Experimental measurement of biaxial thermal stress fields caused by arc welding

The strain field within thin steel plates during gas metal arc welding has been studied using resistance strain gauges and digital image correlation, allowing the initial formation of stresses around the weld seam to be observed. Major features of the transient stress field have been identified, and are explained with reference to the underlying thermal and mechanical processes. A comparison of stresses occurring during bead-on-plate and butt welding shows they are very similar. The assumptions and limitations associated with determination of the stress state are addressed, and the application of such methods to the problem of reducing welding residual stresses is discussed.     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程产热作用机制研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)的一个重要的研究领域就是过程的产热研究。对FSW热过程的良好理解可以预测搅拌摩擦焊接过程的温度分布及接头区域的硬度，从而可以评价FSW接头的性能。掌握FSW温度分布可以更好地计算与FSW过程塑流计算密切相关的粘度和残余应力。目前关于FSW产热作用机制一般都认为主要是轴肩与母材之间的摩擦生热。     

温度场对电弧喷涂热应力的影响

基于热力学热传导原理和材料力学力和力矩的平衡原理,提出了考虑温度场的电弧快速成形涂层和基体热应力分析方法,能计算涂层成形后,由于自身温度降低以及向基体热传导产生温度场变化引起涂层和基体的热应力.借助广义热传导方程并赋予给定初始和边界条件,推导了基体厚度方向各位置温度分布函数,将推导的温度分布函数结合温度应变方程、力和力矩平衡方程推导了涂层和基体由于温度场变化产生的热应力理论计算方法.结果表明,热应力理论计算方法较好反映喷涂成形后涂层和基体间热应力分布规律,能较好控制涂层的质量,实现厚成形.     

Three dimension simulation analysis of the interpass stress and deformation during multipass welding

It has been widely studied about the final residual stress and deformation in muhipass welding of thick weldments. But there is a lack of a clear understanding of the interrelationship of interpass stress and deformation during multipass welding. In this study, a three dimension numerical model of a sixteen-pass double V-groove welded joint with 50 mm plate is developed to compute the stress field and deformation by using multiple CPU parallel processing technology. The following factors such as the non-linear of temperature, heat radiation, filling of material step by step and so on are considered. Distribution and evolution law of welding stress in the transverse and longitudinal section is analyzed in this paper, and the interpnss stresses are studied also. At the same time the evolution course of angular deformation amount is analyzed, and the experimental results show that the calculated resuhs accord with the measured results of angular deformation.     

旁路耦合电弧增材制造热过程与组织关系

利用旁路耦合微束等离子弧焊,进行了ER304L不锈钢电弧增材制造的研究.通过进行组织观察和显微硬度测试,并结合增材过程中所测得的热循环曲线,分析了不同旁路电流、堆垛顺序对304不锈钢堆垛样组织和性能的影响.结果表明,旁路耦合微束等离子弧焊增材制造过程中,当旁路电流增大时,堆垛样组织的枝晶间距先减小后增大;堆垛顺序对组织的影响表现为,散热方向的不同导致了枝晶生长方向发生改变.试样的显微硬度沿着堆积高度方向缓慢降低,且随着旁路电流增大,硬度先增大后降低;同时堆垛顺序对硬度的影响并不明显.     

Numerical simulation of stress and deformation of in-service welding onto gas pipeline

SYSWELD was used to simulate in-service welding process of gas pipeline of X70 pipeline steel. Welding thermal cycle, stress and deformation of in-service welded joint were studied. The results show that peak temperature of coarse grain heat-affected zone （CGHAZ） of in-service welding onto gas pipeline is the same with routine welding, but ts/5, ts/3 and ts/1 decrease at certain degree. For the zone near welded seam, axial stress and hoop stress in the inner pipe wall are compressive stress when welding source passes through the cross-section that is studied, but residual axial stress and residual hoop stress after welded are all tensile stress. Transient deformation and residual deformation are all convex deformation compared with the original pipe diameter size. Deformation achieves maximum when welding thermal source passes through the cross-section that is studied and then decreases during the cooling process after welding.     

Fundamental study of thermal stress generation during welding heat cycles. Studies on numerical simulation of temperature, microstructure and thermal stress histories during welding, and their application to welded structures

During mechanical processing with input of heat, for example that generated by welding, thermal deformation and residual stress necessarily arise. Welding distortion not only substantially impairs engineering accuracy, but may also affect important features such as the buckling performance of welded structures. The presence of residual stress strongly affects features such as brittle fracture, buckling, fatigue, stress corrosion cracking, etc, and the development of suitable procedures for evaluation of welding distortion and residual stress is an important practical problem routinely facing welding technologists.     

A Model for stress generation and relief in oxide — Metal systems during a temperature change

When an oxidized metal is cooled from a high temperature, stresses are produced at the metal-scale interface, owing to the difference in thermal expansion rates of the oxide and metal. Such stresses become time- and temperature-dependent if the scale or underlying metal creeps as cooling occurs. A model is presented which describes thermally induced stresses in the scale and accounts for partial stress relaxation by creep of the metal substrate and/ or the scale. The expected stresses are a function of the material parameters: thermal expansion coefficients, elastic modulii, and creep rates of both metal and scale. To illustrate a range of behaviors, we have presented example calculations for three Cr₂O₃ forming metals, Ni-30Cr, pure Cr, and MA-754. The effect of stress relaxation during thermal cycling was also examined briefly. In these examples, creep of the Cr₂O₃ scale was not expected to be important.     

Three thermal analysis models for laser, GMAW-P and Iaser＋GMAW-P hybrid welding

The temperature fields and the weld pool geometries for laser + GMA W-P hybrid welding, laser welding and pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P) are numerically simulated in quasi-steady state by using the developed heat source models, respectively. The calculated weld cross-sections of the three types of welding processes agree well with their respective measured results. Through comparison, it is found that the temperature distribution of laser+ GMAW-P hybrid welding possesses the advantages of those in both laser and GMA W-P welding processes so that the improvement of welding productivity and weld quality are ensured.     

Review on finite element analysis of welding deformation and residual stress

Welding deformation and residual stress have negative influence on assembly accuracy and service performance. Thermal elastic plastic (TEP) and inherent strain finite element analysis (FEA) methods were used to study this challenge. Basic principle of these two methods was first introduced. The influence of welding process, constraints, solid phase transformation and multi-pass welding on deformation and residual stress was discussed, and computation accuracy and efficiency were summarised. Loading method of inherent strain in inherent strain FEA was analysed, interface element was introduced to simulate effects of the gap on deformation in assembly welding especially for large structures. The future work, including accurately multiscale TEP model, efficiently transient prediction method of large structures, and flexible evaluation software, was planned.     

漏斗结晶器热应力的研究

用 Algor有限单元处理软件对漏斗结晶器的热应力进行了分析计算 ,得出其分布规律 ,找到了一种对结晶器寿命有利的约束方式。     

不锈钢冷金属过渡焊角接接头应力及变形规律研究

在高速列车轻量化课题中,不锈钢薄板作为车体结构的关键部分越来越受重视。针对异种厚度的SUS301L不锈钢薄板,采用冷金属过渡技术进行角接试验,通过热电偶采集焊接时距焊缝不同位置的温度变化。用3D激光扫描仪测量焊接变形,由于采用焊缝悬空的约束方法,底板焊后发生了较大的呈波浪状的变形,最大变形量达到6.545 mm。用μ-X360分析仪检测接头残余应力,应力呈M型分布。     

不同点固焊形式对焊接变形和残余应力的影响

借助有限元分析手段对不同点固焊形式的对接焊焊接过程进行模拟,经分析得到焊接变形和应力分布情况,采用实验手段验证试验结果。结果表明,点固焊位置相同,长度越长,获得的变形量越小;起、收弧的两端面点固焊变形在起、收弧两侧翘起,焊缝位置点固焊翘起的位置发生在与焊缝位置平行的两侧自由端;点固焊长度越长,仿真和实测结果的残余应力分布波动性越大;在起、收弧两端面点固焊获得的残余应力峰值最小;起、收弧两端面点固焊、点固焊2处残余应力值均降低,点固焊3处残余应力值增大。证明了有限元模型的正确性和有效性。     

消除大型厚工件焊接热应力的简易方法

减温器管板和钢管束长期工作在频繁变化的温度中,交变压力很大,造成管板焊缝处经常开裂,管束泄漏.采用合理的焊接工艺,如结507焊条、烘干焊条、焊前预热(预热温度150℃～200℃)、焊后回火处理(600℃～650℃),能有效消除焊缝热应力,缩短维修时间,增加设备运行生产时间,提高企业经济效益.     

热轧钢轨残余热应力有限元分析

本文采用热力耦合的计算方法,计算了热轧钢轨冷却过程温度场以及残余热应力场.详细分析了钢轨横截面上的残余热应力分布规律及其产生的原因,提出了降低残余热应力的控制冷却方法.     

箱型梁焊接变形和应力三维数值模拟

利用有限元分析手段模拟箱型梁结构吊臂的焊接过程,得到吊臂的焊后变形和残余应力分布,采用Metra SCAN激光扫描和盲孔法进行试验验证。结果表明:整体变形趋势为向内收缩,焊缝位置附近上翘变形,峰值位置位于起收弧位置,最大变形量1.66 mm;焊缝位置附近残余应力大,应力峰值为459.9 MPa。模拟结果与试验结果误差控制在0.5 mm以内,仿真结果与盲孔法测量结果吻合较好,误差为26.1%,满足工程应用要求,证明了模拟结果的准确性。     

基于相似理论的箱型结构焊接应力与变形的数值模拟

从基于温度场的相似准则出发,建立并推导出了均匀热源模型的相似条件,利用该相似条件,对平板对接焊和角接焊分别进行了温度场、位移场和应力场的数值模拟计算与对比分析.结果表明,原模型与相似模型的温度场、位移场和应力场误差相当小,其误差分别仅为3.7%,4.7%,3.8%.基于均匀热源相似条件,对箱型结构的焊接残余应力与变形进行了数值模拟,得到了相似箱型结构焊接残余应力的变化规律和变形量随距离的变化曲线,其变形量的数值模拟结果与实际测量结果误差仅为9.8%,进一步验证了均匀热源模型相似条件的正确性.     

焊接顺序对T形接头残余应力和变形的影响

采用有限元热弹塑性分析方法对T形接头不同焊接顺序的残余应力和变形进行模拟.有限元模型中选用三维实体单元,分析了材料物性参数随温度的变化和对流、辐射散热的影响.运用单元生死技术模拟T形接头多道焊接过程,获得了不同焊接顺序T形接头焊接温度场和残余应力、变形场,并对计算结果进行了分析.结果表明,焊接顺序对T形接头的残余应力和...     

不锈钢管焊接残余应力与变形仿真分析

基于计算机仿真技术,定义随温度变化的材料热物理属性,建立316不锈钢连续油管对接焊接轴对称模型,分析焊接速度对焊后油管接头的残余应力和变形的影响。结果表明,在连续管道焊接过程中,焊接速度影响焊接温度场和焊后残余应力的分布;油管内壁最大残余压应力出现在距离焊缝中心22 mm接近母材的位置处,且轴向应力和环向应力的变化同步,油管外壁环向应力和轴向应力变化不同步;随焊接速度的增加,油管外壁残余应力逐渐增大,内壁残余应力和焊接变形逐渐减小,焊接变形可释放部分焊接残余应力,在一定程度上可降低焊后残余应力。     

X80管线钢焊接热模拟热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为的分析及预测

通过焊接热模拟方法对X80双相管线钢不同焊接热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了研究,并分析实际焊接试样与焊接热模拟试样的热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为的差异,讨论了焊接热模拟技术应用于疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测的可行性。结果表明,当裂纹在粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)和临界热影响区(ICHAZ)上扩展时,由实际焊接试样与焊接热模拟试样热影响区所测得的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线(da/dN-DK曲线)存在明显差异,其原因与显微组织变化引起的裂纹扩展阻力大小不同有关。因此,建议采用实际焊接试样完整的热影响区所测得的da/dN-DK曲线来评估疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。