Development of narrow gap multi-layer welding process using oscillation laser beam

The oscillation laser beam is considered to be effective as a heat source of narrow gap multi-layer welding because oscillation laser welding can control the penetration shape and prevent the lack of fusion. In this study, in order to establish a narrow gap welding process by oscillation laser beam, butt welding experiments of 50 mm thickness carbon steel plate were performed. By the appropriate control of the heat input area using the in-process sensor for recognizing the groove shape, narrow gap welding of a thick plate with groove which was cut by gas cutting was achieved. Properties of the welded joint had been confirmed by nondestructive testing, tensile test and side bend test. A two-dimensional numerical calculation model for welding deformation was developed. This calculation model was used for investigation of the optimal groove angle. The results of calculations were in quantitative agreement with the experimental results. Microstructure of the weld zone had multiple thermal histories. According to the hardness test results, maximum hardness of the heat affected zone of the upper layer has been lowered than that of the lower layer.     

窄间隙坡口激光-MAG复合焊温度场数值模拟

采用激光电弧复合焊焊接窄间隙坡口钢板,坡口会影响激光光致等离子体及电弧形态,从而改变能量密度分布。采用数值模拟手段,综合考虑激光与电弧的相互作用以及窄间隙坡口对等离子体及电弧的压缩作用,建立激光-MAG复合堆焊热源模型和适用于窄间隙坡口的激光-MAG复合焊接热源模型,并分别进行堆焊和窄间隙坡口对接焊的温度场数值模拟。结果表明,两种热源模型的模拟所得焊缝形状与实际焊接焊缝熔合线相符性良好,熔宽、熔深相近,窄间隙坡口对温度场分布有重要影响。     

Fundamental study of narrow-gap welding with oscillation laser beam

Laser welding with oscillation laser beams enables control of the heat input distribution. In this study, we attempted to develop a narrow-gap welding process with oscillation laser welding. This process is expected to prevent a lack of fusion because the entire bottom to the groove can be melted by the oscillation laser. As the first step of the study, bead-on-plate welding experiments with an oscillation laser beam were performed to investigate the relationship between the welding conditions and welding results. The experiments revealed that the oscillation conditions strongly affect the welding penetration shape. It was clarified that the wire melting phenomena in oscillation laser welding differed from those of straight (non-oscillation) laser welding. Additionally, narrow-gap laser welding experiments were performed to investigate the relationship between the oscillation conditions and gap width. The results confirmed the effectiveness of oscillation laser welding for narrow-gap welding.     

TP321钢管的窄间隙热丝TIG焊

为了提高厚壁管道的焊接效率、改善管道服役过程中接头的耐蚀性能,采用窄间隙热丝TIG焊方法,对φ406 mm×30 mm的TP321钢管进行全位置自动焊接. 研究了窄间隙坡口参数的匹配以及影响焊缝成形的主要焊接参数的匹配,并分区域对管道进行焊接. 结果表明,当坡口间隙为1 mm、钝边厚度为2.5 mm、坡口底部宽度为9～10 mm时,打底焊缝成形良好;坡口角度为4°～5°时,未出现倒坡口及未熔合缺陷;全位置焊接过程中,当焊接位置处于立向下时,焊接电流应比平焊时的大,立向上焊接位置则相反;当焊接位置处于仰焊时,与平焊相比应适当增加焊接热输入. 所得焊缝在各个区域成形良好,RT检测合格.     

铝合金厚板激光扫描填丝焊接气孔抑制

为减少大厚板5A06铝合金激光焊接缺陷,提高焊接过程稳定性,采用激光光束以一定方式运动的扫描焊接的新焊接方法,研究了激光束不同的运动轨迹、幅度、频率对铝合金激光深熔焊接焊缝气孔率的影响,并在焊接坡口设计优化基础上应用窄间隙扫描激光填丝焊接技术进行130 mm厚5A06铝合金焊接试验. 结果表明,采用圆形扫描方式,当激光光束的扫描幅度大于1 mm,扫描频率选择最高频率附近时,能够大幅降低焊缝气孔率;采用窄间隙激光扫描填丝的焊接方法,获得了焊缝平均气孔率1%,无侧壁未熔合、层间未熔合、裂纹等焊接缺陷的130 mm厚5A06铝合金优质焊接接头.     

铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属流动行为研究进展

为减少大厚板5A06铝合金激光焊接缺陷,提高焊接过程稳定性,采用激光光束以一定方式运动的扫描焊接的新焊接方法,研究了激光束不同的运动轨迹、幅度、频率对铝合金激光深熔焊接焊缝气孔率的影响,并在焊接坡口设计优化基础上应用窄间隙扫描激光填丝焊接技术进行130 mm厚5A06铝合金焊接试验. 结果表明,采用圆形扫描方式,当激光光束的扫描幅度大于1 mm,扫描频率选择最高频率附近时,能够大幅降低焊缝气孔率;采用窄间隙激光扫描填丝的焊接方法,获得了焊缝平均气孔率1%,无侧壁未熔合、层间未熔合、裂纹等焊接缺陷的130 mm厚5A06铝合金优质焊接接头.     

激光焊接对接接头间隙宽度视觉测量系统

激光焊接工艺对对接接头的装配质量,尤其是接头的间隙和错边量有严格要求.对接接头间隙窄且无错边,现有的视觉传感器由于其横向分辨率不够或测量原理限制等原因,难以准确地测量出接头间隙宽度.利用远心镜头CCD相机和线光源激光器,设计了接头间隙宽度视觉测量系统,并提出了基于灰度投影积分的焊缝接头间隙检测算法并进行了试验.结果表明,接头间隙测量系统可准确地检测出焊缝接头的边界和接头间隙宽度,且焊缝接头间隙检测算法具有一定的自校验能力;对0.05mm左右的对接接头,接头间隙宽度测量精度优于0.015mm.     

摆动电弧窄间隙GMAW熔滴过渡规律

研究摆动电弧窄间隙焊接中的熔滴过渡规律是深入理解该焊接方法的重要基础,由于受到电弧摆动、窄间隙坡口的影响,摆动电弧窄间隙焊接熔滴过渡比常规焊接更加复杂.采用高速摄像系统及焊接电信号采集系统成功地对摆动电弧窄间隙GMAW的熔滴过渡过程进行观测研究,揭示了摆动电弧窄间隙GMAW的熔滴过渡特性,分析了摆动参数、焊接参数对熔滴过渡的影响.结果表明,由于焊丝在坡口之间的摆动改变了焊丝与侧壁之间的距离,引起了焊接电弧长度的变化,促使焊接电流发生了波动,从而导致了摆动电弧窄间隙焊接熔滴过渡的规律性变化.     

管道焊口间隙量与错边量的激光视觉检测

提出了一种长输管线焊口组对间隙量、错边量的激光视觉检测方法. 首先,搭建了一套可实现圆周焊口轮廓激光视觉自动检测的计算机系统. 通过对采集的激光视觉图像分析,发现了管道焊口间隙量、错边量与激光条纹断点、拐点等图像特征间的相关关系. 其次,将提取的条纹图像通过骨骼化的形态学处理,得到了单一像素宽度的细化条纹. 采用亚像素轮廓坐标检测算法,获得了条纹上离散点的像素坐标. 最后,基于获取的条纹拐点、断点像素坐标和几何对应关系,建立了间隙量与错边量的求取算法. 实际验证结果表明,基于激光条纹特征点像素坐标获取间隙量与错边量的激光视觉检测方法是可行的. 测量结果可满足焊口组对质量评判的需求.     

绝缘片约束TIG电弧在窄间隙中的加热特性

采用坡口侧壁放置绝缘片的方式约束电弧,在4 mm宽的I型坡口内进行窄间隙TIG焊接试验,通过分析坡口截面各区域熔化面积及其所占比例的变化,研究绝缘片约束TIG电弧的加热特性.结果表明,窄间隙中依靠绝缘片对弧根的固壁约束作用能够将电弧加热区域限制在坡口底部,增强电弧对坡口底部和底角的加热效果,防止电弧集中于侧壁燃烧;弧长、绝缘片对弧根的约束程度和焊接电流三者匹配时,可使坡口底角获得可靠熔合;弧长过长会导致电弧直接向侧壁攀升,且无法依靠绝缘片将电弧控制在坡口底部;绝缘片对弧根约束过多以及采用较大的焊接电流,均会导致电弧将绝缘片熔化,造成电弧燃烧不稳定.     

核电异种金属焊接材料及方法研究现状

异种金属焊接接头开裂是导致核电事故的主要原因,急需开发新材料新技术,提高焊缝质量。传统电弧焊方法存在效率低、热输入大和变形严重等问题。窄间隙电弧焊的热输入、填充量、变形量等都比传统电弧焊低。与窄间隙电弧焊相比,窄间隙激光填丝焊坡口更窄、热输入更低、变形更小、精度更高。研究表明,窄间隙激光填丝焊可获得满足核电压力容器制造要求的焊缝,有望成为异种金属连接新方法。然而,现有窄间隙激光填丝焊采用常规激光及单焊丝填充,仍存在3个主要问题：一是界面容易产生未熔合问题;二是熔融金属粘度大,熔池流动性差,合金元素分布不均匀;三是低熔点共晶相沿晶界析出过多,无法兼顾焊缝抗液化裂纹、应力腐蚀裂纹和高温失塑裂纹能力。研究表明,焊接热源和焊材是解决上述问题的2个关键因素。创新点：(1)系统论述了核电异种金属焊接材料的发展及其趋势。(2)窄间隙激光焊接有潜力成为核电异种金属连接的新方法。(3)焊接热源和焊材是解决窄间隙激光填丝焊界面未熔合、熔池流动性差低及低熔点共晶相沿晶界析出过多等问题的2个关键因素。     

基于Fluent的窄间隙TIG焊枪结构优化设计

针对大型工程项目当中的大口径、大厚壁、深窄间隙坡口的管道对接需求,设计了一款窄间隙TIG(NG-TIG)焊枪,并实现高效率焊接。该枪体为非对称的一体化扁平式结构,在间隙宽度为10 mm、深度15 mm的U形坡口内进行焊接试验,发现在窄间隙焊接过程中出现了焊缝成形不连续、焊缝出现气孔及电弧不稳等问题。为了达到理想的焊接工艺效果,文中通过Fluent软件进行了数值模拟仿真分析,对窄间隙TIG焊枪的保护气输送通道及其出口布局进行了结构优化,并且在与传统TIG焊枪的保护气体流量及运动轨迹等方面进行对比后,发现保护气体在钨极周围均匀向外扩散,且速度与传统TIG焊枪的气体保护状态接近,从而确定了窄间隙TIG焊枪的气体保护结构。结果表明,焊枪在焊接电流为120 A,焊接速度为100 mm/min,气体流量在25 L/min的焊接工艺参数下电弧稳定、无飞溅,焊缝成形美观无缺陷。创新点： (1)通过Fluent软件对传统TIG焊枪的保护气体状态进行了仿真,并作为参照对窄间隙TIG焊枪的送气结构进行了优化设计。(2)窄间隙TIG焊枪既继承了传统TIG的优势,又解决了窄间隙焊接过程中电弧不稳、焊缝出现气孔等常见的问题。(3)通过非填丝和填丝,在坡口内和管壁盖面2种工况下进行了焊接试验,确定了窄间隙TIG焊枪的良好适用性。     

核电用508-III钢窄间隙脉冲TIG单层单道钨极摆动焊工艺

文中介绍了窄间隙脉冲TIG单层单道钨极摆动焊的工艺特点,针对核电用508-III钢材料进行了焊接工艺性试验,设计了合适的窄间隙焊接坡口形式,根据试验数据,得出了不同厚度核电用508-III钢材料的窄间隙脉冲TIG单层单道钨极摆动焊坡口尺寸范围,分析了焊接电流、电弧电压、焊接速度、送丝速度、钨极摆角、热丝电流形式、保护气体流量对焊接过程和焊接质量的影响,制定了相应的工艺过程控制措施。通过焊接工艺试验,获得了探伤合格的焊缝,接头力学性能指标满足国内三代核电产品技术条件的要求。     

Ultranarrow GMAW process with newly developed wire melting control system

Abstract

An ultranarrow gap GMA welding (UNGW) process with less than 5 mm gap width has been developed in which the arc pole is strongly oscillated over the groove wall in the thickness direction. A simulation model for wire melting tip behaviour with dc pulse current has been proposed and verified by observation of the tip motion in the UNGW groove. This simulation can define the optimum welding conditions to avoid welding defects. A synchronised control system consisting of a pulsed arc current waveform with cyclical variation of wire feed rate has been successfully developed on the base of the computer simulation. The newly developed UNGW system makes it possible to reduce arc heat input density sufficiently to produce an excellent weld joint with a narrow (1–2 mm) HAZ. Penetration shape control can also be achieved by this control method.     

微间隙焊缝磁光成像检测方法

针对激光焊接紧密对接微间隙(0~0.1 mm)焊缝,研究一种基于法拉第磁光效应成像的焊缝检测新方法.以碳钢平板对接激光焊为试验对象,采用磁场激励器使焊件感应磁性并在焊缝处改变磁场分布,磁光传感器置于待测焊缝上方,不同磁场强度将导致磁光传感器偏振光不同角度的旋转,形成反映焊缝位置特征的磁光图像.对焊缝磁光图像进行滤波去噪、灰度转换以及形态学等处理,快速准确地提取出焊缝中心位置.结果表明,磁光图像能够有效反映微间隙焊缝位置,可以获得较高的测量精度,为解决微间隙焊缝检测和跟踪问题提供了一条有效途径.     

窄间隙埋弧焊的磁控与电感复合式焊缝跟踪方法

针对窄间隙埋弧焊焊缝横向和高低跟踪中存在的问题,设计一种基于电感原理的新型电磁传感器,通过初级线圈磁场控制电弧摆动扫描焊接坡口,采集电流信号经过单片机处理后获得焊枪的左右偏差,控制左右调节滑块的水平运动,能够较好地解决窄间隙焊缝焊接时侧壁不易熔合的问题;通过次级线圈感应电动势的变化反映焊炬的高低位置信息,实时识别焊枪相对焊缝的高低偏差,根据焊枪高低位置变化情况,进行PID算法设计,使系统能够快速平稳实现左右和高低双向跟踪. 结果表明,该传感器结构简单,灵敏度高,抗干扰能力强,为厚板窄间隙埋弧焊的跟踪提供了一种新的解决方案.     

接头间隙及焊枪位置编差视觉检测系统研究

焊接过程检测与控制是提高焊接质量的重要手段。针对铝合金焊接区CCD视觉检测系统进行了研究,实现了对焊接接头间隙图像和焊枪水平位置偏差几何参数的提取,利用该检测系统可以实现焊接质量动态控制和焊缝跟踪的自动控制。     

窄间隙埋弧焊在厚壁加氢反应器中的应用

介绍了窄间隙焊的特点,对坡口形式的确定、埋弧焊剂的筛选、焊接工艺参数的选择进行了详细分析。生产实践证明,窄间隙焊接工艺经济可靠且能保证焊接质量。     

Through arc sensing in gas metal arc welding with signature images

Abstract

This work presents a new method for through the arc estimation of welding parameters in gas metal arc welding based on signature images. The method is generally applicable and makes use of a novel data fitting procedure. The work covers unassisted through the arc estimation, without auxiliary techniques such as welding head oscillation. The technique is demonstrated for both pulse and short circuiting welding, with estimation of position relative to an overlap joint and a narrow gap weld, and estimation of the width of a 'V' groove. The accuracy of the technique is affected by how closely the welding signatures match the fitting data and the signature image quality match provides a valuable check which shows when through the arc estimates cannot be relied on. Overall, the results demonstrate that through the arc measurements can have application in specialised situations, although accuracy is ultimately limited by phenomena that affect the arc and are not correlated with the measurement.     

钢轨自保护药芯焊丝自动窄间隙电弧焊工艺及装备研究

无缝线路建设的大范围展开迫切需要性能、质量、生产效率相匹配的原位焊接方法,目前使用最多的为铝热焊和电弧焊.介绍了窄间陈电弧焊在钢轨焊接中的应用,并重点对电弧位置实时检测技术和自保护药芯焊丝自动钢轨窄间隙电弧焊工艺及装备进行了说明.进行接头性能试验,结果表明:采用钢轨自保护药芯焊丝自动窄间隙电弧焊焊接的接头性能良好,完全...