固定酶法催化合成生物柴油Ⅰ.大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶的制备

研究了用于生物柴油酶催化的大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶的制备过程,考察和优化了脂肪酶固定化方法及条件。结果表明,采用大孔树脂D3520作载体,以载体涂布法固定化脂肪酶的最适固定化条件为:酶用量为酶∶树脂=0.16∶1(质量比),吸附时间1~3 h,pH值范围为9.0~9.4,固定化温度40℃。酶活力可达91.49 U/g,酶活回收率约为54%。     

膜材料的亲疏水性对固定化脂肪酶的影响

用吸附法固定脂肪酶时,膜材料的亲疏水性对固定化酶的量、比活力和活力稳定性等有很大影响.今以柱状假丝酵母脂肪酶和猪胰脂肪酶为研究对象,选取了8种亲疏水性不同的膜材料(醋酸纤维素、聚丙烯腈、聚酰胺、聚砜、聚醚砜、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚丙烯和聚四氟乙烯)作为固定化载体,用吸附法制备了固定化脂肪酶膜.研究结果表明,强疏水性聚四氟乙烯和聚丙烯膜对两种酶的吸附量都比较大,且固定化酶的比活力和活力回收率比较高,聚四氟乙烯固定化柱状假丝酵母酶比游离态酶的半衰期提高了6倍以上.强亲水性醋酸纤维素膜对猪胰脂肪酶的吸附量比聚四氟乙烯高,但是固定化酶的比活力、活力回收率比强疏水性膜低,而接触角在40°～50°的聚酰胺膜和聚砜膜的吸附量最小.因此吸附法制备固定化脂肪酶膜,选择聚丙烯膜和聚四氟乙烯膜是合适的,制备的优化条件为吸附温度25℃,酶溶液的pH为7.5,吸附时间10 h.     

以凹土颗粒稳定的乳液为模板制备复合微球固定化酶

以凹土颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液为模板聚合有机/无机复合微球,并以此为载体固定化脂肪酶,当脂肪酶浓度为0.020wt％,固定化温度为45 ℃及pH=7.4的条件下,固定化效果较好,酶活达到最大.脂肪酶固定化后显示出较好的热稳定性、储存稳定性,重复使用三次后酶活仍与游离酶的初始酶活相近.从而为酶的固定化的提供了一条新的途径.     

CaCO3粉沫作载体固定化脂肪酶催化合成单甘酯

研究了以CaCO粉末为载体吸附法固定化脂肪酶的方法。结果表明,当酶的用量为CaCO3质量的0.3g.g^-1,吸附时间1.5h,所得固定化酶活最高,为158.1UCaCO3/g.min,研究了固定化酶催化棕榈油固相甘油解反应合成单甘酯工艺条件,结果表明,固定化酶加入量为150U/g油,甘油与棕榈油摩尔比为4：1,甘油中水的含量为4％,于28℃反应24h,然后将反应体系的温度降至室温（13℃－15℃）,9天后单甘酯的含量达33．4％,该固定化酶很容易从反应体系中回收,重复使用5次,酶活保留73．37％。     

吸附-聚合物修饰组合固定化Candida antarctica脂肪酶研究

通过吸附法联合PEG非共价修饰,研发了一种固定化南极假丝酵母脂肪酶(Candida antarctica lipase)的新方法,可以有效提高固定化酶在非水介质中的催化活性。最佳固定化条件为硅藻土:酶粉(W/W)=8,PEG4000:酶粉(W/W)=0.6,缓冲液pH7.5。采用三油酸甘油酯与甲醇的转酯化反应,测定了固定化酶的转酯活性。结果表明,固定化酶同时加入PEG进行非共价修饰,可显著提高固定化酶的转酯活力。PEG修饰的固定化酶转酯比活是未经PEG修饰的固定化酶的4.1倍,转酯酶活回收率为604.8%,说明PEG两性分子的特性对制备用于非水介质的固定化酶有重要作用。该固定化方法可显著提高Candida antarctica脂肪酶在非水介质中的催化效率,且固定化方法简单、成本低,具有工业应用价值。     

脂肪酶固定化及催化酯化反应

本研究报道了利用吸附法和化学键合法将白地霉脂肪酶固定化于五种载体上，用吸附法固定化的脂肪酶保持了高的活性。在有机溶剂中，固定化酶催化了长链脂肪酸与醇的酯化反应，酯化率可达９４％。固定化过程并未改变脂肪酶的选择性。固定化脂肪酶可重复使用。     

三维有序大孔硅材料载体固定化脂肪酶研究

以聚苯乙烯胶体晶体为模板制备三维有序大孔硅材料(3DOM-SiO_2),以其作为载体来固定脂肪酶。分别考察了脂肪酶加入量、反应体系pH、固定反应时间对固定化效果的影响。结果表明,3DOM-SiO_2材料固定脂肪酶的最佳酶液加入量为200 mL/g,固定化最适宜pH为7.0,最佳反应时间为5 h。固定化的脂肪酶在催化性能上与游离脂肪酶相比优势明显,最适宜反应温度提高到40℃左右,并且酶活随温度变化率低,热稳定性明显提高;脂肪酶固定化后对pH的敏感度降低,适应范围更宽,催化反应的最适pH为8.0;固定化脂肪酶重复使用8次后,相对酶活保持在62%。由此可见,3DOMSiO_2材料是固定脂肪酶的优良载体,在酶固定化领域应用前景广阔。     

梳状亲水性环氧基载体固定化Pseudomonas stutzeri LC2-8脂肪酶

以氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球(PS-acyl-Cl)为引发剂,亲水性丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)为单体,CuCl及联吡啶(Bipy)为催化体系,通过原子转移自由基聚合反应(ATRP)制备得到梳状亲水性环氧基柔性载体(PS-acyl-P(AM-co-GMA)),通过改变AM与GMA配比,使载体环氧基含量和亲水性得到控制.用该柔性载体固定Pseudomonas stutzeri LC2-8脂肪酶,优化了固定化条件,并对柔性固定化酶性质进行考察.结果显示,当n(AM)∶n(GMA)=20∶60,固定化时间为24 h,固定化温度为30℃,固定化pH为7.0时,固定化酶活力达到最高,为24.1U·g-1.固定化酶的最适pH为8.0,最适温度为30℃,其热稳定性比游离酶高,重复使用8次,剩余酶活力80％左右.以上表明,以ATRP法合成的载体PS-acyl-P(AM-co-GMA)可成功用于脂肪酶的固定化,有效提高脂肪酶的稳定性和实用性.     

磁性纳米粒子的制备及脂肪酶的固定化

建立了以纳米级磁性粒子为载体固定化脂肪酶的方法,优化了脂肪酶的固定化条件,考察了固定化酶的性质. 制备的磁性载体平均粒径20 nm,具有超顺磁性,分散和再分散效果好. 固定化酶的最适吸附时间为60 min,酶用量:载体量为1:1,固定化酶的酶活达到718 U/g. 结果表明,经纳米磁性粒子固定化后,脂肪酶得到活化,固定化酶比活为游离酶的1.8倍. 同时,固定化脂肪酶的pH稳定性显著提高.     

脂肪酶固定化研究和应用

采用硅藻土作载体,进行了脂肪酶的固定化。利用固定化酶选择性催化1-苯乙醇与乙酸乙烯酯的转酯化反应,得到R-乙酸苯乙酯,进行1-苯乙醇的拆分。实验考察了不同吸附方法固定化酶的效果,确定效果最好的固定方法为载体涂布法,并对该法的固定化条件进行了优化。制备的固定化酶的转酯比活比游离酶提高了14．3倍。固定化没有改变酶的选择性．对映体过剩值仍大于98％。初步探讨了固定化酶和游离酶的反应过程。     

Covalent immobilization of porcine pancreatic lipase on amorphous AlPO4 and other inorganic supports

Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) was covalently immobilized through the formation of an aromatic Schiff's-base obtained by reaction of the ε-amino group of lysine residues in the enzyme and the aromatic aldehyde function of activated supports. The enzymatic activities of different immobilized PPL systems on amorphous AlPO₄ and several inorganic supports at different pH values and temperatures were determined by hydrolysis of ethyl acetate. The nature of the support material critically affects the efficiency of enzyme immobilization as well as enzyme stability. All the supports examined, with the exceptions of cellulose and natural sepiolite, exhibited good properties for enzyme attachment. AlPO₄ was the best support for enzyme immobilization, giving the highest percentage binding of enzyme (90%) and the highest retention of enzyme activity after immobilization (92·8%). © 1998 SCI     

New biofuel integrating glycerol into its composition through the use of covalent immobilized pig pancreatic lipase

By using 1,3-specific Pig Pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3 or PPL), covalently immobilized on AlPO(4)/Sepiolite support as biocatalyst, a new second-generation biodiesel was obtained in the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with ethanol and other alcohols of low molecular weight. The resulting biofuel is composed of fatty acid ethyl esters and monoglycerides (FAEE/MG) blended in a molar relation 2/1. This novel product, which integrates glycerol as monoacylglycerols (MG) into the biofuel composition, has similar physicochemical properties compared to those of conventional biodiesel and also avoids the removal step of this by-product. The biocatalyst was found to be strongly fixed to the inorganic support (75%). Nevertheless, the efficiency of the immobilized enzyme was reduced to half (49.1%) compared to that of the free PPL. The immobilized enzyme showed a remarkable stability as well as a great reusability (more than 40 successive reuses) without a significant loss of its initial catalytic activity. Immobilized and free enzymes exhibited different reaction mechanisms, according to the different results in the Arrhenius parameters (Ln A and Ea). However, the use of supported PPL was found to be very suitable for the repetitive production of biofuel due to its facile recyclability from the reaction mixture.     

Synthesis of poly[(5-benzyloxy-trimethylene carbonate)-co-(5,5-dimethyl-trimethylene carbonate)] catalyzed by immobilized lipase on silica particles with different size

Porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) immobilized on silica particles with different size were prepared and employed successfully for ring-opening co-polymerization of 5-benzyloxy-trimethylene carbonate (BTMC) with 5,5-dimethyl-trimethylene carbonate (DTC) for the first time. Three kinds of silica particles with different sizes (150-250, 75-150 and 1 μm) were selected as carriers for enzyme immobilization. The structure of copolymers were confirmed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR which showed no decarboxylation occurrence during the polymerization. The (M_n) of poly(BTMC-co-DTC) decreased rapidly with the increasing of immobilized PPL concentration. The carrier size of immobilized PPL affected both the catalytic activity and the polymer yield. The highest molecular weight (M_n=26,400) of poly(BTMC-co-DTC) was obtained at around 0.1% concentration of immobilized PPL on silica particles with size of 75-150 μm.     

Synthesis of mesoporous silica templated by Pluronic F68 and its application in the immobilization of lipase

Mesoporous silica templated by Pluronic F68 was synthesized and characterized by TEM, N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms and FT–IR spectra. The sample had a high specific surface area (761 m² g⁻¹) and the mean pore diameter was 4.7 nm, indicating that it can be used as porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) support. The physical adsorption of PPL on this mesoporous material in phosphate buffer solution with different pH values has been studied. The maximum adsorbed amount was observed at pH 7.0 and amounted to 826 mg g⁻¹ and the maximum activity value of immobilized PPL was 227 μmol g⁻¹ min⁻¹. The optimal pH and temperature of the hydrolysis of triacetin for the immobilized PPL were at 8.0 and 45 °C, while they were at pH 7.0 and 35 °C for free PPL. The immobilized PPL showed excellent adaptability in higher pH and excellent heat resistance compared to free PPL. The retained activity of immobilized PPL was found to be ca. 50% of its original activity after the 5th reuse.     

Architecture and performance of mesoporous silica‐lipase hybrids via non‐covalent interfacial adsorption

To investigate the effects of surface property of mesoporous supports on the lipase immobilization and the performance of immobilized lipase, the mesoporous molecular sieve SBA‐15 is functionalized with three organic moieties, dimethyl (DM), diisopropyl (DIP), and diisobutyl (DIB), respectively, by post‐synthesis grafting and one‐pot synthesis methods. Porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) is immobilized on SBA‐15 supports through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. The hydrophobic adsorption involves no active sites of PPL, and neither hyper‐activation nor total inactivation occurs. The study on the intrinsic stability of PPL, including thermal stability, pH stability, and storage stability, indicates that the entrapment in mesoporous supports, and especially in organic‐functionalized supports, makes PPL more resistant to temperature increment but more sensitive to pH change. The reusability investigation shows that the organic modification of mesoporous surface inhibits the enzyme leaching to some extent, resulting in a better operational stability. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

海藻酸钠固定化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的制备及其性质研究

研究了以海藻酸钠包埋法制备固定化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸（sAM）合成酶的条件,并考察了固定化酶的酶学性质。结果表明,最适固定化条件为：海藻酸钠质量分数3％、CaCl2质量分数4％、SAM合成酶加量（以每克海藻酸钠计）75mg、固定化时问30min,在此条件下,固定化酶活力回收率达到42％。固定化酶热稳定性较好,在50℃下保温5h仍保留69％的酶活力,而游离酶则完全失活;固定化酶在碱性条件下的稳定性较好,在pH值7．5～9．0的缓冲溶液中4℃下保温10h仍保留84％以上的酶活力;将固定化酶用于SAM的合成,连续反应5批次后,仍保留82％的酶活力。     

胺化聚苯乙烯载体柔性固定化木瓜蛋白酶

提出酶的“柔性固定化”模型,并以Mannich反应得到担载量为0.4～6.0 mmol NH₂•g^-1的胺化聚苯乙烯树脂为载体,以双醛淀粉为柔性链,对木瓜蛋白酶进行柔性固定化,酶活回收率可达40%～50％,相当于手臂固定化酶活力回收率的1.8～2.4倍,且柔性固定化酶稳定性较好.该结果说明,酶的“柔性固定化”模型可以改善传统共价结合固定化酶及手臂固定化酶活力回收率不高的缺陷.     

银/二氧化硅复合载体固定木瓜蛋白酶的研究

以沉积了银纳米粒子的二氧化硅微球为载体,戊二醛为交联剂共价固定了木瓜蛋白酶。研究了戊二醛用量以及载体中银纳米粒子质量分数对酶负载率、相对活力和酶活回收率的影响,考察了温度和pH值对固定酶的影响。结果表明,戊二醛的适宜质量分数为5%;当载体的银负载量(质量分数)为0.68%时,固定木瓜蛋白酶活回收率最高,比使用未负载银载体提高了131%;固定酶的最适反应温度为75℃,与游离酶基本相同;最适pH值为7.5,与游离酶相比向碱性方向移动了1个单位。     

Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of polylactic acid: an overview of the experimental aspects

BACKGROUND: Enzymes have received increasing attention as biocatalysts. The poly(lactic) acid (PLA) has been widely employed in biomedical applications and PLA synthesis by a ‘green route’ is of particular interest. Here the aim is to prepare PLA using lipases, focusing on optimization of the procedure. The effects of the type and concentration of lipase, type of reaction, solvent, and time on the recovery of solid polyester, conversion rate and molecular weight have been explored. Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL), Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) and immobilized CAL‐B were used as biocatalysts. RESULTS: CAL‐B was the most effective biocatalyst, with 60% LA conversion and 55% recovered solid polymer; PCL and PPL gave rise to poor recovery of polymer. A novel thermal treatment was successfully employed to enhance the molecular weight Mn of PLA. CONCLUSIONS: This work offers a set of optimal conditions to synthesize PLA as a function of the lipase used. Information of this nature is currently not available in the literature, thus the findings here are a valuable tool for any researcher in this topic and a state‐of‐the‐art contribution in terms of the best biocatalyst and the best conditions for PLA synthesis. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

α-淀粉酶在MCM-41介孔分子筛上的固定化研究

采用浸渍法将α-淀粉酶固定在介孔分子筛MCM-41上。考察了吸附时间、给酶量和pH对α-淀粉酶固定化性能的影响,并对固定化酶的活性、稳定性和载体结构等进行了研究。结果表明,在固定化时间为11 h,给酶量为70 mg.g-1,pH=5.9的条件下,固定化酶活性回收率可达48%。与游离酶相比,固定化酶的耐热能力增强,温度达到70℃时,固定化酶相对活性可达到75%,而游离酶只有14%;在pH=3.3～8.0的内,固定化酶相对活性为62%～100%,而游离酶的相对活性为5%～100%,固定化酶具有更宽的pH适应性;此外,固定化酶储存稳定性明显增强,并具有一定的可重复操作性,且固定后载体仍然保持了良好的介孔结构。