钢筋混凝土框架结构体系可靠度分析

结构体系可靠度是一个40年来尚没有得到很好解决的问题,即使对于理想弹塑性体系,经典的结构体系可靠度分析也往往会遭遇两个难以克服的困难:相关失效与组合爆炸。近年来,基于概率守恒原理的随机事件描述,提出了广义密度演化方程,从而将确定性系统和随机系统分析纳入到统一的理论框架之中。基于这一进展,结合结构非线性全过程分析的位移控制算法,本文推导了结构静力非线性发展过程的概率密度演化方程。采用纤维梁柱单元进行结构非线性分析,研究钢筋混凝土框架结构的体系可靠度,并与Monte Carlo法进行对比分析。研究结果证明了概率密度演化理论对结构体系可靠度分析的适用性。     

Reliability-based vector nonstationary random critical earthquake excitations for parametrically excited systems

The study considers the earthquake response of stack-like structures subjected to simultaneous action of random horizontal and vertical earthquake acceleration components. The governing equation of motion in this case is approximated by a set of coupled randomly time varying ordinary differential equations. The components of earthquake accelerations are modelled as nonstationary Gaussian random processes that are obtained by multiplying deterministic modulating functions with partially specified stationary random processes. Specifically, it is assumed that the matrix of power spectral density (psd) functions of the stationary components is not known, while, the variance, average rate of zero crossings, entropy rate and frequency range of interest are taken to be known. The unknown input psd matrix is determined such that the reliability index associated with a specified structure performance function is minimized. The solution procedure employed, combines the theory of Hasofer–Lind reliability indices, response surface modelling and constrained nonlinear optimization tools. The critical input psd matrix so obtained leads to the definition of excitation models that produce the least favorable response, which, at the same time, possess a few of the well known properties of earthquake loads. A numerical example that illustrates the concepts developed with reference to a chimney structure is provided.     

A procedure to predict the precise seismic response of arch dams in time domain using boundary element formulation

In this context,a new boundary element algorithm based on the time-convoluted traction kernels is employed to evaluate the spatially varying earthquake ground motions of the Pacoima dam in the USA subjected to SH,SV and P incident waves.An accurate three-dimensional(3D)model of the dam canyon is implemented into the computer code BEMSA to investigate the seismic response of the dam.The analyses are performed in time domain with a linearly elastic constitutive model for the medium.This modeling procedure has been validated by the results reported in the existing literature.According to the results of this study,the response of the dam to earthquake waves is generally influenced by predominant frequency of the incident motion,surface topography,relative distance of observation points,and type of the incident seismic wave.For the cases considered,the incident SV wave has led to the maximum amplification of incident motions,especially at the left side of the dam.The results indicate that the proposed procedure can be employed for accurate prediction of a dam response during an earthquake.     

考虑土-结构相互作用的结构延性折减系数分析

结构延性折减系数是抗震设计中把弹性抗震强度需求折减到弹塑性设计水准的关键参数.本文通过单自由度体系的非线性时程分析,定性研究了土-结构相互作用对抗震延性折减系数的影响.分析结果表明,土-结构的相互作用对结构抗震延性折减系数有很大的影响,无量纲频率系数和结构高宽比越大影响越显著,考虑土-结构相互作用的结构体系比假定基础固接的结构体系的延性需求大.     

地震作用下结构振动瞬时最优控制的一种改进算法

模拟地震波输入结构的过程,在每一个时间步长建立控制目标函数,推导出了一种更为一般的瞬时最优控制算法,并用状态转移的数值方法加以实现.所获得的最优控制力表达式同时包含了当前时间步长初时刻结构响应和地震激励两部分的影响,从概念上改进了现有的瞬时最优控制算法;还导出了最优控制力系数表达式,用代数公式取代了传统的Riccati微分方程的求解,提高了计算效率.算例表明,该算法的控制效率优于现有的两种结构最优控制算法,具有更高的精度,且稳定性良好.     

刚性连体位置对非对称双塔连体结构动力可靠度的影响

考虑地震动的非平稳性,变化连体位置,对非对称双塔连体结构运用虚拟激励法进行非平稳随机激励下的动力可靠度研究。采用刚度退化的 Bouc-Wen 模型模拟塔楼各楼层的滞变特性,建立非线性化动力方程。运用混合精细积分法对每一时刻的响应进行求解,得到连体位置变化时非对称连体结构在非平稳随机激励下的时变方差。基于首次超越破坏准则与 Markov 假定,研究非平稳随机地震激励下连体结构的动力可靠度。运用上述理论,在8度罕遇地震作用下对某非对称双塔连体结构进行随机地震响应与动力可靠度分析。研究结果表明,地震作用下结构的层间位移响应呈现强烈的非平稳性,变化连体位置对连体结构的随机地震响应与动力可靠度将产生显著影响。     

考虑堆石料软化的坝坡随机地震动力稳定分析

地震尤其强震作用下,土石坝筑坝堆石料会逐渐呈现出软化特性,影响坝坡安全。为有效评估堆石料软化对坝坡稳定性的影响,结合地震动随机性,考虑不同地震强度水平,提出了基于等价极值分布和广义概率密度演化方法的坝坡安全概率分析方法,并基于坝坡稳定最小安全系数、安全系数超限累积时间、累积滑移量3个物理量,对242 m高的面板堆石坝进行随机动力响应分析和概率可靠度分析。结果表明:地震作用过程中,随着地震强度的增加,考虑软化与不考虑软化的计算结果差别逐渐增大,因为地震作用下,堆石料软化特性逐渐显现;同时,在地震激励下,堆石料软化是一个渐进过程。因此,考虑坝坡堆石料软化,对高土石坝抗震性能分析具有重要的意义。此外,单纯从最小安全系数角度考察土石坝坡稳定性,是不合理的,需要结合安全系数超限累积时间和累积滑移量,全面评估坝坡的安全性。提出的随机概率分析方法,可以对土石坝坡的可靠度给出较为准确的评价。     

结合实例对污水提升泵站结构的地震响应分析

为了研究污水泵站在水平地震动作用下结构的安全可靠性,采用快速拉格朗日时域有限差分法进行时程分析,并利用大型岩土软件FLAG3D对某地下式污水提升泵站结构进行数值模拟计算.结果表明:水平地震荷载作用下,泵站结构水平残余位移为13.0mm,泵站结构顶板和底板之间的水平相对位移较小;泵站结构整体应力变化较小,应力幅度最大波动18％;结构自振频率约为6.20Hz.总体上,泵站结构产生剪切破坏的概率较小,泵站结构抗震性能较好,结构安全可靠,但仍需做好抗震构造措施.本文的结论可为同类泵站结构的抗震设计提供参考.     

电介质老化预测分析中先验信息的应用

根据可靠性理论总结了基于可靠性指标进行系统分析的特点,在以先验信息为指导的分析流程图的基础上建立了以先验信息为元素的电介质老化模型,在与其他的分析方法进行计算比较的同时,分析了新模型的特点,并给出了在信息空间中求解故障密度参数的数值计算方法。     

Redundancy-based service life assessment of corroded reinforced concrete elements considering parameter uncertainties

In order to assess the structural reliability and redundancy with respect to deterioration, appropriate models have to be selected which adequately describe the deterioration process. The parameters associated with these models have to be estimated based on statistical inference. In general, the uncertainties that arise from the estimation of parameters are not accounted for in reliability assessment and the obtained structural reliability indices are assumed to be constant values. When parameter uncertainties are considered, the structural reliability index can, however, be considered as a random variable which inevitably influences the full-probabilistic decision-making process. Furthermore, the structural reliability indices which are used in a reliability-based redundancy factor can be considered as random variables. Hence, this redundancy factor itself is a random variable as well. In this paper, a full-probabilistic framework is developed which allows for the service life assessment of reinforced concrete elements subjected to corrosion based on a probability-based redundancy factor and taking into account parameter uncertainties. It is proven that these parameter uncertainties have a significant influence on the lifetime estimates of concrete elements subjected to corrosion. Finally, a simplified method is proposed which allows to incorporate parameter uncertainties in the redundancy assessment.     

生命线网络系统结构设防水平决策遗传算法

本文以系统可靠度为安全性与经济性的综合指标,以建(构)筑物设防烈度作为优化参数,建立了生命线系统及单元抗震设防水平最优决策的数学模型。并以遗传算法作为优化手段,建立了实用优化算法。     

Parametric study on the Multangular-Pyramid Concave Friction System (MPCFS) for seismic isolation

A series of comprehensive parametric studies are conducted on a steel-frame structure Finite-Element (FE) model with the Multangular-Pyramid Concave Friction System (MPCFS) installed as isolators. This new introduced MPCFS system has some distinctive features when compared with conventional isolation techniques, such as increased uplift stability, improved self-centering capacity, non-resonance when subjected to near-fault earthquakes, and so on. The FE model of the MPCFS is first established and evaluated by comparison between numerical and theoretical results. The MPCFS FE model is then incorporated in a steel-frame structural model, which is subjected to three chosen earthquakes, to verify its seismic isolation. Further, parametric study with varying controlling parameters, such as isolation foundation, inclination angle, friction coefficient, and earthquake input, is carried out to extract more detailed dynamic response of the MPCFS structure. Finally, limitations of this study are discussed, and conclusions are made. The simulations testify the significant seismic isolation of the MPCFS. This indicates the MPCFS, viewed as the beneficial complementary of the existing well-established and matured isolation techniques, may be a promising tool for seismic isolation of near-fault earthquake prone zones. This verified MPCFS FE model can be incorporated in future FE analysis. The results in this research can also guide future optimal parameter design of the MPCFS.     

多层砖房抗震可靠性分析与震害预测

本文使用多层砌体房屋震害资料,研究了多层砖房抗震可靠性指标与震害程度的对应关系,且建议了不同震害程度时抗震可靠性指标的取值,其结果可供基于抗震可靠性理论的单体房屋震害预测参考使用。文中也提出了基于抗震可靠性指标与震害程度统计关系的多层砖房群体震害预测方法。     

基于概率的结构抗震设计方法

本文分析了结构抗震可靠度的特点,着重分析了结构在地震作用下承载能力的可靠度。在校准现行抗震规范可靠指标的基础上,运用优化方法导出了设计表达式中的地震作用系数,抗力的抗震调整系数,以及荷载组合系数;同时对以概率为基础的多系数表达式和现行抗震规范设计表达式的构件荷载效应计算上进行了分析比较。     

中国广义条件参数目标谱构建方法及地震动输入

为了在时程分析中考虑加速度反应谱之外的强度指标,构建了兼顾危险一致性和参数完备性的广义条件参数目标谱用于地震动记录选取。结合我国地震安全性评价中设定地震解耦的特点,提出利用各个潜源微元的贡献率作为权重计算条件均值向量,进而通过拉丁超立方分层抽样得到多元正态分布假设下的广义强度参数条件分布,即广义条件参数目标谱。通过K-S假设检验的D值法在数据库中搜寻最符合目标分布的记录组合作为选波结果。以我国某工程的地震安全性评价为实例,构建同时考虑幅值、频谱、持时以及谱强度指标的广义条件参数目标谱。结果表明：考虑设定地震贡献率修正的强度指标目标分布与单一设定地震的结果存在差异;广义条件谱记录选取结果的危险性曲线和场址概率危险性分析的结果基本一致;在低超越概率水平下, 广义条件谱下的危险一致性不及仅考虑加速度反应谱指标的条件谱。     

Effectiveness of Soil–Structure Interaction and Dynamic Characteristics on Cable-Stayed Bridges Subjected to Multiple Support Excitation

The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of multiple support excitations (MSE) and soil–structure interaction (SSI) on the dynamic characteristics of cable-stayed bridges founded on pile foundation groups. In the design of these structures, it is important to consider the effects of spatial variability of earthquake ground motions. To do this, the time histories of the ground motions are generated based on the spatially varying ground motion components of incoherence, wave-passage, and site-response. The effects of SSI on the response of a bridge subjected to the MSE are numerically illustrated using a three-dimensional model of Quincy Bayview cable-stayed bridge in the USA. The soil around the pile is linearly elastic, homogeneous isotropic half space represented by dynamic impedance functions based on the Winkler model of soil reaction. Structural responses obtained from the dynamic analysis of the bridge system show the importance of the SSI and the MSE effects on the dynamic responses of cable-stayed bridges.     

Structural response of vertically irregular tall moment‐resisting steel frames under pre‐ and post‐earthquake fire

Post‐earthquake fires (PEF) may result in a catastrophe in urban regions even worse than the earthquake itself. Most urban structures are not designed to resist two subsequent extreme loads such as earthquake and fire. Thus, these types of structures are too weak when subjected to the PEF loads. On the other hand, it is well understood that irregular building structures are more susceptible to sustain earthquake damage than regular buildings. Investigating irregular buildings can therefore be more important when there is a high possibility of PEF. While there are various irregularities, here, vertical irregularity is considered. The study is performed on one irregular seven‐story tall moment‐resisting steel frame designed based on the American Society of Civil Engineers code. The frame is firstly subjected to an earthquake load with the peak ground acceleration of 0.35 g and then is exposed to a generalized exponential fire curve. To make a comparison between the results, the PEF analysis is also performed for the regular frame. The results show that there is a marked difference between the PEF of the regular frame with that of the irregular frame. In addition, two types of failure—local and global—were observed during the analysis, where the local collapse is related to the deflection of beams, and the global collapse is pertained to the considerable movement of the columns. It is observed during the analysis that the irregular frames are more susceptible to collapse globally. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimum structural design based on seismic reliability and response distribution

An analytical approach to the optimum structural design parameters is developed on the basis of seismic reliability and inter-story response distribution. An earthquake-like stationary random excitation being assumed, probabilistic earthquake response is estimated as the solution of a simple simultaneous algebraic equation. Based on this probabilistic earthquake response, the optimum parameters are determined by selecting seismic structural reliability and an inter-story response distribution index as objective functions. The validity of this approach is demonstrated by examining the perspective and contour lines of the objective functions regarded as a function of design parameters for elastic structural systems with six degrees of freedom. The possible application of this approach is also presented to the determination of elasto-plastic structural parameters with bi-linear hysteretic characteristics. Other aspects of the approach's validity are also examined from the response distribution viewpoint for the elastic structural system with recorded strong earthquake motions. The influence of the higher modal response and the earthquake's predominant angular frequency on the optimum parameters are also discussed.     

非平整场地上输电塔-线体系在多点激励下的地震反应

在以往的大地震中输电塔的破坏时有发生,输电塔倒塌的部分原因是由于相邻塔在地震动多点激励下异相振动产生的导线拉力引起。本文考虑导线的几何非线性,建立了输电塔-线体系三维有限元模型,分析了非平整场地上的结构体系在地震动纵向多点激励下的反应。基于经验相干函数和修正金井清功率谱密度函数模型模拟了空间变化地震动,分别考察了地震波视波速和相干损失对于结构体系地震反应的影响。结果表明,假定地震动一致激励不能准确评估结构体系的反应,地震动空间变化效应放大了输电塔和导线的地震反应,在强震作用下,忽略地震动的空间变化会严重低估输电塔-线体系的反应。