高铝TRIP钢的高温力学性能

利用Gleeble3500试验机研究汽车用C-Mn-Al系TRIP钢的高温力学性能,测定了零塑性温度和零强度温度,应用差示扫描量热法测定其相变区间,采用扫描电镜和光学显微镜分析了不同拉伸温度对应的断口宏观形貌及断口附近组织组成.该钢种零塑性温度和零强度温度分别为1425℃和1430℃,第Ⅰ脆性区间为1400℃-熔点,第Ⅲ脆性区间为800-925℃.第Ⅲ脆性区脆化的原因是α铁素体从γ晶界析出,试样从975℃冷却至700℃过程中,随着α铁素体析出比例的增大,断面收缩率先减小后增大.基体α铁素体比例为8.1%时（850℃）,断面收缩率降至28.9%;而拉伸温度在800℃以下时,基体α铁素体比例超过16.7%,断面收缩率回升至38.5%以上.该钢种在1275.6℃时开始析出少量粗大的Al N颗粒,但对钢的热塑性没有影响.      

取向硅钢的高温力学性能

采用Gleeble-1500D应力/应变热模拟试验机,对实验室30 kg真空感应炉冶炼的模拟50 mm薄板坯连铸连轧流程生产的取向硅钢(0.027%C,3.06%Si)进行了高温力学性能测试。结果表明,在1×10~(-3)s~(-1)应变速率下,所测试的试验钢存在两个脆性温度区,即熔点至1 300℃的第Ⅰ脆性区和800～600℃的第Ⅲ脆性区。1390～1410℃是试验钢的裂纹敏感区间。在第Ⅰ脆性区,高温下树枝晶界面被富集溶质的液相膜包围是产生脆性的主要原因。在第Ⅲ脆性区,γ→α转变和760℃左右γ、α和Fe_3C三相共存以及晶界析出物,是造成塑性恶化的主要原因。     

中碳微合金化钢高温延塑性的研究

借助Gleeble1500热模拟试验机测试了含Nb和含Nb、Ti两种中碳微合金化钢的高温力学行为,分析了析出物、相变、动态再结晶对微合金化钢高温延塑性的影响。结果表明:试验钢种无第Ⅱ脆性区出现;含Nb钢第Ⅲ脆性区的温度范围为950~700℃,含Nb、Ti钢第Ⅲ脆性区的温度范围为900~725℃;微合金化元素Ti的加入可以细化奥氏体晶粒使含Nb微合金化钢高温塑性槽变窄、变浅;析出物沿晶界多而细小的析出和γ→α相变是第Ⅲ脆性区微合金化钢高温延塑性变差的主要原因。实际生产中通过优化二冷区水量,采用弱冷,可以有效降低微合金化钢表面微裂纹的发生率。     

集装箱板钢高温延塑性研究

本实验采用Gleeble-1500热－力学模拟实验机,测试了集装箱板钢－IV5934E1钢连铸坯试样从熔点到600℃温度区间的高温力学行为,以断面收缩率（R．A．）为标准对钢的高温延塑性进行了评价。采用金相、扫描电镜等手段对拉伸试样急冷后断口的组织、形貌进行了分析,得到IV5934E1钢各脆性区的脆化原因及机理。结果表明：在熔点－600℃的温度区间内,IV5934E1钢存在第I和第Ⅲ两个脆性区。第I脆性区内,高温下晶界处富含硫、氧等杂质是导致沿晶断裂主要原因;第Ⅲ脆性区内,钢的脆性主要发生在（r＋a）两相区高温域（800℃－775℃）,由于先共析铁素体沿晶界析出使钢的塑性降低。IV5934E1钢中高含量的磷和铜未对钢的高温延塑性产生不良影响。     

CSP板坯(Q235B)高温力学性能试验研究

采用Gleeble1500对CSP连铸坯(Q235B)进行了热模拟研究;分析了试验温度为800、900、1100℃的横、纵向试样的组织和断口形貌及晶界的元素偏析和夹杂物.结果表明:CSP生产的Q235B连铸坯在600～1 320℃间存在2个脆性温度区,即1 320～1 200℃的第Ⅰ脆性温度区域和600～1 000℃的第Ⅲ脆性温度区域;在1 000～1 200℃温度范围内,Q235B钢具有良好的塑性.而在800℃时试样的Z值为8.46%.Q235B钢的第Ⅲ类脆性区的脆化原因:一方面是形变诱导铁素体呈网状析出,产生应力集中;另一方面是奥氏体低温区域发生的氮化物(AlN)析出产生的晶界脆化.AlN在奥氏体晶界的析出,在拉伸力的作用下易形成应力集中源,使空洞形成、长大并聚集,是铸坯裂纹源.     

SCM822H合金钢高温拉伸性能

研究了SCM822H钢(0．22C-1．1Cr-0．38Mo)700—1100℃拉伸性能。结果表明：温度对SCM822H钢塑性的影响比变形速率和保温时间显著，钢的脆性区为750～950℃(在750—850℃，α相沿粗大的γ相界以薄片状析出；在850—950℃，钢中硫化物延奥氏体晶界析出)，连铸时在此温度区进行矫直容易产生裂纹。     

第三代汽车钢的热塑性及断裂机理

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机,对第三代汽车钢(TG钢)在不同的变形温度下进行了热拉伸试验,研究其热塑性的变化运用光学显微镜和扫描电镜分析了实验钢热变形的断口形貌及断裂机理.发现实验钢的强度随温度的升高而降低,热塑性曲线分为第Ⅰ脆性区、高温塑性区和第Ⅲ脆性区三个区域,其中第Ⅲ脆性区存在两个塑性极小值.在1300~800℃时实验钢的组织为奥氏体,断裂方式为连孔延性断裂,动态再结晶使韧窝分离前发生了较大的塑性变形,断口为大而深的韧窝;750℃时实验钢沿奥氏体晶界析出铁素体,断裂方式为界面断裂,断口既存在着铁素体内聚失效形成的小的孔洞,也存在由于裂纹沿奥氏体晶界扩展形成的石块状形貌;650℃由于出现了铁素体的准解理,实验钢的塑性下降,热塑性曲线再次出现极小值.      

高性能管线钢高温延塑性对比研究

用Gleeble-1500热/力模拟机测试了X60、X65、X70钢铸坯的高温延塑性,并进行对比研究.通过扫描电镜、金相显微镜对断口形貌及组织进行分析,得出主要结论:高温脆性区(T1～1 300℃)钢的延塑性主要受碳含量多少的影响,相比较X70的塑性较好;高温高塑性区(1 100～1 300℃)由于试验应变速率小于10-2/s时,该区域不存在脆化,3个钢种塑性均很好;在塑性槽高温端(900～1 100℃),由于低熔点硫化物等析出,弱化晶界,另外动态再结晶发生温度的不同,导致两个钢种塑性的明显差别;塑性槽两相区(700～900℃)先共析铁素体的出现是3个钢种塑性很低的共同原因,MnS和钛可以促进铁素体在晶内和晶界同时生成,750℃以下,3个钢种延塑性均有所提高,X65塑性恢复较快.     

非调质36Mn2V石油套管钢连铸坯的高温延塑性

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机,研究了石油套管用V微合金化非调质钢36Mn2V(%:0.36C、1.54Mn、0.12V、0.008～0.010N)260 mm×300 mm连铸方坯的650～1350℃的延塑性。结果表明,36Mn2V钢的零强度温度(ZST)为1440℃,零塑性温度(ZDT)为1400℃;36Mn2V钢在熔点(Ts)到650℃温度区间内存在两个脆性温度区,第Ⅰ脆性温度区为熔点～1350℃,第Ⅲ脆性温度区为925～650℃,因此,该钢的矫直温度应控制在925℃以上;由1350℃至试验温度(650～1050℃)的冷却速度(3～8℃/s)对36Mn2V钢高温延塑性没有影响。     

含铌微合金高强度钢Q345C连铸坯的热塑性

 通过Gleeble-2000 试验机研究了Q345C钢连铸坯的高温热塑性。利用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、透射电镜观察了第Ⅰ、Ⅲ脆性温度区内拉伸试样断口部位的显微组织及形貌,分析了动态再结晶、相变、析出物等对微合金化钢高温延塑性的影响。结果表明：在1×10-3/s应变速率下, Q345C钢存在两个脆性温度区,即第Ⅰ脆性区（1200～1300℃）和第Ⅲ脆性区（600～875℃）,无第Ⅱ脆性区出现;最高塑性出现在1050℃左右,断面收缩率（Z）达到85.8%;在第Ⅲ脆性区,沿奥氏体晶界析出膜状铁素体抗拉能力较低,晶界处存在夹杂物以及微合金元素的析出物,是钢的热塑性降低的主要原因。     

Smoking: high hazards in high school

BACKGROUND: Young people in school are at an impressionable age, peer pressures are intense, and the probability that they will pick up a high-risk behavior, such as smoking, is high. The key to reduction of smoking among adults is to target our prevention efforts at young adults and teens. OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence and trend of smoking among young adults and teens and to formulate guidelines on smoking reduction to guide those who counsel young people. STUDY DESIGN: The study design is cross sectional. METHODS: This study is based on the data from the Oklahoma Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the National Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System - the two systems that monitor the prevalence of behaviors that most influence health. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking among young adults (age 18-24) in Oklahoma is high at more than 21%. The disturbing feature is that it is higher among young females than among young males. The prevalence of smoking among young adults is the highest among high school dropouts and is more than 38%. It is lower among high school graduates (about 28%) and lowest among college graduates (about 18%). The percentage of smoking among students who classify themselves as current smokers rises from 23% to 30% as the students progress from grade 9 to 12 and the percentage of frequent smokers increases from 8% to 16%. CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines suggested for counselors are: 1. Along with smoking, look for comorbid behaviors such as alcohol use, drug abuse, and high-risk sexual behavior. 2. Ask whether the student has easy access to free cigarette samples. 3. Check whether the teen is trying to lose weight; suggest appropriate methods for losing weight if smoking is being used for losing weight. 4. Target health education efforts early in a student's school career starting in elementary school, but concentrate especially at the 8th or 9th grade level to have maximum preventive impact.     

The high temperature transformation of high speed steel

Low tempered hardnesses on high speed steels which had been hardened in vacuum or atmosphere furnaces and gas quenched led to a search for a reaction occurring above 1400°F and probably initiated as a result of the slower cooling rate of the gas quench. A standard TTT evaluation was carried out on Ml, M2 high carbon, M3, and M7 high speed steels, quenching from conventional hardening temperatures, into salt baths maintained at 2000° to 1500°F. Examination of these specimens indicated the presence of a reaction occurring at all temperatures investigated but having its maximum rate at 1700° to 1800°F. The reaction involved precipitation of an MoC/Mo₂C carbide at grain boundaries and within the grains, with the amount of precipitate increasing with time. The precipitation of MoC/Mo₂C is directly related to the loss in tempered hardness and apparently causes this effect by 1) reducing precipitation hardening on tempering, 2) drastically lowering retained austenite contents, and 3) reducing as-quenched hardnesses.     

高综合性能亚共晶高铬铸铁的烧结制备

以气雾化粉末为原料，采用液相烧结(LPS)制备亚共晶高铬铸铁(HCCIs)，系统研究烧结工艺参数对致密化行为、显微组织演变和力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明，采用LPS可以获得相对致密度达99%以上的制品，但合适的烧结温度范围很窄；XRD分析表明烧结亚共晶高铬铸铁由M7C3型碳化物、马氏体和奥氏体构成；金相分析显示烧结样晶粒细小，碳化物为一次晶杆状，且分布均匀。随烧结温度升高和保温时间延长，晶粒和碳化物均逐步粗化，其中温度的影响更加显著；而强度和冲击韧性则呈现先升高后降低的变化规律。优化的烧结工艺下高铬铸铁的力学性能为：硬度HRC65，抗弯强度1199 MPa，冲击韧性4.6 J/cm2。并提出了一个烧结高铬铸铁中碳化物形态演变的生长模型。     

MgO对高碱度高铝烧结矿的影响

 随着钢铁企业高铝铁矿粉使用比例的提高,带来了高炉炉渣黏度增大、渣铁分离困难等一系列问题。采用烧结杯试验,研究了MgO含量增加对高碱度高铝烧结矿经济技术指标、冷强度和冶金性能的影响,采用Nova400 NanoSEM型场发射扫描电子显微镜分析了烧结矿微观结构。试验结果表明,高碱度高铝烧结矿中MgO质量分数从1.72%提高到2.49%时,垂直烧结速度降低4.38 mm/min,利用系数降低0.51 t/(m2·h),低温还原粉化指数增加6.7%;当烧结矿中MgO质量分数为2.11%时,转鼓指数和还原度最高,分别达到61.93%和86.39%;Mg2+主要固溶在磁铁矿晶格中并替代Fe2+,替代的质量分数最高达3.64%,生成的含镁磁铁矿抑制烧结矿降温过程中由Fe₃O₄→Fe₂O₃氧化过程的相变,减少了二次赤铁矿的生成,有利于改善烧结矿的低温还原粉化性能。研究结果可以为改善高碱度高铝烧结矿性能和提高炉渣流动性提供理论指导和参考依据。     

宝钢3号高炉高煤比条件下的高利用系数生产研究

宝钢3号高炉通过技术创新和开发,不断完善操作技术水平,改善原燃料条件,1999年在维持煤比200kg/t以上的同时,实现年均利用系数2．303,2000年高炉利用系数再创新高,月均最高达到2．145,宝钢高煤比高利用系数冶炼技术达到世界领水平。     

CNS tumours in south-western Finland: high location, high incidence

The Department of Paediatrics at the University Central Hospital of Turku, Finland has 130,000 children under 17 y of age within its catchment area. We collected all 103 cases of newly diagnosed CNS tumours from the 15-y period of 1981-95. The incidence was 5.3:100,000, a figure twofold those usually presented. During the period 1981-85 the incidence was lower (4) than during the subsequent 5-y periods (5.7 and 6.2). There were no statistical differences between the incidences of the supra- vs infratentorial brain tumours. Optic glioma was unusually common (17%, CI 13.9-20%).     

Demanganisation of high manganese pig iron to produce high manganese slag

Abstract

Pig iron with a high manganese content makes further processing to steel using converter technology difficult and unprofitable. In the present study, external demanganisation of high manganese pig iron before the oxygen converter process has been investigated. Pilot plant experimental heats were designed and carried out to optimise the demanganisation process, to produce hot metal adequate for the conventional LD converter, and high manganese slag suitable for the production of silicomanganese. Various high manganese pig irons with different [Si]/[Mn] contents were treated by injection of various oxidisers at varying temperatures, slag basicities and injection rates. The optimum conditions for the demanganisation process have been attained by injection of an oxygen gas–manganese ore mixture at the injection rate of 6.8 L min^-1kg^-1 into molten high manganese pig iron with a [Si]/[Mn] ratio of 0.3 at an initial temperature of 1350°C and slag basicity of 0.3–0.4.     

Microstructure characteristics of spray-formed high vanadium and cobalt high speed steel

The microstructure of high vanadium and cobalt high speed steel(high-V/Co HSS) and the morphology of its carbides were analyzed by optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron probe microanalysis(EPMA),X-ray power diffraction(XRD),atomic force microscopy(AFM) and single phase erosion(SPE).The results suggest that the as-sprayed high-V/Co HSS has fine equiaxed grains(about 20 μm in size),which were homogeneously distributed.The carbides have two classical morphologies:one is fine particles(about 2 μm in size) distributed along the grain boundaries and the other is needle-like one,distributed on the grain boundaries.There are MC carbides,M2C carbides,M6C carbides and Cr2WC2 carbides in the as-sprayed high-V/Co HSS samples,however,in the as-cast high-V/Co HSS,there are MC carbides and Cr2WC2 carbides only.The SPE results show that there are two types of MC carbides in the as-sprayed HSS:the sphere one and the particle-like one.The former is about 2 μm in size and the latter is less than 1 μm,dispersed inside the grains,quite different from the MC carbides in the as-cast HSS.According to the AFM results,the skeleton-like M6C carbides of the as-sprayed high-V/Co HSS are embedded in the matrix along the grain boundaries.It is found that there are sharp membrane pieces on the carbides.Some small bamboo-shoot-like MC carbides grow from the matrix and are dispersed inside the grain.Those larger MC carbides are spherical particles embedded at the grain boundary junctions.     

浅谈优质高蛋白大豆高产栽培技术措施

针对勃利县大豆生产情况和对高蛋白大豆的需求,提出采用连片种植、选择种植高蛋白大豆新品种、深松秋整地、种子处理、测土配方施肥、加强田间管理和大豆标准化"垄三"栽培技术等措施.