Soldering of Mg Joints Using Zn-Al Solders

Magnesium has applications in the automotive and aerospace industries that can significantly contribute to greater fuel economy and environmental conservation. The Mg alloys used in the automotive industry could reduce mass by up to 70 pct, providing energy savings. However, alongside the advantages there are limitations and technological barriers to use Mg alloys. One of the advantages concerns phenomena occurring at the interface when joining materials investigated in this study, in regard to the effect of temperature and soldering time for pure Mg joints. Eutectic Zn-Al and Zn-Al alloys with 0.05 (wt pct) Li and 0.2 (wt pct) Na were used in the soldering process. The process was performed for 3, 5, and 8 minutes of contact, at temperatures of 425 °C, 450 °C, 475 °C, and 500 °C. Selected, solidified solder-substrate couples were cross-sectioned, and their interfacial microstructures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The experiment was designed to demonstrate the effect of time, temperature, and the addition of Li and Na on the kinetics of the dissolving Mg substrate. The addition of Li and Na to eutectic Zn-Al caused to improve mechanical properties. Higher temperatures led to reduced joint strength, which is caused by increased interfacial reaction.     

Unidirectional Solidification of Eutectic Cast Iron

Abstract

High intrinsic damping in alloys finds many applications in the elimination of unwanted vibrations and reduction of acoustic noise. The increasing interest in these materials has resulted in the development of a new class of engineering alloys, the HIDAMETS (high-damping metals), specifically tailored for use in vibration-resistant structures. Numerous different physical mechanisms (usually controlled by the alloy microstructure) can be responsible for the level of internal friction or damping in a candidate alloy for a particular application. Consequently, alloy selection depends mainly upon the conditions to be encountered in service, i.e. temperature, frequency of vibration, amplitude of vibration, magnetic field, etc. Characterization of the internal friction in high damping alloys is described and some of the mechanisms involved are discussed. Results obtained for two different alloys are presented. The first is a commercial Mn-Cu alloy used for marine propellers and the second is a die-cast Zn-Al alloy with possible application in the automotive industry.     

工况条件下锌基合金表面张力测定及极化曲线分析

从锌液本身的物理性能着手,通过引进焦利秤测量微小力的原理,利用吊片法测定热浸镀锌中锌液及其合金在420～480℃的表面张力,确定微量铝的加入,使由锌铝组成的理想稀溶液的自由能降低,引起锌液的表面张力下降,进而使锌液的化学位降低。并通过电化学实验测定了纯Zn及Zn-0.2%Al的极化曲线,证实了由表面张力降低所引起的锌液化学位的降低对提高镀锌层的耐腐蚀性能起很大的作用。     

Fe-P-C-Cu系合金的性能及其烧结后的尺寸收缩

本文讨论了不同的配铜量、配碳量及烧结温度对Fe-P-C-Cu系合金性能及其烧结后的尺寸收缩的影响规律。通过试验得出,采取Fe-0.6%P-1.9%C-0.7-1.0%Cu幻成分配比,以及在1090-1110℃温度保温2.5小时的烧结工艺条件下,可得到较满意的结果。本文还结合目行车车铃齿轮产品对Fe-P-C-Cu与Fe-C-Cu系合金的性能及烧结舌约尺寸收缩进行了试验对比。     

Effect of Rare Earth on the Corrosion-Resisting Performance of Zinc-Based Alloy Coatings

The corrosion behavior of coatings of pure zinc and Zn-Al,Zn-Al-RE alloys in NaCl solu-tions was studied by salt-spray experiments,even corrosion experiments and electrochemical measurementsof bi-directional polarization curves and a.c.impedance in weak polarization region consistent regularitieswere obtained by these different methods,viz.,the corrosion resistance of Zn could be enhanced by alloying itwith Al,and particularly with Al-RE.The causes of enhancement of corrosion resistance by RE were alsodiscussed.     

Thermodynamic assessment of the Cu-Ti-Zr system. I. Cu-Ti system

The CALPHAD method is used for the thermodynamic assessment of the Cu-Ti system that bounds the ternary Cu-Ti-Zr system, which is capable of forming amorphous alloys. The self-consistent parameters of thermodynamic models of the phases are obtained from data on the phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of liquid alloys and intermetallic compounds. The Gibbs energy of the liquid phase is described using the associated ideal solution model. To describe the thermodynamic properties of the Cu₄Ti and CuTi intermetallic compounds with homogeneity range, sublattice models are used. The calculated phase diagram of the system and the thermodynamic properties of the phases are in good agreement with experimental data.     

Application of Molecular Interaction Volume Model for Phase Equilibrium of Sn-Based Binary System in Vacuum Distillation

Based on the molecular interaction volume model (MIVM), the activities of components of Sn-Sb, Sb-Bi, Sn-Zn, Sn-Cu, and Sn-Ag alloys were predicted. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental data, which indicate that the MIVM is of better stability and reliability due to its good physical basis. A significant advantage of the MIVM lies in its ability to predict the thermodynamic properties of liquid alloys using only two parameters. The phase equilibria of Sn-Sb and Sn-Bi alloys were calculated based on the properties of pure components and the activity coefficients, which indicates that Sn-Sb and Sn-Bi alloys can be separated thoroughly by vacuum distillation. This study extends previous investigations and provides an effective and convenient model on which to base refining simulations for Sn-based alloys.     

Modeling solid solution strengthening in nickel alloys

The yield stress of multicomponent nickel solid solution alloys has not been modeled in the past with respect to the effects of composition and temperature. There have been investigations of the effect on the yield stress of solutes in binary systems at a fixed temperature, but the effects on the yield stress of multiple solute elements and temperature changes have not been investigated. In this article, two different forms of the trough model are considered for nickel-base alloys to determine the most applicable model for solid solution strengthening in the system. The yield stresses of three binary nickel-chromium and three ternary nickel alloys were determined at a range of temperatures. The yield stress of the alloys was then modeled using the Feltham equation. The constants determined in fitting the Feltham equation to the experimental data were then applied to other experimental solid solution alloys and also to published information on commercial solid solution nickel alloys. It was found that the yield stress of the nickel solid solution alloys could be modeled successfully using the Feltham equation.     

Thermodynamic properties of zinc-rich zinc-aluminum melts

A thermodynamic study of molten zinc-aluminum alloys in the range 450 °C to 650 °C and 0 to 0.43 atom fraction of aluminum was carried out by the electromotive force (emf) method using the reversible concentration cell W,pure Al |MgCl₂-NaCl-KCl-AlCl₃| Zn-Al (1),W The activities of aluminum derived from the measured cell potentials show considerable positive deviations from Raoult's law. The Henry's law constants and the self-interaction parameters of aluminum were obtained from the experimental data for the dilute solutions. The activities of aluminum extrapolated from the present experimental data agree well with the data from the literature at 727 °C. The values of relative partial molar enthalpy and entropy are also consistent with the results obtained by previous authors. The behavior of the α-function for aluminum indicates that the solution behaves approximately subregularly in the dilute region over the tem-perature range investigated, and regularly for atom fractions of aluminum greater than 0.1 at temperatures greater than 550 °C.     

Prediction of Activities in Fe-Based Ternary Liquid Alloys by Hoch-Arpshofen Model

 Thermodynamic properties for an alloy system play an important role in the materials science and engineering. Therefore, theoretical calculations having the flexibility to deal with complexity are very useful and have scientific meaning. The Hoch-Arpshofen model was deduced from physical principles and is applicable to binary, ternary and larger system using its binary interaction parameters only. Calculations of the activities of Fe-based liquid alloys are calculated using Hoch-Arpshofen model from data on the binary subsystems. Results for the activities for Fe-Au-Ni, Fe-Cr-Ni, Fe-Co-Cr and Fe-Co-Ni systems at required temperature are presented by Hoch-Arpshofen model. The average relative errors of prediction are 78%, 45%, 49% and 27%, respectively. It shows that the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data except Fe-Au-Ni system, which exhibits strong interaction between unlike atoms. The model provides a simple, reliable and general method for calculating the activities for Fe-based liquid alloys.     

Thermodynamic properties of liquid magnesium-bismuth alloys

Thermodynamic properties of liquid Mg-Bi alloys have been determined, employing galvanic formation and concentration cells. There was a fairly good agreement between data obtained by the two different types of cells. The partial thermodynamic functions exhibit a marked deviation from ideality, which has been interpreted as a consequence of the stable compound Mg₃Bi₂ being formed in the system. The experimental data have been treated according to Krupkowski to give equations for the activity coefficients of magnesium and bismuth. From these equations, together with phase diagram data, the Gibbs free energy of formation of solid Mg₃Bi₂ has been evaluated. A similar treatment also has been applied to literature data for the corresponding Mg-Sb system.     

Wettability of Mn<Subscript>x</Subscript>Si<Subscript>y</Subscript>O<Subscript>z</Subscript> by Liquid Zn-Al Alloys

The wettability of Mn_xSi_yO_z by liquid Zn-Al alloys was investigated to obtain basic information on the coating properties of high-strength steels with surface oxides in the hot-dip galvanizing process. In this study, the contact angles of liquid Zn-Al alloys (Al concentrations were 0.12 and 0.23 wt pct) on four different Mn_xSi_yO_z oxides, namely MnO, MnSiO₃, Mn₂SiO₄, and SiO₂, were measured with the dispensed drop method. The contact angle did not change across time. With an increasing Al concentration, the contact angle was slightly decreased for MnO and Mn₂SiO₄, but there was no change for MnSiO₃ and SiO₂. With an increasing SiO₂ content, the contact angle gradually increased by 54 wt pct to form MnSiO₃, and for pure SiO₂ substrate, the contact angle decreased again. Consequently, the MnSiO₃ substrate showed the worst wettability among the four tested oxide substrates.     

Phase equilibria in the titanium corner of hypoeutectic alloys in the Ti-Nb-Si-Al system

Physicochemical analysis methods have been applied to the phase equilibria in the Ti-Nb-Si-Al system in the region of alloys rich in titanium. It is found that the crystallization conditions for hypoeutectic alloys with constant 5 at.% aluminum content control the niobium contents up to 17.5 at.%, for which there are two groups. After the primary crystallization of the β phase in alloys in these groups, binary eutectics are formed with different intermetallic phases. The properties of the alloys are dependent on the phase compositions in the eutectic mixtures. The temperature and concentration stability of the phases have been determined. It is shown that a peritectic reaction may give rise to a second intermetallide phase in alloys approximating to equilibrium as a result of subsequent annealing, which does not affect the structure of the cast alloys.     

航空发动机阻燃钛合金力学性能预测及成分优化

采用支持向量机算法,在实验数据的基础上,建立航空发动机阻燃钛合金的合金化元素与力学性能关系模型,分析合金化元素对力学性能的影响规律。模型的输入参数为V、Al、Si和C元素,输出参数为室温拉伸性能（抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率和断面收缩率）。结果表明:各个力学性能支持向量机模型的线性相关系数均在0.975以上,具有较高的预测能力;各个力学性能测试样本实验值与模型预测值的绝对百分误差均在5%以内,具有良好的泛化能力,能够有效地反映出阻燃钛合金的合金化元素与力学性能之间的定量关系,进而实现对该合金的成分优化。对于Ti?35V?15Cr阻燃钛合金,可以通过加入质量分数为0～0.1%的Si元素和质量分数为0.05%～0.125%的C元素,并减少质量分数为2%～5%的V元素,来提高力学性能;对于Ti?25V?15Cr阻燃钛合金,可以通过加入质量分数为1.5%～1.8%的Al元素和质量分数为0.15%～0.2%的C元素,来提高力学性能。      

Thermophysical Properties of Platinum-Copper Alloys

Platinum and copper along with their alloys have been used in a broad range of applications including jewelry, coinage, electrical and electronic devices, and many others. Their thermophysical properties play an important role in casting processes and are required as input data for casting simulation. The focus of this work was to investigate these properties by different methods. Platinum, copper, and four platinum-copper alloys, namely, Pt96Cu04, Pt68Cu32, Pt50Cu50, and Pt25Cu75, were investigated within this work. The melting range and thermal expansion were measured at fem by differential scanning calorimetry and dilatometry, respectively. At TU Graz, wire-shaped samples were investigated by an ohmic pulse heating technique. This technique delivers thermophysical properties of electrically conducting materials far into the liquid phase. These measurements allow the calculation of specific heat capacity and the temperature dependencies of electrical resistivity, enthalpy, and density of these alloys in the solid and liquid phases. Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity as a function of temperature are estimated from resistivity data using the Wiedemann?CFranz law at the end of the solid phase and at the beginning of the liquid phase. The results are compared with the available literature values.     

Experimental Investigations and Computer Simulation of the Liquid Fraction Evolution during the Solidification of Alloys Suitable for Semi‐Solid Processing

One important parameter for the processing of materials by semi‐solid forming is the actual distribution of the solid and liquid phases in the semi‐solid range. This parameter defines the process stability for the forming step. Therefore it is necessary to obtain information about the materials behaviour in the semi‐solid state for different materials grades. This kind of information can be obtained by experimental studies in the interesting temperature range or by calculations with simulation programs using thermodynamic data validated by experiments. This work shows the results of experimental studies and thermodynamic calculations of the solidification and heat treatment behaviour of the aluminium alloy A319 and the steel X210CrW12. The experimental studies of solidification and heat treatment of these alloys were carried out using a differential thermal analysis system (DTA). The theoretical fraction of liquid content was calculated from the DTA signal by using a software module called Corrdsc. The experimental data obtained were used to validate the thermodynamic simulations of the solidification of semi‐solid alloys. The simulations of the solidification process were carried out for equilibrium conditions, with the Scheil‐Gulliver model as well as with diffusion calculations. The equilibrium and Scheil‐Gulliver calculations were performed by the program Thermo‐Calc, and the diffusion by the program DICTRA. The required thermodynamic and mobility data for multicomponent systems were taken from the data bases COST 507 light alloys, TCFE2000 Steel/Alloys and MOB2 mobility and from newly added data. The comparison of calculated phase transformations and fractions of liquid content with experimental data revealed a good agreement.     

Development of High-Strength High-Temperature Cast Al-Ni-Cr Alloys Through Evolution of a Novel Composite Eutectic Structure

Aiming to develop high-strength Al-based alloys with high material index (strength/density) for structural application, this article reports a new class of multiphase Al alloys in the Al-Ni-Cr system that possess impressive room temperature and elevated temperature (≥ 200 °C) mechanical properties. The ternary eutectic and near eutectic alloys display a complex microstructure containing intermetallic phases displaying hierarchically arranged plate and rod morphologies that exhibit extraordinary mechanical properties. The yield strengths achieved at room temperatures are in excess of 350 MPa with compressive plastic strains of more than 30 pct (without fracturing) for these alloys. The stability of the complex microstructure also leads to a yield stress of 191 ± 8 to 232 ± 5 MPa at 250 °C. It is argued that the alloys derive their high strength and impressive plasticity through synergic effects of refined nanoeutectics of two different morphologies forming a core shell type of architecture.     

西北有色院创新研制的船用钛合金

钛及钛合金以其优异的综合性能已成为一种理想的船用金属材料。主要介绍了西北有色金属研究院设计研制的具有我国自主知识产权的Ti75，Ti-B19，Ti31和Ti91 4种不同强度级别的性能优异的船用钛合金。其中Ti75和Ti31已工业化生产，并得到成功应用，Ti-B19和Ti91也具有良好的应用前景。在此基础上，初步建立了我国船用钛合金的体系。