我国700℃超超临界锅炉过热器管用高温合金选材探讨

简要介绍和比较了国内外700℃超超临界电站过热器和再热器管候选材料GH2984、Haynes 230、CCA 617、Nimonic 263、Inconel 740及其改型合金Inconel 740H的组织、持久强度和耐腐蚀性能等研究结果,对几种材料的强度、耐腐蚀性能、工艺性能和使用经济性进行了分析,并阐述了中国在发展700℃超超临界燃煤电站时锅炉用高温合金的选择.结果表明：Inconel 740H合金具有的持久强度最高、耐蚀性能最好,工艺性能和使用经济性良好,比Inconel 740合金具有更好的长期组织稳定性,它应是中国700℃超超临界锅炉过热器和再热器首选的管材;针对700℃超超临界机组用关键材料,提出了尽早开展自主研制,实现关键材料国产化的建议.     

GH750和 Haynes 282在 750℃水蒸气中的氧化行为研究

在750℃水蒸气中开展GH750和Haynes 282的氧化行为研究.利用增重法获得2种合金的氧化动力学规律,利用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪分析氧化物的形貌和元素分布,利用X射线衍射仪对合金表面氧化物进行物相分析.结果表明:2种合金的氧化动力学行为基本符合抛物线规律,其中GH750的抗水蒸气氧化性能优于Haynes 282...     

Inconel 740合金在空气和含有水蒸气的空气中的氧化研究

利用热重分析法、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜与能谱分析仪研究了Inconel 740合金在空气和含有水蒸气的空气中的高温氧化行为,并分析了该合金的氧化机制.结果表明：Inconel 740合金在950℃的静态空气中氧化时,氧化动力学遵循抛物线规律,氧化膜黏附性能良好,表面氧化膜完整,外层由Cr2O3和少量的（Ni,Co）Cr2O4、TiO2组成,中间层为SiO2和Al2O3,内层氧化物为Al2O3和TiO2;合金在750℃含有10%水蒸气的空气中的腐蚀动力学也近似遵从抛物线规律,表面氧化膜很薄且致密性较差,表面氧化层主要为Cr2O3,内层氧化物为Al2O3和TiO2.     

超超临界电站用Inconel 740镍基合金的组织稳定性及其改型研究

利用微观组织分析和化学相分析的综合方法研究了超超临界电站锅炉过热器管材用镍基高温合金Inconel 740在服役温度范围长期时效下的组织稳定性,并基于热力学模拟计算对合金的成分进行调整和改型.结果表明：合金的组织不稳定性主要表现在高温时强化相γ′相急剧长大、晶内和晶界η相以及晶界G相的形成;通过调整Al、Ti含量和降低Si含量研制了改型合金,改型合金γ′相的稳定温度得到提高,在750℃和800℃长达5 000 h时效后晶界没有出现η相和G相,表现出良好的组织稳定性.     

GH33A合金长期拉伸应力松弛和蠕变行为的研究

在Rel—5型拉伸应力松弛试验机上,在标准热处理状态下,分别测定了GH33A合金在540℃,初始应力300MPa,3000h拉伸应力松弛和在540℃、600℃、650℃、700℃,初始应变为0.15％、1000h的拉伸应力松弛性能。采用实验数据作图法与基于松弛特性和稳态蠕变为对象的分析解析法外推剩余应力值,进行了比较,证明这三种方法外推对GH33A均适用。还把GH33A、R—26、GH145改型和Nimonic80A四种合金的拉伸松弛性能进行了比较。对比显示,在650℃以下,GH33A的拉伸应力松弛性能优于其它三种合金,这是由于GH33A在该温度以下具有优良的组织稳定性的缘故。     

Inconel718合金锻件粗晶试验总结

本文针对Inconel718合金环形锻件出现的粗晶问题，通过热处理工艺试验，采用1000℃ 950℃两次固溶热处理，使晶粒得到细化，而且性能也满足技术条件的要求。     

700℃先进超超临界汽轮机转子锻件用铁镍基合金的高温组织稳定性研究

对MN1合金和MN2合金进行了700℃和750℃时效处理和高温持久实验。结果表明:MN1合金在700℃下经时效处理后针状η相和γ″相均长大,Laves相析出,其组织稳定性差;当MNI合金的保温时间达到5 000 h或温度提高至750℃时,η相明显粗化,晶界和晶内均析出大量块状Laves相,导致其在700℃下高温持久性能较低;MN2合金在700℃下经时效处理后,细小的γ′相弥散析出于基体,晶界为短棒状η相,此组织在750℃下稳定性良好;MN2合金在700℃、10~5 h条件下的外推持久强度可达127 MPa,可作为700℃超超临界汽轮机转子的备选材料。     

先进超超临界机组用Inconel 617与C-HRA-2合金高温低周疲劳性能试验研究

针对先进超超临界(A-USC)机组用进口和国产候选镍基合金Inconel 617和C-HRA-2,进行了700℃下应变幅为0.25%～0.75%的轴向应变控制低周疲劳(LCF)试验研究。通过循环应力响应、循环应力-应变特性、疲劳寿命预测及断口形貌分析,研究了2种合金的LCF性能。结果表明：材料的循环应力响应和疲劳寿命与应变幅有关;C-HRA-2合金的循环硬化程度明显高于Inconel 617合金,但循环硬化后2种合金的峰值应力幅相近;2种合金的稳定迟滞回线均表现出non-Masing行为;Manson-Coffin模型和能量法均能有效预测疲劳寿命;不同应变幅下2种合金的疲劳源均萌生于试样表面,Inconel 617合金的疲劳裂纹以穿晶方式扩展,而C-HRA-2合金以穿晶和沿晶混合的方式扩展。     

高温合金GH4145／SQ和R26应力腐蚀性能研究

本文叙述了慢应变速率应力腐蚀试验(SSRT),研究GH4145/SQ和R26两种合金在几种不同介质条件下应力腐蚀开裂(SSC)的过程。结果表明,两种合金在去离子水室温充氧为1kg/cm~2,温度为315℃的封闭环境中对应力腐蚀开裂不敏感;在10％NaOH水溶液,温度为315℃的封闭环境或42％MgCl_2水溶液沸腾(温度为431℃)环境中两种合金都程度不同地发生了应力腐蚀开裂的现象,但GH4145/SQ合金抗应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的性能优于R26合金。     

高温长期时效对Waspaloy合金组织与性能的影响

采用了扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、拉伸以及冲击等试验方法,对标准热处理状态下的Waspaloy合金在700℃和750℃长期时效处理后的组织与力学性能进行了研究。结果表明:Waspaloy合金在700℃和750℃下长期时效后,γ′相平均颗粒尺寸与时效时间关系满足Ostwald方程。与标准热处理态试样相比,Waspaloy合金在700℃下长期时效后,室温屈服强度逐渐升高,时效1 000h后保持稳定;750℃下时效5 000h后试样的屈服强度稍微有所下降。两种温度长期时效后试样的室温延伸率和冲击功均呈现下降趋势。研究成果可为700℃汽轮机高温叶片的设计与使用提供参考。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.