Effect of heat input on the Fe-based nanostructured weld overlay

In the last few years, several welding consumables have been developed that deposit hard iron-based nanostructured alloy coverings with high resistance to abrasive wear. The erosive and abrasive wear resistances are mainly controlled by the chemical composition and the microstructure. In turn, the microstructure of the deposited metal can show variations with the used welding procedure, particularly in relation to the heat input. The operating parameters that define the heat input (voltage, current and welding speed) affect aspects such as bead geometry (wide, penetration and reinforcement) and dilution with the base material. The purpose of this article is to study the effect of heat input on the geometric characteristics of the bead, the dilution and the microstructural evolution of a nanostructured iron-based alloy deposited by FCAW. Several samples with heat input between 0.5 and 3.5 kJ/mm were welded. A dimensional study was carried out for each welded coupon, the chemical composition was analysed and the microstructure was characterized using optical and electronic scanning microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Microhardness, crystallite size and degree of dilution were also measured. Great influence in these conditions in the process was observed about the geometry of the bead. The dilution varied between 30% and 40%; microhardness of the deposit was found between 800 and 870 HV1, and the size of the crystallite varies between 105 and 130 nm, depending on process variables used. The highest hardnesses and the lowest crystallite sizes were obtained with the lowest heat input, associated with a lower dilution.     

双丝埋弧焊工艺参数对接头组织与性能的影响

以X70管线钢为对象,研究了双丝埋弧焊工艺参数对焊接接头金相组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,焊接热输入是影响焊缝及热影响区韧性的主要因素。     

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the wear resistance of hardfacing martensitic steel deposits

The effect of different post-weld heat treatments on the microstructure and wear resistance of martensitic deposits were studied. The deposit was welded using a metal-cored tubular wire, in the flat welding position, on a 375 × 75 × 19 mm SAE 1010 plate, using 98% Ar–2% CO₂ shielding gas mixture and with an average heat input of 2.8 kJ/mm. The samples were heat treated at temperatures between 500 and 680°C for 2 h. Chemical composition, Vicker's microhardness and wear properties with AMSLER tests in a sliding condition were determined. In the as welded condition, the microstructure was principally composed of martensite and retained austenite. Significant variations in wear resistance and hardness were measured for different tempering temperatures. For the different heat-treated conditions, it was observed that the decomposition of retained austenite to martensite and carbide precipitation was associated with the tempering of martensite. A secondary hardness effect was detected with maximum hardness of 710 HV for 550°C heat treatment temperature. The best performance in wear test was obtained for this condition. Wear rates for the different conditions were obtained and mathematical expressions were developed. For each case, wear mechanisms were analyzed.     

气流再压缩等离子弧焊接电弧行为

电弧等离子体行为对焊接接头组织结构和性能具有决定性作用,开展气流再压缩等离子弧特性研究对于指导先进材料的气流再压缩等离子弧焊接工艺和提高焊接接头质量具有重要意义. 针对气流再压缩等离子弧焊接新工艺,基于流体动力学和电磁理论,建立气流再压缩等离子弧数值分析模型,采用ANYSYS Fluent软件,通过C语言进行二次开发,定量计算等离子弧温度分布、流场分布、电势分布,分析压缩气对等离子弧温度场、流场、电弧电压的影响规律. 模拟结果表明,压缩气对喷嘴内的等离子弧温度分布基本没有影响,压缩气对喷嘴外的等离子弧具有拘束压缩作用;压缩气对等离子弧流场分布基本没有影响;压缩气能够提高电弧电压. 相同电流条件下,与常规等离子弧焊接相比,气流再压缩等离子弧焊接电弧穿透能力有望提高.     

稀土元素对新型Al-Mg合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响

研究了Sc,Zr元素对新型Al-Mg合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响。建立了MIG电弧二维数值分析模型,模拟出电弧温度场的分布情况,电弧最高温度超过20 000 K,且温度分布存在较大的温度梯度,说明高温电弧对合金有益元素有一定的烧损作用。采用合金元素不同的焊丝ER5356,ER5B06和ER5B71作为填充材料,对2 mm厚新型Al-Mg合金进行MIG焊接试验,研究高Mg焊丝添加不同稀土元素对焊接性能及组织的影响。结果表明,使用3种焊丝均可获得性能优良的焊接接头,使用ER5B06焊丝的接头力学性能得到一定提升,但焊缝晶粒细化效果不明显;使用复合添加Sc,Zr微量元素的ER5B71焊丝,接头晶粒能够有效细化,力学性能进一步得到提升。3种焊丝中,采用ER5B71焊丝的焊接接头强度最高,焊接系数为83%,焊接接头中起到细化晶粒作用的析出相以Al3(Sc,Zr)为主。同时,无论采用哪种焊丝,焊接热影响区未发生明细的晶粒粗化,说明在母材中加入一定的Sc,Zr微量元素,可提升合金材料抗软化能力,有效抑制热影响区再结晶行为。 创新点： 采用电弧物理数值模拟和进行试验结合的方法,进行研究论证,使研究内容充实,有理论深度,更具说服力;选择具有稀土元素的铝合金和焊丝作为研究对象,对新材料及焊材的研发具有一定指导意义。     

添加N2保护对CMT-P复合电弧焊接头组织与性能的影响

以UNS S32750超级双相不锈钢为研究对象,采用冷金属过渡脉冲(cold metal transfer pulse,CMT-P)复合电弧焊接技术,运用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和电子探针组织表征手段以及显微硬度和低温冲击韧性性能测试方法,对比研究了纯Ar和Ar+2%N₂气体保护对焊接接头的微观组织、硬度和低温韧性的影响规律.结果表明,与纯Ar保护气相比,添加2%N₂保护的焊接过程飞溅较少,焊缝平整笔直,鱼鳞纹更加细致紧密.此外,热影响区主要由过量的铁素体和少量的奥氏体组成,并伴随有害的Cr₂N析出.因此,与CMT-P复合电弧焊接头的其它区域相比,热影响区的硬度较高和韧性较低.添加2%N₂气体保护增加了焊缝和热影响区奥氏体含量和N原子在铁素体与奥氏体内的固溶量,从而提高了接头各区域的低温韧性.     

Study on tempered zone in nanostructured bainitic steel welded joints with regeneration

Microstructure evolution of nanostructured bainite in tempered zone during welding and regeneration has been analysed. The effect of welding heat input on microstructure and mechanical properties is investigated. Results show that cementite precipitation and nanostructured bainite regeneration occur in tempered zone. When heat input is reduced, the size and amount of cementite decrease, while the volume per cent of retained austenite increases. At the same time, the tensile strength in tempered zone increases with welding heat input decreasing. A welded joint of nanostructured bainitic steel with tensile performance almost the same as base metal is obtained by laser beam welding with regeneration.     

Welding Heat Input Influence on UNS S82441 Lean Duplex Stainless Steel Corrosion Resistance Assessed by Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET)

The precipitation of the intermetallic phases can impair mechanical and corrosion properties. In the case of lean duplex stainless steels, they present solidification mode as primary ferrite, with austenite precipitation in the solid state, during cooling. This means the heat-affected zone balanced microstructure can be changed during the welding by the cooling rate, which is associated to the welding heat input, the thickness of the plate and the physical properties of the material. This work intends to present the influence of welding heat input on the corrosion resistance of UNS S82441 lean duplex stainless steel. The gas metal arc welding process was used to make the weld beads, using ER2209 as filler metal, which characterizes a dissimilar welded joint. The corrosion resistance of these specimens was analyzed through scanning vibrating electrode technique. It was observed that welding heat input variation distinctly influences corrosion in different zones of the weld beads over the specimen exposure time. The weld bead under intermediate welding heat input showed the highest corrosion rate and the one under the highest welding heat input, the lowest corrosion rate intensity.     

低合金钢气体保护焊焊丝残余Al对焊缝氢气孔的影响

低合金钢气体保护焊实心焊丝中的残余Al对焊缝金属氢气孔的影响,既取决于焊丝的合金体系,又与保护气体氧化性的强弱有关。含有一定量残余Al的低合金耐热钢焊丝在80％Ar 20%CO2富氩混合气体保护焊工艺条件下,其焊缝金属极易产生氢气孔。     

Control of nitrogen content and porosity in gas tungsten arc welding of high nitrogen steel

Abstract

In welding of high nitrogen steel (HNS), it is essential to control the nitrogen content and porosity in the weld metal. In this paper, the influence of shielding gas composition and heat input on the nitrogen content and porosity in the weld metal of HNS was investigated by gas tungsten arc welding. The experimental results indicate that the weld nitrogen content increases as N₂ in the shielding gas is increased in the same heat input of welding. The weld nitrogen content decreases with increasing the heat input for pure argon used as a shielding gas, whereas it increases with increasing the heat input for the shielding gas including some nitrogen. The nitrogen pore can be avoided when the nitrogen content in the shielding gas is <4% in the heat input range of 528–2340 J mm^–1.     

焊接工艺对压路机振轮用NM360钢板焊接接头组织性能的影响

针对目前压路机振轮改用NM360耐磨钢板制造,而NM360钢板在焊接过程易出现高温区局部软化、粗晶区脆化、焊缝冷裂倾向严重和热裂纹敏感的问题,分别采用热输入为8.00 kJ·cm^-1(1^#工艺)和8.89 kJ·cm^-1(2^#工艺)两种工艺对NM360耐磨钢板进行CO₂气体保护焊,以研究不同焊接工艺对焊接接头组织和性能的影响。结果表明,2^#工艺的焊接接头强度高于1^#工艺的,两种工艺的焊接接头强度小于母材强度;两种工艺焊缝都具有良好的韧性,1^#工艺的焊缝韧性优于2^#工艺的;2^#工艺的焊缝硬度波动小于1^#工艺的;两种工艺的焊缝组织均为马氏体;2^#工艺的焊接试样进行50°、70°和90°冷弯试验,焊缝、熔合线和热影响区完好;综上,2^#工艺焊接接头综合力学性能优良,可用于实际生产。     

Study of the welding procedure in nanostructured super-hard Fe- (Cr,Mo, W) - (C,B) hardfacing

The optimization of the tribological properties of the surfaces by means of hardfacing techniques has made great progress in the metallurgical field in recent times. Alloys of the Fe-Cr-C and Fe-C-B type present excellent wear performance under severe conditions, where the incorporation of Nb, Mo and W improves the performance of severe abrasive wear. In this context, new semi-automatic welding consumables have been designed that deposit iron base material of high alloy, with complex carboborides of W, Mo and Cr which present very high hardness and resistant to abrasive wear. The purpose of this work was to compare microstructural variations coupons welded with one or two layers, with or without shielding gas. The chemical composition was measured on each coupon, the microstructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Dilution percentage was determined and Vickers microhardness profiles (HV2) were made on the different phases (HV_0.025). It was found that the dilution with and without shielding gas were 26% and 19%. The hardness was 960 and 1100 HV2. An increase in hardness was observed in the recrystallized areas, as well as a higher percentage of carboborides in the last bead.     

X80大变形钢管环焊缝试验研究

采用E9018-G焊条手工电弧根焊,用低组配药芯焊丝自保护焊和高组配焊条手工电弧焊填充盖面工艺焊接了X80钢级大变形钢管环焊缝,对环焊缝接头进行力学性能测试和金相观察分析。结果表明,两种焊接工艺评定结果符合API Std．1104标准要求。采用低组配药芯自保护焊焊接的焊缝冲击功和裂纹尖端张开位移值比采用高组配焊条手工电弧焊焊接的高。前者的焊缝组织为PF(多边化铁素体)+P(珠光体),后者的焊缝组织为 PF+IAF(针状铁索体)+P。二者熔合区的组织均为粒状贝氏体,粗晶区和细晶区没有淬硬马氏体组织出现,保证了热影响区具有很好的断裂韧性。     

The welding application of high strength steels used in engineering machinery

With the rapid development of low alloy steel strength level, more problems caused by welding are exposed day by day. Recently, the efforts have been paid to improve or enchance the low toughness of heated affected zone and welded metal which can enchance the comprehensive mechanical properties that is the core scientific problems of its safe operation by researching crack initiation and crack propragation attracted a rapidly growing interest. This article focuses on the research status and progress of welding technology and joint microstructure and properties of advanced steel materials. The influence of shielding gas on the microstructure evolution of deposited metals,the effect heat input of welded joint performance, interpass temperature and alloy elements on welded joints microstructure and M-A constituent evolution and properties are reviewed in detail. And for the heat affected zone, the grain size and microstructure as well as the shape,size, and distribution of M-A constituent, have a significant impact on the impact toughness. This paper is an attempt to review the effect of different welding process parameters on welded metal and HAZ of HSLA steels.     

特高压开关铝罐体的变极性等离子弧焊接工艺方法

通过对16 mm厚5083铝合金罐体进行变极性等离子弧焊接工艺试验,分析了工艺参数变化对焊缝成形的影响,研究该铝合金罐体在不开坡口情况下分别采用氩气(需要焊前预热)和氦氩混合气作为保护气的变极性等离子弧焊接工艺,并制定出具体焊接工艺规范参数。试验结果表明,采用氦氩混合气作为保护气条件下焊接的工件,可以有效避免长焊缝预热不均、焊缝背面局部咬边等问题,同时可以降低热输入、提高焊接效率,焊缝质量达到正背面外观无缺陷、射线探伤Ⅰ级,能够满足高压开关罐体的设计要求。     

热输入对双光束激光焊接Ti-6Al-4V合金T型接头焊接过程、焊缝成形、组织及力学性能的影响

采用双光束同步激光填丝焊接的方法制备了Ti-6Al-4V合金T型接头,使用高速摄像机拍摄了焊接过程图像并研究了热输入对焊接过程稳定性、焊缝成形、组织及力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,热输入显著影响熔池行为和填丝焊接熔滴过渡,进而影响T型接头焊缝形貌及质量。随着热输入的增加,T型接头组织发生变化,晶粒尺寸变大。热影响区及焊缝处的马氏体使得这2个区域的显微硬度高于母材。另外,沿蒙皮方向及筋条方向的抗拉伸强度随着热输入的增加而增大。由于接头处马氏体增强作用,拉伸断裂均发生于母材处。     

焊后热处理对BB503钢焊接接头性能及组织的影响

对45mm厚的BB503钢板分别采用手工焊、CO2气体保护焊、埋弧自动焊进行焊接，对部分焊接接头进行了焊后去应力热处理。比较了不同工艺焊接接头的力学性能及显微组织的差异。结果表明，经于工焊和CO2气体保护焊焊接的BB503钢板的焊接性优于埋弧焊；焊后热处理消除了焊接接头中的残余应力，大幅度提高了接头各区的冲击韧度，综合力学性能显著提高。     

Using flux-cored wires in multi-arc welding

The mathematical model of non-linear thermal processes in multi-arc welding of electric welded pipes is described. The model can be used for evaluating the changes in the structure of the welded joint produced using flux-cored wires. The microalloying elements are analysed and the results are used for studying the effect on the mechanical properties of the weld metal. Welded joints are microalloyed through the flux-cored wire, positioned on one arc in multi-arc welding. The results indicate that it is highly efficient to use the flux-cored wire in welding high-strength pipe steels for microalloying the welded joint and decreasing the heat input in welding.     

Corrosion Behaviors of Pure Titanium and Its Weldment in Simulated Desulfurized Flue Gas Condensates in Thermal Power Plant Chimney

The corrosion behaviors of pure titanium and its weldment welded by tungsten inert gas(TIG) welding in simulated desulfurized flue gas condensates in thermal power plant chimney were investigated using potentiodynamic polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and immersion tests.The effects of heat input and shielding gases on the corrosion behavior of the welded titanium were also studied.Grain coarsening and Widmansta¨tten structure were found in both the fusion zone and the heat-affected zone.The welded titanium exhibited active–passive behavior in the simulated condensates.Both the polarization curves and EIS measurements confirmed that TIG welding process with different parameters had few effects on the corrosion behavior.It was proved that the microstructure changes were not the key material factors affecting the corrosion behavior of pure titanium under the test conditions,while the oxide film had remarkable effect on improving the corrosion resistance.     

三丝埋弧焊工艺在薄壁小口径直缝钢管焊接中的应用

基于薄壁小口径直缝焊管生产的需要,分析了三丝埋孤焊的原理及特点,确定了焊接电流配置方式,焊丝空间排布方式,各焊丝直径大小的组合,焊剂品种的选用以及焊接电流、电弧电压、焊接速度等工艺参数.