粘弹可瘪管的位移振荡研究

本文建立了研究粘弹性可瘪管脉动流位移振荡的实验和理论模型，归结出了管壁位移振荡的控制方程，并应用摄动方法求出问题的摄动解。文章最后还给出了粘弹可瘪管位移振荡发生的判别准则和三种不同流动状态区域，并讨论了来流速度和管壁粘性等参数对这些区域的影响情况。     

Vibration analysis of hydropower house based on fluid-structure coupling numerical method

By using the shear stress transport(SST)model to predict the effect of random flow motion in a fluid zone,and using the Newmark method to solve the oscillation equations in a solid zone,a coupling model of the powerhouse and its tube water was developed.The effects of fluid-structure interaction are considered through the kinematic and dynamic conditions applied to the fluid-structure interfaces(FSI).Numerical simulation of turbulent flow through the whole flow passage of the powerhouse and concrete structure vibration analysis in the time domain were carried out with the model.Considering the effect of coupling the turbulence and the powerhouse structure,the time history response of both turbulent flows through the whole flow passage and powerhouse structure vibration were generated.Concrete structure vibration analysis shows that the displacement,velocity,and acceleration of the dynamo floor respond dramatically to pressure fluctuations in the flow passage.Furthermore,the spectrum analysis suggests that pressure fluctuation originating from the static and dynamic disturbances of hydraulic turbine blades in the flow passage is one of the most important vibration sources.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCY IN UNSTEADY HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOUR OF A LARGE HYDRAULIC TURBINE

The features of unsteady flow such as pressure variation and fluctuation in a large hydraulic turbine usually lead to the instability of operation.This article reports the recent in site investigation concerning the characteristic frequencies in pressure fluctuation,shaft torsional oscillation and structural vibration of a prototype 700 MW Francis turbine unit.The investigation was carried out for a wide load range of 200 MW-700 MW in the condition of water head 57 m-90 m.An extensive analysis of both time-history and frequency data of these unsteady hydraulic behaviours was conducted.It was observed that the pressure fluctuation in a draft tube is stronger than that in upstream flow passage.The low frequency with about one third of rotation frequency is dominative for the pressure fluctuation in part load range.Also the unsteady features of vibration of head cover and torsional oscillation of shaft exhibited the similar features.Numerical analysis showed that the vibration and oscillation are caused by vortex rope in the draft tube.In addition,a strong vibration with special characteristic frequency was observed for the head cover in middle load range.The pressure fluctuation in the draft tube with the same frequency was also recorded.Because this special vibration has appeared in the designed normal running condition,it should be avoided by carefully allocating power load in the future operation.     

下庄倒虹吸进出口水力特性水工模型试验研究

多管倒虹吸为引调水过程中的常用交叉建筑物,为使倒虹吸进口流态平稳,分水口通常不设置在倒虹吸进口附近。而下庄分水口由于征地和施工等原因,分水口与倒虹吸进口采取了合一布置,这对进口流态产生较大不利影响。基于水工模型试验,本研究提出的改无压明渠分水为有压短管分水口的方法极大改善了倒虹吸进口流态。而试验中发现下庄倒虹吸出口三个闸室在常遇工况下存在水面交替振荡现象,最大波幅达1.4 m,经过研究分析发现水流在检修闸门井和工作闸门井间的竖向扩散是造成振荡的原因,在检修门井和工作门井间设置隔梁或隔板可以抑制水流竖向扩散,从而减小了水面振荡,波幅减小至0.1 m,并且设置隔梁方案工程量相对较小,比较经济,故后续优化方案布置中采用该方案。研究成果可为类似工程的设计、研究和运行管理提供参考和借鉴。     

分段低压输水管系的水力振荡特性

分段低压输水管是一种结构相对简单，采用分段降低水头的自流有压引水结构。本文从U形管的水面振动特性出发，对分段低压输水管系的水力振荡特性进行分析和推导，建立了分段低压输水管系输水单元的水力振动方程和固有水力振荡频率计算公式，分析了水流振荡向下游传播的共振特性，提出了控制水力振荡的结构优化方法。采用特征线计算方法对某具体工程在流量调节过程中的水力振荡过程进行数值模拟，验证了理论推导和结构优化的合理性。     

ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENT TRANSFORMATION FOR FINITE ANALYTIC METHOD

The Finite Analytic Method (FAM) is a new numerical method for solvingNavier-Stokes equations. However, on complex geometric domains this method must employ theboundary-fitted coordinate transformation, which becomes very difficult for some flow regions.In this paper, the Isoparametric Element, which has been widely used in the Finite ElementMethod, is incorporated into the FAM. The flow region is subdivided into a number of small ar-bitary quadrilaterals, and each element is transformed into a square element by the shape func-tions of Isoparametric Element. Then the partial differential equations on the square element canbe solved by the FAM. As an example, the flow in tube bundles has been calculated by thismethod.     

应用于有限分析法的等参元变换

有限分析法是近年发展起来的数值计算方法,该方法对非矩形的计算域必须使用坐标变换。本文使用有限元中等参单元的概念,在物理平面上将计算域划分成四边形的网格,利用等参单元的插值系数将其变换成正交的等参单元,然后在该单元上使用有限分析法求解微分方程。用此法计算了绕无限域内圆柱管道的粘性流场,说明该法是可行的。     

Flow pattern visualization in a mimic anaerobic digester: experimental and computational studies.

Advanced non-invasive experiments like computer automated radioactive particle tracking and computed tomography along with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed in mimic anaerobic digesters to visualize their flow pattern and obtain hydrodynamic parameters. The mixing in the digester was provided by sparging gas at three different flow rates. The simulation results in terms of overall flow pattern, location of circulation cells and stagnant regions, trends of liquid velocity profiles, and volume of dead zones agree reasonably well with the experimental data. CFD simulations were also performed on different digester configurations. The effects of changing draft tube size, clearance, and shape of the tank bottoms were calculated to evaluate the effect of digester design on its flow pattern. Changing the draft tube clearance and height had no influence on the flow pattern or dead regions volume. However increasing the draft tube diameter or incorporating a conical bottom design helped in reducing the volume of the dead zones as compared to a flat bottom digester. The simulations showed that the gas flow rate sparged by a single point (0.5 cm diameter) sparger does not have appreciable effect on the flow pattern of the digesters.     

三峡电站厂房结构振动计算与试验研究

本文利用三峡电站73m水头水轮机模型试验中脉动压力的实测数据,构造出整个流道内脉动压力场,求出了厂房结构在各种振源联合作用下的动力响应。为了验证计算结果并完善下一步研究工作中的计算模型,还对三峡发电厂房的结构振动进行了现场测试,并与计算结果进行对比。结果表明,厂房结构的竖向位移的幅值、频率和最大值位置与计算结果比较接近,这不仅验证了厂房结构的竖向位移是由尾水管内的脉动压力引起,而且说明计算模型中尾水管内的荷载假定是可行的。同时,对于竖向加速度,除去峰值区域的测点外,测试结果的幅值与计算结果相差不大。由于蜗壳内以及导叶后转轮前区域的脉动压力频率在模型与原型的转换关系上存在不确定性．以及计算中没有考虑直接作用于楼板上的母线电磁力,使得楼板竖向加速度测试结果的幅值存在峰值区域,且其频率与计算结果存在偏差。     

三岔管内水流流动的数值模拟与实验研究

结合江苏宜兴抽水蓄能电站工程建设中钢岔管的设计要求，对分岔角为64°的三岔管内水流的流动进行数值模拟与实验研究。计算中选择SIMPLE方法求解三维雷诺平均方程和k-ε两方程湍流模型，实验采用数字图像测速(DPIV)系统和在试验段前后断面上安装液体差压计对三岔管中心的水平面内的压强差进行测量。研究结果表明，无论水头损失还是三岔管内水流的流动模式，计算与实验吻合得较好，同时反向双管流动较正向双管流动的能量损失大，在相同的流速情况下，单管流动比双管流动的能量损失大，正向单管比反向单管的能量损失大。     

INFLUENCE OF YOUNG'S MODULUS ON DRAG-REDUCTION IN TURBULENT FLOW USING FLEXIBLE TUBES

In order to develop technologies of friction drag reduction with a flexible tube to be used for water transport, experimental studies were carried out on the influence of Young's modulus on the turbulent drag reduction. The friction coefficients of flexible tubes with different Young's modulus were examined by using a sleeve-tube structure. The fluctuating vibration of the outer wall and the fluctuating pressure on the inner wall of the tubes were measured with a laser displacement sensor and a pressure sensor. The results are as follows. The smaller the Young's modulus of a flexible tube and the larger the Reynolds number, the larger the turbulent drag reduction rates become. The transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow can be delayed with an appropriate Young's modulus. Non-dimensional amplitude of fluctuating vibration on the outer wall is smaller than that of a viscous sub-layer thickness, and is positively correlated with the friction drag reduction.     

柔管与紊流耦合减阻效果的初步研究

为探讨柔管与紊流耦合减阻的初步机理,采用双重管结构及激光传感测位仪,在通过实验确认柔性管与刚体管相比确有紊流减阻效果的基础上,对柔管的紊动振动特性及相应的紊流减阻效果以及二者的相关性进行了实验研究。结果表明：柔管的壁厚越小,管外壁振动的脉动位移越大,无量纲的猝发周期也越大,紊流减阻效果越好;柔管壁外为压力平衡空气且雷诺数约为17 500时,壁厚分别为2,3,4 mm柔管的无量纲猝发周期依次为141,126,105,这将为设计高效的流体输送技术提供了一种实验技术上的选择。     

分段低压输水系统水力振荡特性 分析方法探讨

对现有的分段低压输水系统水力振荡特性分析方法进行了探讨比较,并分析了各种方法的优 缺点。经比较分析可知:传统的特征线法和隐格式法主要用于系统水力振荡的时域分析;U形管模型 法只考虑了水体的刚性,而忽略了水体弹性;压力管道内水体采用精确模型只适用于系统的频域分 析。采用基于水力振动理论的压力管道线弹性模型,是用于分段低压输水系统水力振荡特性分析的新 的研究方法,该方法可对系统同时进行时域分析和频域分析,而且能够较准确地反映压力管道内水体 的高阶振荡特性,相比其他方法更具优越性。     

附体与主体接合部的流场及不同连接形式对流场影响的试验研究

本文用氢气泡流场显示技术,实时观察了随时间变化的附体与主体相互干扰的马蹄涡流动的形成、发展和变化过程。采用的模型是用3:2椭圆作端部的NACA 0020翼型附体与一平板主体相连接,这是国际上最常用的模型。从实验的观察和分析出发,本文从物理意义上解释了接合部处产生低频振荡马蹄涡的机理,而且由此出发提出了控制低频振荡马蹄涡的一个简便方法,就是在附体与主体连接处以某一几何形状构造连接方式;对五种不同连接方式进行试验研究,发现弓形不对称连接方式为最佳,不但减弱了振荡同时也降低了涡强,从而证实了这种简便方法的实用性。     

基于Midas软件的预制拼装管廊变形规律研究

通过Midas Gen有限元模拟软件对地震荷载、车辆荷载、不均匀沉降及单侧开挖等不同工况下的预制拼装管廊进行了模拟研究,以期揭示预制拼装管廊在不同工况下的结构受荷变形规律。研究表明,地震作用下管廊的X向位移主要发生在管廊的顶板处,Z向位移主要发生在左舱道。不均匀地质条件及水土压力,车辆荷载对管廊的竖向位移影响不大。双舱预制拼装管廊的的最大位移点位于左舱的中部顶板处。在管廊单侧开挖工况下,受力侧侧墙底部节点最容易发生破坏,但结构位移值较小,说明单侧开挖工况下对于双舱预制拼装管廊的刚度要求较低。     

LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF THERMALLY-STRATIFIED TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOW WITH TEMPERATURE OSCILLATION ON THE BOTTOM WALL

Thermally-stratified shear turbulent channel flow with temperature oscillation on the bottom wall of the channel was investigated with the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach coupled with dynamic Sub-Grid-Scale (SGS) models. The effect of temperature oscillation on the turbulent channel flow behavior was examined. The phase-averaged velocities and temperature, and flow structures at different Richardson numbers and periods of the oscillation was analyzed.     

方钢管混凝土柱低周反复荷载作用试验研究

钢管混凝土结构在我国得到了广泛的应用,国内外学者对钢管混凝土结构进行了很多研究。通过电液伺服系统进行了方钢管混凝土柱常轴压低周反复荷载作用试验,分析其在低周反复水平荷载作用下的延性性能与耗能能力,给出位移随反复荷载变化的滞回曲线。试验结果显示,整个加载过程所得到的2试件荷载—位移曲线呈"梭形",表明方钢管混凝土结构具有良好的延性和耗能能力,抗震能力强。     

分段低压输水管系水力振荡的动荷载分析

本文将结构动力学思想引入到水流振荡问题中分析来,深入探究了非恒定流调节时,分段低压输水系统水面及流量振荡的机理。并应用仿真计算,证明来水过程即为输水系统相应的动荷载。在此基础上结合信号分析理论研究了来水过程对输水系统水力振荡的影响,采用三角函数方式控制来流,可以实现通过对动荷载的控制来减小输水系统的水力振荡。     

Experimental study by PIV of swirling flow induced by trapezoid-winglets

The characteristics of the longitudinal vortex induced by trapezoid-winglets in a circular tube are investigated by the Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV） Technique with flow Reynolds number in the range of 500-13 000. In the experimental test section, four trapezoid-winglets are fixed symmetrically on the tube wall in two different ways： up-flow and down-flow. The results show that a counter-rotating vortex pair is formed behind each winglet and they distribute as a symmetrical vortex array in the transverse section. Between the two vortexes in a vortex pair the fluid flows towards the wall in the up-flow winglet case and away from the wall in the down-flow winglet case, corresponding also to the regions of peak values of the velocity components normal to the mainstream. Both of the flow patterns enhance the velocity in the near wall region, leading to the intensification of the transverse mixing and the mass transfer in the tube. With Reynolds number increasing, the flow maintains the vortex pattern in the case of the up-flow winglets, indicating better persistence of the longitudinal vortex, while the vortexes in the case of the down-flow winglets are more scattered and tend to breaking into small eddies. The trapezoid winglet shows the preferable turbulent disturbance characteristics in the tube and the experimental results provide benchmark data for further CFD studies.     

涡管排沙技术研究的发展与前瞻

通过对涡管排推移质泥沙机理的分析及试验研究 ,提出涡管排沙的三个参数 :涡管分流比、截沙率及挟沙能力 .对涡管与渠道水流方向的夹角、渠中水流的佛劳德数及涡管开口宽度等参数与排沙效率的关系也分别进行了研究 .通过对悬移质分选沉降的理论研究 ,提出了悬移质涡管排沙的计算方法 ,该方法已成功地应用于沙湾县金沟河渠首水电站沉沙池的设计上 .文中还提出了涡管排沙技术有待研究的问题