电沉积法制备纳米晶Ni-Co合金镀层

在氨基磺酸盐镀液体系中,采用电沉积法制备了纳米晶镍镀层和四种纳米晶Ni-Co合金镀层,采用FESEM、EDS和XRD表征了镀层的表面形貌、成分和晶体结构。结果表明,镍镀层和四种Ni-Co镀层的晶体结构都是简单面心立方结构;与镍镀层相比,Ni-Co合金镀层的平均晶粒尺寸减小,且当镀层钴含量为41.3%时,Ni-Co合金的平均晶粒尺寸最小为14.6 nm。在一定范围内,钴含量的增加有利于改善Ni-Co合金镀层的表面质量以及实现晶粒细化。     

电沉积制备Ni-Co合金镀层的成核过程研究

在氨基磺酸盐镀液中,采用电沉积技术制备了Ni-Co合金镀层。通过阴极线性扫描和计时电流测试,研究了Ni-Co合金镀层电结晶初期的共沉积行为和电化学反应过程,探究了Ni-Co合金镀层的成核模型;采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪,表征了Ni-Co合金镀层的表面形貌和微观结构;通过退火后的显微硬度测试,研究了Ni-Co合金镀层的热稳定性。结果表明:Ni-Co合金镀层的沉积电位约为-0.73 V;Ni-Co合金镀层的形核/生长过程符合受扩散控制的瞬时成核模型;Ni-Co合金镀层表面均匀致密,晶粒细小,热稳定性较好。     

基于模具钢基体的Ni-Co合金镀层的性能研究

采用改进的瓦特型镀液,在模具钢(Cr12MoV钢)基体上电沉积Ni-Co合金镀层,并研究了电流密度对合金镀层的成分、表面形貌、硬度和耐磨性的影响。结果表明:随着电流密度的增大,Co的质量分数降低,合金镀层的表面形貌发生明显变化,其硬度先增大后减小,平均摩擦因数先降低后升高。当电流密度达到3A/dm~2时,合金镀层晶粒细化、组织致密,具有较高的硬度(4.57GPa)和良好的耐磨性(平均摩擦因数为0.3)。     

镍-硼合金镀层的硬度和耐磨性

在以氨基磺酸镍为主盐、硼氢化钠为硼源的电解液中,采用恒流电镀法于铜基底表面制备了镍-硼合金镀层。采用相似的方法制备了纯镍镀层和镍-铁合金镀层作为对照。使用真空退火炉对镍-硼合金镀层进行热处理。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对镀层的晶体结构和表面形貌进行了表征和分析,采用显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机对镀层的硬度和耐磨性进行了测试。通过扫描电子显微镜观察表面摩擦磨痕形貌,分析镀层摩擦磨损机制。结果表明:镍-硼合金镀层表面光亮平整,硬度可达7 000~8 000 MPa;经过300℃热处理后硬度可达到11 000MPa。镍-硼合金镀层的耐磨性比镀镍层和镍-铁合金镀层的有很大的改善。     

Ni-Co合金镀层的制备及其应用于汽车缸套的可行性分析

采用单因素试验法得到制备Ni-Co合金镀层的最佳工艺条件。采用最佳工艺条件,在汽车缸套内表面电沉积Ni-Co合金镀层。对镀Ni-Co合金的汽车缸套的硬度及内表面的耐磨性进行测试,并与镀硬铬的汽车缸套进行比较。结果表明:镀Ni-Co合金的汽车缸套与镀硬铬的汽车缸套的硬度及内表面的耐磨性相近,Ni-Co合金镀层同样能够起到较好的抗磨减摩作用,可以替代硬铬镀层应用在汽车缸套上。     

交变磁场下脉冲电沉积镍-钴纳米合金镀层

在脉冲电沉积镍-钴纳米合金镀层的过程中引入与电场方向垂直的外加交变磁场。采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪观察并分析镀层的表面形貌和微观结构,并用显微硬度计测试镀层的显微硬度。结果表明:外加交变磁场的引入可使镀层晶粒细化,镀层表面平整、致密,镀层的显微硬度呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

工艺参数对电镀镍钴合金及其性能的影响

在氨基磺酸盐镀液体系中,采用电沉积法制备Ni-Co合金镀层,采用SEM、XRD与维氏硬度仪分析镀层相结构、微观形貌及显微硬度,并研究了沉积电流密度、氨基磺酸钴浓度及电镀液温度对镀层微观结构与显微硬度的影响.结果表明:阴极电流密度对镀层的择优取向无显著影响,但对各衍射峰强度影响较大.氨基磺酸钴浓度对择优取向有明显影响,当浓度从6 g/L提高至18 g/L时,择优取向由双择优取向(111)与(220)转至单择优取向(111),且金属晶粒更为细化.钴盐浓度提升还有利于提高镀层的显微硬度,钴盐浓度为18 g/L时比浓度为6 g/L时的显微硬度提高约44.56％.溶液温度35～45℃,电流密度2 A/dm2时,可获得具有良好的表面质量与显微硬度合金镀层.     

电沉积制备Ni-Co合金镀层及耐蚀性能研究

为了减弱腐蚀,增强基体的使用寿命,以316L不锈钢片为基体,采用电沉积法制备了Ni-Co合金镀层。使用扫描电镜对镀层的微观形貌进行表征,利用VersaSTAT3电化学工作站测试镀层在3.5%的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电流密度。研究了不同主盐浓度、镀液温度及电流密度对合金镀层性能的影响规律。结果表明,电镀液中镍盐质量浓度为128 g/L时,钴盐质量浓度为115 g/L,镀液温度为55℃,p H值为4.5,电流密度为1.0 A/dm~2,腐蚀电流密度为6.13×10~(-12)A/cm~2时,所得Ni-Co合金镀层的耐腐蚀效果最佳。     

化学镀Ni-Fe-P工艺的研究

考察了镀液中FeSO4的质量浓度对合金镀层沉积速率的影响,并通过金相显微镜对镀层表面形貌进行观察;采用硬度计和实验室浸泡方法分别考察了镀层的显微硬度和耐蚀性.结果表明:当镀液中FeSO4的质量浓度小于2.0 g/L时,镀层的沉积速率虽然降低,但镀层的表面更加均匀、致密,表面质量更好,镀层的显微硬度和耐蚀性也得到提高;当...     

电刷镀n-Al2O3/Ni-Co镀层组织与性能的研究

针对镀硬铬中污染环境和危害人体健康的六价铬,为实现清洁生产,改善生态环境,开展了电刷镀n-Al2O3/Ni-Co纳米复合镀层的研究。测试了纳米微粒的质量浓度对n-Al2O3/Ni-Co纳米复合镀层表面形貌和硬度的影响;并对比了n-Al2O3/Ni-Co纳米复合镀层和硬铬镀层的硬度、耐磨性能和抗高温氧化性能;利用XRD测定了n-Al2O3/Ni-Co纳米复合镀层的结构和晶粒尺寸。研究结果表明:纳米微粒的质量浓度为20 g/L时,镀层具有最优的表面形貌和硬度;室温条件下,n-Al2O3/Ni-Co纳米复合镀层的硬度和耐磨性能都明显优于硬铬镀层的;高温条件下,n-Al2O3/Ni-Co纳米复合镀层的抗高温氧化性能与硬铬镀层的相当。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.