砂轮表面形貌定量评价及修整效果研究

基于砂轮表面磨粒出刃面积,提出砂轮表面磨粒出刃面积率Sr的概念,在此基础上提出磨粒出刃度βd和磨粒出刃面积分散度δs两个指标来评价砂轮表面形貌特征。用滚轮修整器对树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮进行修整实验,分析了不同修整方式、修整深度和修整速比对βd和δs的影响。采用修整后的砂轮进行磨削实验,分析了不同特征参数的砂轮对磨削力和工件表面粗糙度的影响。研究结果表明,采用较小的修整深度、较小的修整速比,多次进给修整砂轮时,磨粒出刃度高、磨粒出刃面积分散度小,修整效果好。当βd为69.35%、δs为1 000 μm2时,磨削力、表面粗糙度最小,表明砂轮磨削性能最好,证明修整质量最高。因此所提出的βd、δs两个指标能对修整后的砂轮表面形貌进行有效评价,且磨粒出刃面积的检测方法简单,检测效率较高。     

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的修整实验研究

为满足单层钎焊金刚石砂轮高效精密加工的性能要求,对磨粒有序排布单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的修整进行了实验研究。采用磨粒有序排布的钎焊金刚石修整工具对钎焊砂轮进行了修整,该修整方法通过修整工具粒度的变化以及修整速比的调整来控制砂轮形貌,从而使氧化锆的磨削表面粗糙度达到了精密加工的水平。对砂轮形貌进行了观测统计,数据表明,砂轮磨粒的等高性得到明显改善且避免了磨粒端部的严重钝化。     

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的精密修整及效果评价

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮作为一种新型的磨削工具,具有磨粒固结强度高、磨粒出露大、容屑空间大等优点,比较适合高效率大切深的强力磨削,然而这种工具对高性能的脆性材料的精密磨削却比较困难。本文通过两种精密的修整工艺,使得加工表面质量大大提高。通过观察砂轮磨粒形态的变化可知,磨粒在修整过程中存在有磨损钝化、破碎、表面粘附等现象;通过对砂轮轮廓的激光测量可知,砂轮的磨粒等高性在修整过程中是明显改善的。通过修整磨粒粒径300μm的钎焊砂轮磨削氧化锆的表面粗糙度达到了Ra0.2μm。     

垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧修整器设计与砂轮修整

针对圆弧形超硬砂轮修整难度大、修整精度低的问题,对树脂结合剂圆弧形金刚石砂轮进行了精密修整研究。设计制造了一种垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧修整器,通过修整试验研究了不同粒度的圆弧形砂轮在修整前后表面粗糙度、弧形精度、圆度、表面形貌的变化情况。砂轮修整前后对氮化硅陶瓷轴承套圈沟道进行了磨削,并测量了磨削后的轴承套圈沟形精度。研究结果表明：相比修整前,修整后砂轮表面粗糙度平均值由1.731 8 μm减小至0.772 4 μm,减小了55.4%;弧形精度平均值由33.604 7 μm减小至8.527 6 μm,减小了74.6%,修整后4个砂轮的弧形精度更加稳定,且随着砂轮粒度的减小,弧形精度略有减小趋势;砂轮圆度平均值由43.721 μm减小至18.002 μm,减小了58.8%,修整使大量新的磨粒露出。所设计的垂直式超硬砂轮圆弧形修整器可对圆弧砂轮进行精密修整,可改善圆弧形砂轮的弧形精度及圆度,修整后砂轮磨削的轴承套圈沟形精度得到了大幅提高。     

激光修整青铜金刚石砂轮的高速磨削试验研究

利用自行研制的声光调QNd：YAG激光器，对青铜金刚石砂轮进行修整试验。用光学显微镜观察修整后的砂轮表面，得到砂轮形貌随修整参数变化关系。对激光修整后的砂轮进行高速磨削试验，得出了砂轮磨削力和试件表面粗糙度随激光修整参数变化的关系。与碳化硅滚轮修整法进行对比试验，结果表明，合适的激光参数修整后，青铜结合剂金刚石砂轮对氧化钇部分稳定氧化锆材料的磨削力小于碳化硅滚轮修整。     

小直径青铜结合剂微粉砂轮的电火花精密修整实验研究

青铜结合剂微粉金刚石砂轮常用于脆硬材料的超精密磨削加工,但其修整十分困难;采用内冲式弧面铜钨电极对W10青铜结合剂微粉金刚石砂轮进行了电火花修整试验研究;搭建试验平台并设计三种不同弧度的内冲式电极,采用超景深三维显微镜、精密粗糙度仪、CCD激光位移传感器以及扫描电子显微镜,对修整后的砂轮进行了表面形貌检测、轮廓检测和磨削性能测试;检测结果表明60?弧面电极的内冲效果最好,修整砂轮表面磨粒突出明显,数量较多且密集度高,金刚石磨粒保存完好;砂轮圆跳动误差值最小,可达1.7?m、1.8?m、1.8?m;试验验证了采用60?弧面电极修整砂轮的磨削性能最好,加工的试件表面粗糙度可达Ra2.273 nm,已基本达到超精密镜面磨削的质量。     

金属基圆弧形金刚石砂轮在位精密修整实验研究

金属基圆弧形金刚石砂轮具有耐磨性好、结合强度高、寿命长等优点,广泛的应用于非回转、非对称大尺寸光学自由曲面的精密磨削中,但是,金属基体砂轮在位精密修整困难。基于此,采用旋转GC磨棒在位精密修整法,提出了金属基圆弧形金刚石砂轮的进给补偿在位精密修整策略,并在超精密机床上搭建在位修整系统,对D46金属基圆弧形金刚石砂轮进行了修整实验,同时对修整前后的砂轮轮廓误差进行了在位测量,最后采用超景深显微镜和Zygo白光干涉仪对修整后砂轮表面的金刚石磨粒和轮廓形貌进行了观察。结果表明,D46金属基圆弧形砂轮的修整效果明显,验证了本文提出的金属基圆弧形砂轮进给补偿修整策略的正确性和可操作性,实现了金属基圆弧形金刚石砂轮的在位精密修整。     

陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮的修整

研究了砂轮修整方法对陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮摩削效果的影响。研究结果表明，用单粒金刚石修整陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮时，修整后的砂轮表面层磨粒钝化，磨削力大，磨削质量差。用碳化硅砂轮或磨削油石法修整的陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮则可避免初期磨削力大的问题。     

电镀金刚石砂轮高效精密修整及熔融石英磨削试验研究

大尺寸光学玻璃元件主要采用细磨粒金刚石砂轮进行精密/超精密磨削加工,但存在砂轮修整频繁、工件表面面形精度难以保证、加工效率低等缺点。采用大磨粒金刚石砂轮进行加工则具有磨削比大、工件面形精度高等优点,然而高效精密的修整是其实现精密磨削的关键技术。采用Cr12钢对电镀金刚石砂轮(磨粒粒径151 μm)进行粗修整,借助修整区域聚集的热量加快金刚石的磨损,可使砂轮的回转误差快速降至10 μm以内。结合在线电解修锐技术,采用杯形金刚石修整滚轮对粗修整后的电镀砂轮进行精修整,砂轮的回转误差可达6 μm以内,轴向梯度误差由6 μm降至2.5 μm。通过对修整前后的金刚石砂轮表面磨损形貌成像及其拉曼光谱曲线分析了修整的机理。对应于不同的砂轮修整阶段进行熔融石英光学玻璃磨削试验,结果表明,砂轮回转误差较大时,工件材料表面以脆性断裂去除为主;随着砂轮回转误差和轴向梯度误差的减小,工件表面材料以塑性去除为主,磨削表面粗糙度为Ra19.6 nm,亚表层损伤深度低至2 μm。可见,经过精密修整的大磨粒电镀金刚石砂轮可以实现对光学玻璃的精密磨削。     

陶瓷磨削中砂轮修整的试验研究

介绍了回转金刚石修整装置和陶瓷粘结砂轮的修整,研究了外圆磨削氧化锆时修整进给量、速比和重合比的影响。复杂精确形状的陶瓷发动机零件的应用,和精密金刚石砂轮修整技术的缺乏,迫使研究使用陶瓷粘结CBN和SiC砂轮,进行陶瓷的成形磨削。测量了修整和磨削力,及磨后氧化锆零件的圆度和表面粗糙度。改变修整工艺参数,可得到各种表面粗糙度和圆度。试验结果表明,在速比低于-1．O以下修整后的砂轮,磨后零件的表面粗糙度和圆度良好。修整和磨削结果分析表明,在较高的比修整能下加大磨削力,和在大磨削力下表面粗糙度较好的趋向。评论了直接传动变速修整主轴速度控制的不足,并研究了在正速比下它对修整力相反方向的影响。     

超硬磨料砂轮的激光修锐技术研究

激光修整超硬磨料砂轮的原理,利用Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ固体脉冲激光器进行激光修锐青铜结合剂和树脂结合剂硬磨料砂轮的试验,用扫描电镜观察了激光修锐前后砂轮表面的微观表貌,对激光作用下砂轮表面不同结合剂材料的去除机理进行了分析,通过磨削陶瓷试验,研究激光修锐的金刚石砂轮的磨削性能,并与普通砂轮磨削肖修锐的金刚石砂轮进行对比。结果表明,采用试验所确定的激光参数可选择性地去除砂轮表面的结合剂材料,而不损伤超硬磨粒,     

超硬磨料砂轮修整及点轮修整技术

与普通磨料砂轮相比,采用金刚石车削法修整超硬磨料砂轮,修整力大、工具磨损快、修整时间长、效率低、精度低及质量差,致使超硬磨料砂轮的优异性能得不到充分发挥,砂轮修整已经成为制约超硬磨料砂轮工程应用的主要瓶颈.在超硬磨料砂轮修整研究方面,科研成果众多,技术各有特点,然而工程应用有限.点轮修整是集金刚石车削修整、金刚石滚轮磨...     

A novel technique for dressing metal-bonded diamond grinding wheel with abrasive waterjet and touch truing

The dressing of metal-bonded diamond grinding wheels is difficult despite their availabilities on hard and brittle materials. In this paper, a novel compound technology that combines abrasive waterjet (AWJ) and touch truing is proposed for dressing metal-bonded diamond grinding wheel precisely and efficiently. The dressing experiments of a coarse-grained and a fine-grained bronze-bonded diamond grinding wheel were carried out on a surface grinder with a developed AWJ system. The feasibility of this method was verified by analyzing the wheel runout, the truing forces, and the wheel surface topography. The variations of 3D surface roughness of wheel surface topography during the compound dressing process were quantitatively analyzed. The mechanism of AWJ and touch compound dressing is also discussed. Further, a reaction-bonded silicon carbide block was ground to validate the dressing quality. The experiment results indicate that the grinding wheels that were well dressed by the proposed technique leads to a smaller grinding force and a smaller surface roughness than that of undressed wheels.     

椭圆振动修整超声磨削ＺrＯ２温度试验研究

采用椭圆超声振动辅助金刚石笔修整方法修整金属结合剂金刚石砂轮,考察声学系统参数及磨削参数对超声振动辅助磨削纳米氧化锆陶瓷过程中磨削温度的影响.试验结果表明,椭圆超声振动辅助修整的金刚石砂轮超声振动磨削中,磨削温度相对较低.相比其他修整参数,修整深度对磨削温度的影响较小.磨削参数中,磨削深度对磨削温度影响因子较大,砂轮速度影响较弱.此外,磨粒在切削过程中做超声振动,改变了切削条件及散热条件,弱化了砂轮表面地貌对磨削温度的影响,因此,不同修整方式的金刚石砂轮的磨削温度差别不大,两种修整方式下磨削温度下降的梯度大致相当.     

The laser dressing of resin-bonded CBN wheels by a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser

Resin-bonded cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheels are widely used in industry due to their good grinding ability. There is, therefore, a need to find a good method suitable for the dressing of these wheels. This paper presents a new method dressed by an acoustic-optic Q-switched Nd: YAG laser based on thermal interaction, which is unlike the conventional mechanical dressing methods based on force interaction. The mechanism of the selective removal of the bond was analysed. Experiments of a single pulse ablation on the resin bond and the CBN grains, and the laser dressing of resin-bonded CBN wheels with different dressing parameters have been carried out. The grinding force has been compared for the conventional mechanical dressed wheel and the laser dressed wheel. It is shown that the resin-bonded CBN grinding wheel is suitable for an acoustic-optic Q-switched Nd: YAG laser dressing with radial irradiation, which is better than a continuous wave (CW) laser dressing with radial irradiation and conventional mechanical dressing methods.     

MODELING OF DRESSING FORCES DURING ROTARY DIAMOND CUP DRESSING OF VITRIFIED CBN GRINDING WHEELS

This paper presents a mathematical model of dressing of vitrified CBN grinding wheels by a diamond cup dresser. It predicts the dressing forces during rotary diamond cup dressing of vitrified CBN grinding wheels. This model is based on the fracture of abrasive grits, the fracture of the bond and the contact forces between dresser and grinding wheel. It considers the kinematical influences and in particular speed ratio and overlap factor during the dressing process. A Weibull distribution is used to predict the probability of bond fracture and also the collision number between the diamond grits of a rotating dresser and the CBN grits. This model is validated by experimental results. The theoretical modeling values agree reasonably well with the experimental results. On the basis of this model the effect of different cup dressing parameters on dressing forces is theoretically discussed with the aim of establishing appropriate dressing process configurations. Furthermore the presented model provides a basis for further prediction of wheel topography and the grinding process.     

金刚石微粉烧结棒与杯形砂轮修整碟形金刚石砂轮的对比试验研究

以反映砂轮平面度的端面跳动变化率和径向跳动变化率作为修整效率的评价依据,以插齿刀的齿形精度和齿面精度作为修整效果的评价依据,从试验和实际加工出的插齿刀齿形两方面对金刚石微粉烧结棒和杯形砂轮修整碟形金刚石砂轮进行了对比试验研究。结果表明,杯形砂轮的修整效率高于金刚石微粉烧结棒的修整效率;杯形砂轮修整的碟形金刚石砂轮具有较高的磨削能力。