for the extracts and diluted wine was obtained by pulse differential voltammetry. The wine diluted 20× presented values of P1 (443 mV) and P2 (676 mV) similar to those corresponding to wine extract, and to the anthocyanin malvidin-3-O-glucoside. The antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins in extracts of wine, grape skin and raspberry fruit was also determined by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) method.     

红树莓花色苷粗提物抗氧化性能与抑菌作用研究

对红树莓花色苷粗提物的抗氧化性能与抑菌作用进行了初步研究.实验首先考察了粗提物对羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O2-·)自由基的清除作用及对脂质过氧化物的阻抑作用.实验结果表明,红树莓花色苷对羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O2-·)自由基都有很好的清除作用,而且清除O2-·自由基的能力大于·OH自由基的能力,对猪油中产生的脂质过氧化物也有一定的阻抑作用.同时通过抑菌实验发现,红树莓花色苷对大肠杆菌有较强的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用较弱,而对霉菌和酵母菌几乎没有抑制作用.     

树莓籽与树莓叶副产物的开发进展

树莓籽与树莓叶是树莓培育过程中重要的副产物,具有较高的产品附加值。抗氧化物质的研究与相关产品的开发是树莓研究领域热点之一。本文根据文献对树莓叶和树莓籽副产物的开发利用进行比较全面的综述,总结了树莓叶、树莓籽的天然活性成分、保健功效、产品开发现状。树莓副产物在食品、医药、化工行业具有巨大的开发潜力,为树莓副产物的开发研究提供理论和现实依据。      

响应面法优化红树莓花色苷超声辅助提取工艺的研究

以红树莓为原料,采用超声辅助法对其中的花色苷进行提取,研究了超声功率、间歇时间、提取时间和提取温度四个因素对花色苷得率的影响。在此基础上,根据中心组合实验设计原理,分析了各因素的显著性和交互作用,优化超声辅助提取参数。最终得到树莓花色苷较优提取工艺条件:超声功率900 W,间歇时间3 s,提取时间50 min,提取温度为50℃。此条件下树莓花色苷的提取得率为0.163 mg/g。      

花青素研究进展

文章根据国内外对花青素生理功能的研究报导归纳了花色苷的主要生理活性并就其成分分离和结构鉴定做了概括。     

The anthocyanins of sunflower

The extraction process of red pigments from the husks of a cultivar of sunflower has been studied. It has been shown that a fraction containing circa 80% of the starting pigments could be obtained by grinding. Best extractions were obtained with distilled water-organic solvent mixtures of intermediate polarity values. The extraction yields are strongly influenced by the pH and the solvent/powder ratio and reach the maximum after about 2 hr.
The experimental data showed that the greater part of the pigments, readily precipitable by acidification to pH 2.0, are bonded to a macromolecule, probably of protein nature, as confirmed by electrophoresis.     

Acylated anthocyanins: A review on their bioavailability and effects on postprandial carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation

Anthocyanins, the natural red and purple colorants of berries, fruits, vegetables, and tubers, improve carbohydrate metabolism and decrease the risk factors of metabolic disorders, but their industrial use is limited by their chemical instability. Acylation of the glycosyl moieties of anthocyanins, however, changes the chemical properties of anthocyanins and provides enhanced stability. Thus, acylated anthocyanins are more usable as natural colorants and bioactive components of innovative functional foods. Acylated anthocyanins are common in pigmented vegetables and tubers, the consumption of which has the potential to increase the intake of health-promoting anthocyanins as part of the daily diet. For the first time, this review presents the current findings on bioavailability, absorption, metabolism, and health effects of acylated anthocyanins with comparison to more extensively investigated nonacylated anthocyanins. The structural differences between nonacylated and acylated anthocyanins lead to enhanced color stability, altered absorption, bioavailability, in vivo stability, and colonic degradation. The impact of phenolic metabolites and their potential health effects regardless of the low bioavailability of the parent anthocyanins as such is discussed. Here, purple-fleshed potatoes are presented as a globally available, eco-friendly model food rich in acylated anthocyanins, which further highlights the industrial possibilities and nutritional relevance of acylated anthocyanins. This work supports the academic community and industry in food research and development by reviewing the current literature and highlighting gaps of knowledge.     

Effect of mixing time, freeze-drying and baking on phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of raspberry juice during processing of muffins

BACKGROUND: Consumption of baked products constitutes an important part of a daily breakfast considering that people are continually grabbing meals on the go. Among baked products, muffins rank third in breakfast products and attract a broad range of consumers. Incorporation of red raspberry juice into muffins can add value to the product while preserving health benefits to the consumer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mixing time, freeze‐drying and baking on the phenolic and anthocyanin contents and antioxidant capacity of raspberry juice during the preparation of muffins. RESULTS: Freeze‐drying of raspberry batters reduced their phenolic content and antioxidant capacity regardless of mixing time. Non‐freeze‐dried raspberry batter mixed for 5 min had the highest phenolic content (0.88 mg gallic acid equivalent g^?1 dry matter (DM)). Non‐freeze‐dried raspberry muffins had the highest antioxidant capacity (0.041 µmol Trolox equivalent g^?1 DM). Freeze‐dried raspberry batters mixed for 5 and 10 min had the highest anthocyanin content (0.065 mg cyanidin‐3‐glucoside g^?1 DM). Baking reduced the anthocyanin content of both non‐freeze‐dried and freeze‐dried raspberry muffins. CONCLUSION: Despite the reduction in valuable compounds, muffin is a vehicle for the delivery of these compounds. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

红树莓的医疗保健作用及红树莓饮料的开发

主要介绍了红树莓含有的花青素、鞣化酸、黄酮、水杨酸等营养成分,并重点阐述了红树莓在抗衰老、抗心血管疾病、抗癌等方面的医疗保健作用。同时为了尽可能保留红树莓的全部营养成分,采用正交实验研制了红树莓果肉果汁饮料,为人们提供一种高价值的健康饮品。     

Variation of total phenolics, anthocyanins, ellagic acid and radical scavenging capacity in various raspberry (Rubus spp.) cultivars

The aim of this study was to assess the level of some phytochemicals in 19 raspberry cultivars grown in Lithuania. The content of total ellagic acid measured after 20 h acidic hydrolysis of investigated raspberry cultivars, varied from 119.8 (cv. ‘Pokusa’) to 323.5 mg/100 g (cv. ‘Bristol’). The content of total phenolics ranged from 278.6 (cv. ‘Pokusa’) to 714.7 mg/100 g (cv. ‘Bristol’). The total anthocyanins content varied from 2.1 (yellow cv. ‘Beglianka’) to 325.5 mg/100 g (black cv. ‘Bristol’). The radical scavenging capacity of the tested raspberry cultivars highly correlating with their total phenolics and total ellagic acid content (r = 0.90 and 0.92, respectively). The results of this study expand the knowledge about variation in the content of valuable bioactive compounds in raspberries and may help for the selection and validation of the most productive cultivars.