先进单晶高温合金均匀化-固溶热处理的设计（英文）

为设计更适用于先进单晶高温合金的均匀化-固溶热处理制度,研究了不同热处理温度和时间对一种先进单晶高温合金组织的影响。通过研究合金组织和元素分布发现,当温度直接升至γ′相溶解的实际起始温度1338℃时,合金不会发生初熔;当温度直接升至γ′相溶解的外推初始温度1350℃时,合金中出现了明显初熔,但初熔组织随着保温时间的延长逐渐减少;在1328℃固溶时,合金中虽然没有发生初熔,但均匀化效率明显降低。对实验结果进行了热力学和动力学计算与分析。结果表明,单晶高温合金的均匀化-固溶热处理窗口是一个动态的窗口,γ′相完全溶解温度和初熔温度均随着合金均匀化程度的提高而提高;高代单晶高温合金在均匀化-固溶热处理中,不须要将温度始终保持在铸态合金的初熔温度以下,只要保证温度低于合金所在均匀化状态对应的初熔温度即可;均匀化-固溶热处理中,提高每一台阶的温度可以得到的均匀化-固溶效果远优于延长热处理时间可达到的效果。根据实验及分析结果提出了一种适用于先进单晶高温合金的均匀化-固溶热处理制度设计方法,使合金在较短时间内得到了理想的合金组织和均匀化效果。     

热处理过程中DD6单晶高温合金的组织演化规律与力学性能

研究了DD6单晶高温合金在热处理过程中的显微组织演化规律以及初熔组织的生成机理。通过研究不同固溶时效处理对γ′相形貌、尺寸分布和体积分数的影响且分析了完全热处理后合金的显微硬度和拉伸性能,从而确定了合金最佳的热处理工艺。结果表明,通过差热分析法和金相观察法确定合金的初熔温度在1300~1310 ℃。在1315 ℃固溶处理4 h,枝晶间/枝晶干γ′相尺寸趋于一致,呈立方状均匀排列。在固溶处理过程中,γ/γ′共晶组织熔化生成了不规则初熔组织。在不同的一次时效工艺下,1120 ℃时效4 h空冷后,γ′相立方度更好,尺寸分布更均匀。合金最佳的热处理工艺为1290 ℃×1 h+1300 ℃×2 h+1315 ℃×4 h, AC+1120 ℃×4 h, AC+870 ℃×32 h, AC。合金在完全热处理后,随拉伸温度从室温升高至850 ℃时,强度达到峰值,温度继续升高,强度下降;在760 ℃拉伸时塑性最差,随着拉伸温度从760 ℃升高到950 ℃,塑性提高。     

热处理对镍基单晶高温合金微观组织和高温持久性能的影响

采用螺旋选晶法,制备了一种镍基单晶高温合金。在非真空箱式电阻炉中进行分级均匀化热处理,研究了热处理制度对合金显微组织及持久性能的影响。结果表明:合金的铸态组织由γ-Ni固溶体相、初生和次生的γ-′Ni3Al相、以及γ/γ′共晶相组成;1 305~1 310℃、16 h固溶处理后,次生γ′全部固溶,少量γ/γ′共晶没有完全固溶;1 315℃、16 h固溶处理后,γ/γ′共晶全部固溶;1 320℃、2 h固溶处理后,出现少量初熔;两次时效处理明显改变了γ′的尺寸、形貌及分布;合金经1 180℃、2 h 1 290℃、2 h 1 315℃、16 h AC 1 140℃、4 h AC 870℃、24 h AC完全热处理后,在1 100℃,137 MPa条件下持久寿命达到100 h。持久裂纹主要沿与拉应力垂直的枝晶间横向段萌生扩展,与γ/γ′共晶完全固溶状态相比,未固溶的γ/γ′共晶更容易成为主要裂纹源。     

定向凝固铸造高温合金DZ125热处理工艺的研究

研究了一步和三步两种热处理工艺对DZ125合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明：采用三步热处理工艺可明显改善显著组织。1180℃预处理消除了合金中的低熔点相，有效地抑制了合金的初熔，提高了合金的固溶温度，随着固溶温度的提高，元素枝晶偏析减轻，共晶中的γ′相和初生的粗大γ′相固溶量增加，在随后的冷却和时效过程中析出较多细小γ′相，1100℃高温时效调整了细小γ′相的尺寸和形状，使合金中温，高温持久寿命比一步热处理有不同程度提高。     

固溶处理在镍基高温合金中作用的研究进展

随着镍基高温合金服役温度的不断提高,难溶元素含量的增多使合金固溶处理难度进一步增加。为了能更有效地制定出最佳的热处理制度,将固溶处理对镍基高温合金凝固组织、元素偏析以及力学性能的影响进行综合分析。结果表明,均匀化处理可以提高合金的初熔温度。适当提高固溶温度,延长固溶时间,增加固溶处理步骤可以显著减少合金元素的偏析,降低γ/γ′共晶组织、TCP相的体积分数,使碳化物转变为更稳定的类型,残余γ′相体积分数有所降低。但不同的固溶处理工艺对不同合金析出的γ′相尺寸、体积分数的影响仍存有差异,需对不同合金分别进行研究。新提出的斜坡固溶处理与重熔固溶处理均是保证在没有初熔组织存在的条件下,尽量提升固溶处理温度,使元素分布更均匀,并获得比传统逐步固溶处理更小的残余偏析,持久寿命明显增加。最后综述了固溶处理对合金微观组织及力学性能的影响机理,并指出今后的研究方向。     

一种含硼第三代镍基单晶高温合金的初熔及固溶处理研究

采用电子探针测试结合Thermo-Calc软件计算,研究了一种含0.001 wt%硼第三代单晶高温合金枝晶间区域的初熔过程。结果表明,初熔相为M2B,初熔温度为1265 ℃,远低于用差示扫描量热仪测得的共晶熔化温度1352 ℃。采用扫描电镜分析固溶处理过程中合金组织的演化过程,发现共晶组织中马赛克状共晶和扇状共晶率先溶解,粗大γ′最后溶解。初熔区域空冷可发生均质形核,重新凝固后的共晶组织呈圆形,初熔组织中粗大γ′组织较初始凝固的粗大γ′组织更细,而相比残余共晶组织,初熔组织中含有马赛克状共晶和扇状共晶。在通用分步固溶处理制度的基础上,通过低于硼化物初熔的首步处理和适当提高最终固溶温度（ST2）,可以有效避免初熔并完全消除共晶。     

一种含硼第三代镍基单晶高温合金的初熔及固溶处理

采用电子探针测试结合Thermo-Calc软件计算,研究了一种含0.001%(质量分数)硼第三代单晶高温合金枝晶间区域的初熔过程。结果表明,初熔相为M_2B,初熔温度为1265℃,远低于用差示扫描量热仪测得的共晶熔化温度1352℃。采用扫描电镜分析固溶处理过程中合金组织的演化过程,发现共晶组织中马赛克状共晶和扇状共晶率先溶解,粗大γ′最后溶解。初熔区域空冷可发生均质形核,重新凝固后的共晶组织呈圆形,初熔组织中粗大γ′组织较初始凝固的粗大γ′组织更细,而相比残余共晶组织,初熔组织中含有马赛克状共晶和扇状共晶。在通用分步固溶处理制度的基础上,通过低于硼化物初熔的首步处理和适当提高最终固溶温度(ST2),可以有效避免初熔并完全消除共晶。     

固溶温度对DD6单晶高温合金组织与性能的影响

针对DD6单晶高温合金进行了不同固溶温度的工艺试验,研究4种不同固溶温度对合金组织、性能的影响。结果表明:合金在1320℃及1330℃两个温度下固溶处理过程中发生初熔,经1300℃及1310℃固溶处理后未发现初熔组织。和1310℃相比,在1300℃固溶处理后仍有较多的残留共晶组织。合金固溶温度由1300℃升高至1310℃时,在合金后续时效处理时析出的γ'相更加均匀、细小。高温力学性能测试结果表明,经1310℃固溶处理并两次时效处理后,DD6合金的高温拉伸和持久断裂力学性能优于1300℃固溶处理和时效处理的DD6合金。     

DD6单晶高温合金初熔组织演变机制研究

分析第二代单晶高温合金DD6在略高于固溶热处理窗口的温度1 330 ℃下保温的初熔组织演变。结果表明:保温0.5 h后，枝晶间发生明显初熔，并大量形成典型初熔组织，部分初熔组织中心形成显微孔洞；随保温时间延长，初熔逐渐消退并演变为正常合金组织；保温8 h后，初熔组织完全消失，仅留下初熔形成的微孔。应用热力学、动力学计算分析试验结果可知:DD6合金在铸态下枝晶偏析显著，枝晶间固相线温度明显低于枝晶干，在略高于枝晶间固相线的温度下保温，初始阶段枝晶间发生初熔；继续保温，元素均匀化程度改善，枝晶间固相线温度升高，初熔组织逐渐消退，最终演变为正常合金组织。     

均匀化温度对K465合金组织与性能的影响

通过对K465镍基高温合金不同温度均匀化处理后的组织形貌观察及力学性能测试,研究了均匀化温度对K465合金显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,在γ′相固溶温度以下(1160 ℃)均匀化后,γ′相尺寸较铸态大;在接近γ′相固溶温度(1210 ℃)均匀化后,合金中的γ′体积分数约为54%,尺寸均匀且立方化程度较高;在1260 ℃均匀化后,γ′相呈小颗粒状弥散分布,并且晶内出现胞状结构。随着均匀化温度的升高,合金的枝晶偏析情况减弱,碳化物由发达的骨架状逐渐转变为短棒状以及块状。热处理工艺为1210 ℃×4 h时合金具有最佳的综合性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。