Concepts for on-orbit replenishment of liquid helium for SIRTF

The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) will be a large infrared observatory cooled to 2 K by 4000 dm³ of superfluid helium, and expected to have a lifetime of ≈2 years on orbit Concepts are presented for replenishing the cryogen on orbit, and for designing the airborne support equipment required. Replenishment starting with SIRTF either warm or cold, appears to be feasible within a Space Shuttle-based or Space Station-based mission.     

Optimum policy for warrants for and design of guardrails

An optimum policy for the warrants for and the design of guardrails based on benefit maximizing criteria is presented. It is shown that the strength, the number of classes of standards, and the location of guardrails should be determined simultaneously with due consideration for the nation-wide distribution of roadside dangers and the impact of colliding vehicles. Dynamic programming is used for optimization.     

Design for volume optimization of packaging for durable goods

In the literature, there are several authors arguing for the optimization of the packaging volume as an important factor in distribution efficiency. Within the context of packaging of durable goods, these authors present significant economic savings, usually illustrated by qualitative examples of redesigns. So far, these papers are limited to: (a) the economic aspect of volume (b) packaging for which the main functionality is distribution‐related, and (c) mostly qualitative empirical data. This current paper aims to contribute to this literature by: (a) arguing that volume is also a significant factor from an environmental perspective (b) including packaging for which the main functionality is marketing‐related, and (c) presenting quantitative data of over 1000 packed durable goods, covering consumer electronics, domestic appliances, toys, power tools and furniture. Several strategies for volume optimization are discussed in relation to different packaging functionalities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemical methods for searching for evidence of extra-terrestrial life

This paper describes the chemical concepts used for the purpose of detecting life in extra-terrestrial situations. These methods, developed initially within the oil industry, have been used to determine when life began on Earth and for investigating the Moon and Mars via space missions. In the case of Mars, the Viking missions led to the realization that we had meteorites from Mars on Earth. The study of Martian meteorites in the laboratory provides tantalizing clues for life on Mars in both the ancient and recent past. Meteorite analyses led to the launch of the Beagle 2 spacecraft, which was designed to prove that life-detection results obtained on Earth were authentic and not confused by terrestrial contamination. Some suggestions are made for future work.     

符合产品再生利用的设计：未来创造价值过程的基础

降低当前不断增长的资源消耗，这要求未来的产品循环在材料和能源方面更为有效。这将在保证技术先进的同时延长产品使用寿命和耐用性的基础上藉产品再生利用来实现。符合再生利用的产品必须具备开放式的系统结构，并且具有适合几个生命周期的动态的产品结构。为了此类产品的构造和设计，本文以机床为例，制订了支持设计的特殊规则和提示。在再生利用能力方面的设计质量可以用来有评价标准的清单予以检验。     

Analysis of fatigue data for lifetime predictions for ceramic materials

Accuracy in data analysis is of utmost importance because lifetime predictions are extremely sensitive to experimental uncertainty in the crack growth parameters. The limitations of the conventional data reduction techniques used for analysing static and dynamic fatigue data are reviewed and new, statistical methods of data reduction that offer advantages over the conventional techniques are discussed.     

船舶与集装箱用钢板预处理过程中所用磨料的对比

对船舶与集装箱用钢板涂装前预处理过程中，抛（喷）丸清理（除锈、刻蚀）用各种磨料的性质、磨料硬度与侵入性及耐久性（寿命）的关系、磨料的形状与清理效果的关系、磨料的粒度与覆盖率、冲击功的关系作了对比分析，提出了合理选用磨料的原则。     

Optics Concept for a Pair of Undulator Beamlines for MX

We describe a concept for x-ray optics to feed a pair of macromolecular crystallography (MX) beamlines which view canted undulator radiation sources in the same storage ring straight section. It can be deployed at NSLS-II and at other low-emittance third-generation synchrotron radiation sources where canted undulators are permitted, and makes the most of these sources and beamline floor space, even when the horizontal angle between the two canted undulator emissions is as little as 1-2 mrad. The concept adopts the beam-separation principles employed at the 23-ID (GM/CA-CAT) beamlines at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), wherein tandem horizontally-deflecting mirrors separate one undulator beam from the other, following monochromatization by a double-crystal monochromator. The scheme described here would, in contrast, deliver the two tunable monochromatic undulator beams to separate endstations that address rather different and somewhat complementary purposes, with further beam conditioning imposed as required. A downstream microfocusing beamline would employ dual-stage focusing for work at the micron scale and, unique to this design, switch to single stage focusing for larger beams. On the other hand, the upstream, more highly automated beamline would only employ single stage focusing.     

解读玩具产品强制性认证标准

玩具是儿童最亲密的伙伴,是"人生的第一部教科书"。但玩具作为特殊商品,消费对象为特殊的弱势消费群体——儿童,由于儿童在智力、体力和行为等方面均不完全具备逃避危险的能力,玩具产品质量的优劣直接影响儿童的身心健康和使用安全。     

Model for prediction of processing window for austempered ductile iron

Abstract

A computer model has been developed to predict the processing window (austempering window) for austempered ductile iron (ADI). The model is a modification of an existing model for the isothermal decomposition of austenite in bainitic steels. It was calibrated using experimental data from the literature. In order to validate the model, the processing window corresponding to a ductile iron of composition 3.41%C, 2.46%Si, 0.36%Mn, 0.18%Mo, and 0.25%Cu is predicted and compared to experimental data. Computer assisted image analysis was used to investigate the volume fraction of martensite at the lower boundary of the processing window. X-ray diffraction was used to calculate the normalised volume fraction of austenite at the upper boundary of the processing window. The results show that the model successfully predicts the processing window corresponding to the iron investigated in this study.     

Tolerance Limits for Surface Errors of Plates for Reflection Echelon

Expressions have been obtained for the intensity distribution of the fringes in the reflection echelon in the presence of surface errors on the plates. The errors considered are the ones arising during the polishing process, due to inhomogeneous reflection coating, and due to the residual curvature of the plates. These expressions have been utilized for the evaluation of the intensity distribution in a reflection echelon consisting of 20, 30, 40 and 50 plates. Hence permissible errors on the surfaces of the echelon plates have been obtained and it has been confirmed that in order to take full advantage of number N of the plates, surface errors should not exceed 1/4 N of a wavelength in the middle of the visible spectrum.