乳清蛋白-黄油乳液凝胶对低脂酸奶理化特性及品质的影响

乳液凝胶是一种新型的脂肪替代物,乳清蛋白和黄油是乳品中常用的原、辅料,利用乳清蛋白和黄油制作的乳液凝胶在乳制品加工中具有良好的应用前景。制备不同蛋白和脂肪含量的乳清蛋白-黄油乳液凝胶颗粒(whey protein-butter emulsion gel particles,WPI-EG),研究其对低脂酸奶理化特性及感官品质的影响,通过分析酸奶的持水力、质构、流变、微观结构及感官评价等指标,评价WPI-EG在低脂酸奶中的作用。结果表明,WPI-EG(5.5%蛋白质,7.9%脂肪)改善了酸奶的质构特性,硬度、稠度、黏聚性及胶着度显著增加,持水力增强。添加WPI-EG的实验组低脂酸奶的表观黏度显著高于对照组低脂酸奶。电镜结果显示,随着添加的WPI-EG中蛋白质和脂肪质量分数的增加,酸奶网络结构更加紧密。5.5%PR感官评价得分较高,具有较好的香气、润滑感和组织状态(酸奶中的WPI-EG添加量为10.9%)。研究显示,特定蛋白和脂肪含量的WPI-EG在酸奶中能够作为脂肪替代物和稳定剂,显著提升低脂酸奶的品质。     

乳清蛋白在无添加剂酸奶中的应用

本实验采用乳清蛋白制备了一种不添加稳定剂的酸奶,为制作无添加剂酸奶提供理论依据。通过分析不同添加量的乳清蛋白对酸奶发酵终点,以及后熟和保质期内酸奶的酸度、粘度、脱水收缩作用敏感性（STS）、持水率（WHC）的影响,结果发现：乳清蛋白对发酵终点的影响不大;随着乳清蛋白添加量的增加,在后熟时酸奶的酸度变化加快;乳清蛋白可以提高酸奶在保质期内的稳定性,对STS和WHC都有促进作用,可保证产品最终质量。此外,结合感官测评,乳清蛋白添加量在3~4%时,产品口感及稳定性较佳,通过使用乳清蛋白可以使无添加剂的酸奶在保质期内稳定。     

乳清分离蛋白与燕麦β-葡聚糖作为增稠剂在酸奶中的应用

将乳清分离蛋白(WPI)与燕麦β-葡聚糖(β-G)以不同比例混合,热处理后添加到酸奶中,研究乳清分离蛋白/燕麦β-葡聚糖热复合物对酸奶理化、质构及感官特性的影响。分别与单独添加WPI、聚合乳清蛋白(PWP)及β-葡聚糖的酸奶样品比较,考察了酸奶的pH值、总可溶性固形物、蛋白和脂肪质量分数、质构、黏度、持水力和感官特性等指标。结果表明,WPI/β-G比例为30∶1,pH值为7.0,85℃条件下加热30 min时得到的复合物,以质量分数为2%的添加量制备酸奶,其黏度、硬度、持水力较高,感官评价较好。综合研究发现,WPI/β-G复合物可有效改善酸奶的凝胶特性及相关的理化指标,增加了酸奶的口感、风味及组织状态,提高了酸奶的品质。     

乳清浓缩蛋白在酸奶生产中的应用

以鲜奶，奶粉，乳清蛋白等乳成分为主要原料，研究了乳清浓缩蛋白在酸奶生产中的制做方法，对乳清浓缩蛋白代替部分高档脱脂奶粉生产酸奶产品的保水率，粘度，口感及组织状态进行了比较分析。结果表明，在酸奶生产中，添加一定的浓缩乳清蛋白代替高档脱脂奶粉是可行的，产品较为理想。     

原料乳中脂肪含量对搅拌型酸奶品质的影响

以原料乳中脂肪含量的差异,对搅拌型酸奶的粘度、滴定酸度及pH值、感官指标、乳清析出率等指标进行检测分析,试验结果表明,原料乳中脂肪含量低于0.8%,酸奶粘度低于0.2Pa.s,且伴有乳清的析出、口感粗糙、缺乏乳香味。原料乳中脂肪含量的增加,酸奶粘度呈现上升趋势,且酸奶的品质得到较好地改善。     

乳清蛋白的热变性及其在酸奶生产中的应用

介绍了乳清蛋白与酪蛋白热缔合过程的模型、乳清蛋白热变性的动力学以及热变性作用对酸奶质构的影响。乳清蛋白的变性度与酸奶最终质量存在密切的关系。应用β-乳球蛋白（β-LG）的等变性度曲线可以选择酸奶生产中的最适热处理条件（温度／时间）。     

乳清蛋白的热变性及其在酸乳生产中的应用

介绍了乳清蛋白与酪蛋白热缔合过程的模型，乳清蛋白热变性的动力学以及热变性作用对酸奶质构的影响，乳清蛋白的变性度与酸奶最终质量存在密度的关系。应用β－乳球蛋白的等变性度曲线可以选择酸奶生产中的最适热处理条件。     

大豆-牛奶双蛋白益生菌酸奶配方的确定及其营养分析

以大豆蛋白和牛奶蛋白为主要基料,确定双蛋白益生菌酸奶的生产配方并进行营养分析。结果表明,最优配方中,大豆蛋白:乳清蛋白(重量比)=1:2,乳糖添加量为1%。与市售酸奶相比,双蛋白益生菌酸奶蛋白质含量高22.8%,脂肪含量低37.3%,必需氨基酸含量高47.5%,蛋白质消化率修正的氨基酸评分(PDCAAS)高70%以上。双蛋白益生菌酸奶是一种新型营养健康食品,有助于营养改善、提高人体健康水平。     

添加羟基自由基氧化的乳清蛋白对酸奶品质影响的研究

主要研究了经羟基自由基产生体系氧化后的乳清蛋白在酸奶中的应用,并对影响酸奶品质的主要参数(包括乳清析出率、保水性、酸度、pH、粘度)以及感官指标进行了评定.结果表明:在酸奶中添加经H2O2体系氧化后的乳清蛋白,产品各项感官指标明显好于添加FeCl3体系的酸奶,且能够提高产品的性能和口感,尤其是添加氧化3h的氧化蛋白其感官评分达到最大.这说明适当的氧化可以改进产品的品质,提高产品的可接受性.     

酪蛋白与乳清蛋白比例对酸奶凝胶性质的影响

研究了乳中酪蛋白和乳清蛋白比例对凝固型酸奶流变学特性和微观结构的影响,结果表明,固定蛋白质质量分数、降低酪蛋白和乳清蛋白的比例,可以明显提高酸奶凝胶的质量.乳中蛋白质质量分数一致时,酸奶凝胶的硬度、黏度、持水力随着酪蛋白和乳清蛋白比例的减小而增大,凝胶网络结构变得更规则、致密,孔隙更小.在低蛋白质质量分数下,降低乳中酪...     

Using fractal image analysis to characterize microstructure of low-fat stirred yoghurt manufactured with microparticulated whey protein

Differences in the microstructure of low fat yoghurt manufactured with microparticulated whey proteins used as fat replacer were investigated. Images were obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy and studied using a technique for image analysis that combines an initial 2D-wavelet compression followed by fractal analysis and inspection of the fractal curves by principal components analysis (PCA). One commercial and three experimental microparticulated ingredients with different chemical characteristics were used in the yoghurt formulations and compared to both full and low fat yoghurts without fat replacer. The results showed that the amount of native and soluble whey proteins present in the microparticles had a positive influence on the structure of the formed gel. The created structure, dominated by dense aggregates and low amount of serum, had an increased degree of self similarity or fractality with yoghurts in which fat was present.     

Structural properties of stirred yoghurt as influenced by whey proteins

The effect of whey protein addition on structural properties of stirred yoghurt systems at different protein and fat content was studied using laser diffraction spectroscopy, rheology and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The composition of heated milk systems affected micro- and macroscopic properties of yoghurt gels. Particle size increased as a function of increasing whey protein content and decreased as a function of increased fat level. Firmness (elastic modulus) and apparent viscosity of manufactured yoghurt samples increased as a function of increased interparticle interactions, mainly caused by self-aggregation of whey proteins or aggregated whey protein-coated fat globules, respectively. The resistance towards shear-induced disruption of yoghurt gels increased with an increasing proportion of casein protein in the protein mixture, whereas products with high whey protein level revealed lower resistance behaviour towards shear-forces. CLSM images illustrated that the presence of large whey protein aggregates and lower number of fat globules lead to the formation of an interrupted and coarse gel microstructure characterised by large interstitial spaces. The higher the casein fraction and/or the fat level, the less interspaced voids in the network were observed. However, it is evident that the addition of whey proteins reinforces firmness properties of low-fat yoghurts comparable to characteristics of full-fat yoghurt.     

Improving the structure and rheology of high protein,low fat yoghurt with undenatured whey proteins

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of whey protein denaturation and whey protein:casein-ratio on the structural, rheological and sensory properties of high protein (8% true protein), low fat (<0.5% fat) yoghurt. Yoghurt milk bases were made by adding undenatured whey proteins from native whey protein concentrate (NWPC) to casein concentrate in different whey protein:casein-ratios. The degree of whey protein denaturation was then controlled by the temperature treatment of the yoghurt milk bases. Addition of NWPC in low (whey protein:casein-ratio 25:75) or medium levels (whey protein:casein-ratio 35:65) in combination with heat treatment at 75 °C for 5 min gave yoghurts with significantly lower firmness, lower storage modulus (G′), and better sensory properties (less coarse and granular and more smooth), compared with corresponding yoghurts produced from yoghurt milk bases heat-treated at 95 °C for 5 min or with control yoghurts (no addition of NWPC).     

Whey protein–pectin complexes as new texturising elements in fat-reduced yoghurt systems

The structural and sensory characteristics of skim milk yoghurt enriched with whey protein–pectin mixtures were studied using laser diffraction spectroscopy, rheology, tribology, scanning electron microscopy, and sensory analysis, and compared with a full-fat control. The textural impact of non-heated and heated whey protein–pectin mixtures added to the milk formulations was examined. Associative interaction of whey proteins with pectin suppressed whey protein aggregation during yoghurt manufacturing while maintaining the structuring effects of denatured whey protein in yoghurt in terms of increased firmness and flow properties. The structuring effect in yoghurt was reduced when a heated whey protein–pectin mixture was used. The use of a non-heated whey protein-high methoxyl pectin mixture in the skim milk formulations yielded a yoghurt texture resembling the full-fat counterpart. This study demonstrated the ability of whey protein-high methoxyl pectin complexes to act as fat replacers and texturising elements in reduced-fat yoghurt.     

Acid-induced gelation of whey protein polymers: effects of pH and calcium concentration during polymerization

Heating whey protein dispersions (90°C for 15 min) at low ionic strength and pH values far from isoelectric point (pH>6.5) induced the formation of soluble polymers. The effect of mineral environment during heating on the hydrodynamic characteristics and acid-induced gelation properties of polymers was studied. Whey protein dispersions (80 g/l) were denatured at different pH (6.5–8.5) and calcium concentrations (0–4 mm) according to a factorial design. At pH 6.5, the hydrodynamic radius of protein polymers increased with increasing calcium concentration, while the opposite trend was observed at pH 8.5. Intrinsic viscosity results suggested that heating conditions altered the shape of protein polymers. Whey protein polymers were acidified to pH 4.6 with glucono-δ-lactone and formed opaque particulate gels. The storage modulus and firmness of gels were both affected by conditions used to prepare protein polymers. As a general trend, polymers with high intrinsic viscosity produced stronger gels, suggesting a relationship between polymer shape and gel strength.Acid gelation properties of whey protein polymers makes them suitable ingredients for yoghurt applications. Using whey protein polymers to standardize protein content increased yoghurt viscosity to 813 Pa.s while using skim milk powder at same protein concentration increased yoghurt viscosity to 393 Pa.s. Water holding capacity of protein polymers in yoghurt was 19.8 ml/g compared to 7.2 ml/g for skim milk powder protein. Acid gelation properties of whey protein polymers are modulated by calcium concentration and heating pH and offers new alternatives to control the texture of fermented dairy products.     

低聚果糖对低脂凝固型发酵乳品质的影响研究

利用低聚果糖作为脂肪替代物,低聚果糖按照1%、2%和3%的比例加入到低脂凝固型发酵乳中,考察低聚果糖对低脂凝固型发酵乳酸度、硬度、黏度、持水率、脱水收缩率、颜色和感官评价等的影响。结果表明,冷藏过程中,低聚果糖的添加可以有效改善低脂凝固型发酵乳pH值偏高、滴定酸度偏低的问题;增加低脂凝固型发酵乳的硬度,利于凝固型酸奶发酵过程中的成型;降低低脂凝固型发酵乳的黏度;增加持水率和降低脱水收缩率,提高低脂凝固型发酵乳的稳定性;避免由脂肪氧化产生的变红趋势。在感官评价方面,低聚果糖可以改善低脂凝固型发酵乳的颜色和外观,但在整体接受度、风味和气味方面与全脂发酵乳仍有差距。     

Effect of long‐chain inulin on the texture profile and survival of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei in set yoghurts during refrigerated storage

The effects of adding inulin at 20 g/L as a fat replacer and probiotic bacteria on the physicochemical and textural characteristics of yoghurt were studied. The ability of long‐chain inulin to improve the probiotic (Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei) bacteria viability in yoghurt was investigated. The addition of inulin made the texture (firmness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and gumminess) of skimmed yoghurt similar to that of whole yoghurt, demonstrating the role of inulin as a fat replacer. However inulin increased syneresis and did not influence the viability of probiotic bacteria in the yoghurts. The addition of probiotic bacteria in yoghurts improved syneresis and increased firmness and gumminess.     

Antibotulinal activity of process cheese ingredients

Ingredients used in the manufacture of reduced-fat process cheese products were screened for their ability to inhibit growth of Clostridium botulinum serotypes A and B in media. Reinforced clostridial medium (RCM) supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10% (wt/vol) of various ingredients, including a carbohydrate-based fat replacer, an enzyme-modified cheese (EMC) derived from a Blue cheese, sweet whey, modified whey protein, or whey protein concentrate, did not inhibit botulinal growth and toxin production when stored at 30 degrees C for 1 week. In contrast, RCM supplemented with 10% soy-based flavor enhancer, 10% Parmesan EMC, or 5 or 10% Cheddar EMC inhibited botulinal toxin production in media for at least 6 weeks of storage at 30 degrees C. Subsequent trials revealed that the antibotulinal effect varied significantly among 13 lots of EMC and that the antimicrobial effect was not correlated with the pH or water activity of the EMC.     

Impact of octenyl succinylated pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) starch addition as fat replacer on the rheological,textural and sensory characteristics of reduced‐fat yoghurt

The current study evaluated the impact of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)‐esterified pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) starch as a fat replacer (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) on various characteristics of reduced‐fat yoghurt (1.5% fat). Firmness, flow point, storage and loss modulus increased with increasing levels of the OSA starch. The Herschel–Bulkley model was best fit for elucidating their pseudoplastic behaviour. Syneresis decreased considerably, whereas sensory acceptability improved with increasing OSA starch level. Owing to this reduced syneresis, improved structural strength and sensory acceptability, OSA‐esterified pearl millet starch functions as a fat replacer in reduced‐fat yoghurt.