塑料透镜精密注射成形技术

阐述了塑料透镜注射充填成形过程中树脂 介绍度和压力之间的关系，推荐一种塑料透镜精密注成形技术 ，即封堵注口成形法；介绍了实际实验过程和实验结果；提出了实施这一成形的工艺方案。     

塑料材质上磁控溅射制备金属复合膜的性能研究

本文主要介绍真空镀膜技术和磁控溅射技术的发展及特点,分析了用磁控溅射法在PP塑料上形成Cr+Ni、Cr+Cu、Cr+Ag膜层的耐磨性能。     

塑料光学透镜的磁悬浮检测

考虑传统的塑料透镜检测方法操作繁琐、耗时长,本文提出了一种针对小型塑料光学透镜的磁悬浮检测理论与方法,并设计制造出了相关检测装置。该方法利用磁场对顺磁溶液的磁化作用,将逆磁性被测样品(塑料透镜)在溶液中悬浮起来,通过观察透镜在装置中的高度、中心位置和平衡状态下与水平面的偏斜程度,检测透镜是否存在外观不完整和内部存在气泡等不均匀性的缺陷,并确定出透镜缺陷存在的位置。通过合格透镜、外形不完整透镜、内部存在气泡透镜和功能不合格透镜开展了多项实验研究来验证该方法的可行性与有效性。结果显示,该方法的检测精度高、灵敏度高、操作简便且适应性广,在0.5mm的测量误差下,密度的测量精度高达0.003g/cm3;对直径小于10mm的透镜,可检测出总体积在0.017mm3的内部气泡缺陷。提出的方法在塑料光学透镜的检测方面很有应用潜力。     

多层膜Laue透镜对10 keV硬X射线聚焦性能的理论计算

采用NbC/Si材料组合设计多层膜Laue透镜,总膜厚为40μm,利用衍射动力学理论分析多层膜Laue透镜对硬X射线的衍射效率及聚焦分辨率。通过两种方法提高多层膜Laue透镜的分辨率。第一种方式是减小膜层的最外层宽度,该方法要求结构必须是楔型结构,制备极其困难。第二种方法是使用多层膜Laue透镜的高级次,该方法在不增加制备难题的前提下能有效提高分辨率。通过使用多层膜Laue透镜的-3级次,对10keV硬X射线获得了分辨率为6.72nm,衍射效率为49.31%的聚焦光斑。     

塑料光纤微透镜耦合平头发光二极管

为了有效耦合平头发光二极管(LED),使用机械方法加工了锥球面塑料光纤(POF)微透镜。平头发光二极管由圆头发光二极管打磨掉聚光帽制得,其出光端面与芯片距离小于0.5mm。锥球面塑料光纤微透镜用数控机床加工制得。采用光线追迹法对耦合模型进行了分析。实验优化了锥球面光纤微透镜的参数、锥角、小球半径、工作距离和单端/双端模式,并理论分析了双端锥球面微透镜耦合的实验结果。当双端锥球面光纤微透镜锥角为140°、小球半径为0.15mm时,可带来20.4%的耦合效率增益。所用加工方法有利于微透镜参数优化,具有较好的加工精度和重现性,可以用于制作塑料光纤微透镜。     

用沸腾法获得耐磨塑料涂层的方法

塑料是一种合成高分子化合物,它的种类和形式很多,其中以合成树脂为基本成分。在机床修理工作中可以应用塑料作为抗磨材料和粘合材料。本文就获得耐磨塑料涂层的方法在机床修理中的应用方面,作一肤浅的介绍。获得耐磨塑料涂层的方法很多,通常用塑料喷枪进行热喷,但也可用沸腾法代替热喷,它只需简单设备,且容易掌握技术。这两种方法均应根据工厂具体条件来选用。下面介绍我厂用沸腾法来获得低压聚乙烯塑料涂层的经验。     

衍射光学透镜的设计

介绍一种衍射光学透镜的通用设计方法，它适用于大的相对孔径和任意物像共轭距离，同时考虑了透镜基板厚度的影响。设计结果，用激光写入法和工成透镜，其成像质量达到衍射极限。     

透射式光热透镜技术的原理和应用

透射式光热透镜技术是光热偏转技术的新发展。介绍了透射式光热透镜技术测量光学玻璃、光学薄膜弱吸收的基本原理和装置。用Matlab对透射式光热透射技术的原理进行了模拟,对K9玻璃以及在K9玻璃上镀制的薄膜样品的弱吸收进行了测试。结果表明,透射式光热透镜技术是一种高灵敏度的热波检测技术,其灵敏度最高可以达到0.1ppm,而且可以对膜层中的缺陷进行检测。     

基于电场驱动喷射微3D打印的大面积微透镜阵列制造研究

大面积圆形、柱状及梯度折射率微透镜阵列在裸眼3D、光学传感、仿生学、医疗内窥镜等领域具有非常广泛的需求,然而,如何实现大面积多类型微透镜阵列的简单化、低成本、高效率制造是学术界与产业界共同面临的一项挑战性难题。基于电场驱动喷射微3D打印技术,提出了一种可实现大面积多类型微透镜阵列制备的新方法,通过实验揭示了主要工艺参数（电压、气压,打印速度）对制备的不同类型微透镜形貌与质量的影响与规律,利用提出的方法并结合优化的工艺参数,在玻璃基底上分别实现了面积为120 mm×120 mm、100 cm×45 cm的圆形与柱状微透镜阵列的制造,在柔性PET基底上实现了面积为160 mm×160 mm的圆形微透镜阵列的制造,利用电场驱动喷射微3D打印的多层打印模式实现了折射率梯度变化范围为0.1的梯度折射率微透镜阵列的制造。实验结果表明,制备的微透镜阵列具有良好的几何与光学性能,基于电场驱动喷射微3D打印大面积、多类型微透镜阵列制造方法具有效率高、成本低、批量化的显著优势,为大面积多类型微透镜阵列制造提供了一种全新的解决方案。     

塑料透镜注射压缩成形新方法

塑料透镜的批量生产，通常采用注射成形法；透镜的精度要求较高时，则使用注射压缩成形技术。本文提出注射成形应注意的一些共通性问题、简述注射压缩成形及其实值，详细介绍最近开发成功的一种精密注射压缩成形技术。     

Enhanced Performance of Pennzane® Greases for Space Applications by Both Additive Formulations and Smooth Hard Coatings

Tribological requirements of the moving mechanical assemblies (MMAs) of spacecraft are usually satisfied by a variety of lubricants and materials. When the lubricant elastohydrodynamic film is broken, metal-to-metal contact occurs in the MMAs. This may lead to lubricant overheating, and breakdown, and then to increased wear and failure. Wear related failure can also occur due to evaporation and/or creep of the lubricant over the lifetime of space assembly. As requirements for spacecraft performance and lifetime increase, improved lubrication systems for MMAs are needed. A considerable amount of progress has been made in developing improved lubricants with advanced additives; however, their performance has not been evaluated and ranked. In the present work, four-ball and reciprocating tribometer tests were conducted to evaluate and rank the performance of various Pennzane® based greases. Employing the reciprocating tribometer technique, Pennzane® based greases were also evaluated with hard coatings such as titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium carbonitride (TiCN) in a metal-on-coating configuration. Viability of a filtered cathodic arc technique for obtaining very smooth, hard coatings is demonstrated. The importance of coating deposition temperature for certain bearing steel materials is also discussed. It is demonstrated that wear is substantially reduced with an optimized Pennzane® grease formulation on a smooth, hard TiCN surface coating.     

光弹性贴片中用宽条带法分离主应变的研究

在光弹性贴片法中，通常利用剪应力差法和斜射法来分离主应变。对于应变梯度不大的平面可以采用条带法来分离主应变，但其应用性较差。本文研究用宽条带法来分离主应变，使条带法得到了进一步的推广和应用，从而为解决复合材料、陶瓷材料等新型材料的表面应力测定问题提供了一种新的研究方法。     

ANALYSIS ON THERMAL ELASTO-PLASTIC ASPERITY CONTACTS OF LAYERED MEDIA

A thermal elasto-plastic asperity contact model is investigated, which takes into account the steady-state heat transfer and the asperity distortion due to thermal elasto-plastic deformations. A hard coating and a soft coating are applied to study the correlations between contact area and contact pressure, average gap and contact pressure, coating thickness and contours of the contact stress distribution, etc. The effects of material properties, coating thickness, frictional coefficient, and the heat input combinations on the stress distribution are investigated and discussed. The frictional heat input increases the maximum value of yon Mises stress. Finally, the appropriate thickness of the hard coating is also discussed. To protect the substrate, one can choose hard coating and the thickness of that is suggested that can be hc=70 Rm.     

TiN薄膜的残余应力调控及力学性能研究

残余应力是制约物理气相沉积（Physical vapor deposition,PVD）硬质薄膜厚度的关键因素。采用多弧离子镀技术在高速钢基体上制备了厚度从3.7 m到15.5 m的TiN薄膜,结合曲率法和有限元法研究残余应力及结合性能随膜厚的变化规律。结果表明,随着膜厚的增加,基片弯曲程度加剧,而薄膜平均残余应力降低;膜层内残余应力的整体水平决定了界面切应力大小,薄膜结合性能随界面切应力的增加而降低。增加基体偏压、降低工作气压均导致薄膜内部残余应力的升高。当残余压应力较高时,TiN薄膜具有细小、致密的柱状晶结构,并呈现（111）择优取向,薄膜硬度及断裂韧度较高,耐磨性能良好。研究结果提示我们,通过残余应力的调控可提高硬质薄膜的力学特性。     

Mechanical Modeling of Scratch Behavior of Polymeric Coatings on Hard and Soft Substrates

An ASTM standard scratch test is utilized to study the scratch behavior of polymeric coatings on soft and hard substrates. Depending on the different combination of polymeric coatings and substrates utilized, various damage modes can take place, which include coating delamination, transverse cracking, and buckling failure. A soft coating on a hard substrate will give rise to an entirely different scratch damage pattern from those of a hard coating on a soft substrate. The stress and strain responses of scratch on polymeric coating are analyzed using three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulation. The analysis provides mechanistic insights for the observed polymer coating deformation mechanisms and failure modes. Usefulness of the ASTM scratch method and FE modeling to evaluate polymer coating scratch behavior is discussed.     

光刻旋涂中的膜厚分析与数值模拟

旋涂法是光刻工艺中涂胶的重要方法,在旋涂经典EBP方程和考虑挥发与转速关系的溶剂挥发模型基础上,通过数值模拟对溶剂挥发模型提出的过渡点增加了动态参数因子补偿,得出更合理的膜厚拟合方程。通过自制的旋涂验证装置进行光刻涂胶实验并采集相关实验数据来验证拟合方程的正确性。利用该优化的拟合方法来指导实践,可制定更为合理的实际工艺参数。     

Simulation of the Performance of Various PFPE Lubricants Under Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording Conditions

Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is proposed for the next generation of hard disk drives. In HAMR systems, a laser beam heats the disk magnetic layer to the Curie temperature. This may cause the thin film lubricant coating the disk to deplete due to evaporation and surface tension gradient. In this study, we perform simulations for the Z-tetraol family of lubricants with four hydroxyl end-groups, including Z-tetraol 1200 as a low molecular weight member of the family and Z-tetraol 2200 as a high molecular weight of the family, and also for ZTMD (2,200 Da) with eight hydroxyl groups as a multi-dentate lubricant, which is manufactured based on the Z-tetraol family. All studies are performed for four cases of lubricant thicknesses including 5, 7, 12, and 14A. These numbers are chosen in order to provide a fair comparison with a previous study for Z-dol. We also investigate the relative effects of evaporation with respect to the thermocapillary shear stress. It is found that after a 2 ns illumination of the laser, a trough and two side ridges across the down-track direction can be seen in the lubricant. The performances of the lubricants can be ranked mainly based on the trough depth and also evaporation such that better lubricants show less deformation and trough depth under equal conditions of thermal spot size and peak temperature. We also found that all of the lubricants deplete rapidly and their depletion speed decreases gradually.     

Cavitation resistance of Cr–N coatings deposited on austenitic stainless steel at various temperatures

Cr–N coatings were deposited on austenitic stainless steel, X6CrNiTi18-10, by means of the cathodic arc evaporation method at three substrate temperatures: 200 °C, 350 °C and 500 °C. All coatings were found to have a composition of Cr(N), CrN and Cr₂N. The substrate temperature was found to have an influence on the hardness and Young's modulus of the Cr–N coatings. The investigation of nanocrystalline Cr–N coatings resistance to cavitation was performed in a cavitation tunnel with a slot cavitator and tap water as the medium. The estimated cavitation resistance parameters of the coatings were the incubation period of damage and total mass loss. It was found that the optimal coating cavitation resistance was deposited at 500 °C. The incubation period for the 500 °C deposition coating was the same as that of the uncoated X6CrNiTi18-10 steel, but the total mass loss was significantly lower than on the uncoated specimen. The scanning electron microscope analysis indicated that the damage process of the Cr–N coating mainly originates from the plastic deformation of the steel substrate–hard coating system, which appears by “micro-folding” of the surface. An increase of tensile stresses at the top of micro-folds initiates micro-cracks and delamination of Cr–N coating. The results of the investigation and the analysis indicate that the factors mainly responsible for cavitation resistance of the steel substrate/hard coating system are resistant to plastic deformation of the total system and coating adhesion.     

钢板上沉积锌合金镀层的PVD试验设备研发

开发了一种采用物理气相沉积（physic alvapor deposition,简称PVD）技术沉积锌合金镀层的多功能试验设备,该设备集成了磁控溅射、蒸镀及退火功能;同时,描述了其功能、组成及工艺参数,可用于制备新颖的锌合金镀层,对于深化锌合金镀层的性能研究和促进钢板用腐蚀防护镀层新材料的研发具有重要意义。     

钛材上火焰喷焊Ni-WC耐磨涂层的组织和性能

研究了在钛合金Ti-6Al-4V表面上采用火焰喷焊技术制备镍基碳化钨型自熔性合金涂层的可行性，利用SEM、XRD等手段分析了它的组织和性能。结果表明：采用火焰喷焊技术在钛合金表面上获得了功能梯度涂层，Ni-WC涂层为韧基体＋硬质相的耐磨组织，涂层和过渡层之间形成了韧性镍基合金层，在涂层、过渡层和基体之间形成了牢固的冶金结合，涂层的组织和显微硬度沿层深方向呈连续性和渐变性，喷焊表层中WC起到了主要的抗磨作用，涂层磨损失重仅为未喷焊钛合金的1／10。