Thermal Conductivity of Binary Refrigerant Mixtures of HFC-32/125 and HFC-32/134a in the Liquid Phase

The liquid thermal conductivity of mixtures of HFC-32/125 and HFC-32/134a was measured using the transient hot-wire apparatus in the temperature ranges from 213 to 293 K and from 193 to 313 K, respectively, in the pressure range from 2 to 30 MPa and with HFC-32 mass fractions of 0.249, 0.500, and 0.750 for each system. The uncertainty of the thermal conductivity was estimated to be ±0.7%. For practical applications, the thermal conductivity data for the two mixtures were represented by a polynomial in temperature, pressure, and mass fraction of HFC-32 with a standard deviation of 1.0%.     

Gaseous thermal conductivity of difluoromethane (HFC-32), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and their mixtures

The gaseous thermal conductivity of dilluoromethane (HFC-32). pentalluoroethane (HFC-125). and their binary mixtures was measured with a transient hot-wire apparatus in the temperature ranges 283–333 K at pressures up to saturation. The uncertainty of the data is estimated to be within I %. The thermal conductivity as a function of composition of the mixtures at constant pressure and temperature is found to have a small maximum near 0.3–0.4 mole fraction of HFC-32. The gaseous thermal-conductivity data obtained for pure HFC-32 and HFC-125 were correlated with temperature and density together with the liquid thermal-conductivity data from the literature, based on the excess thermal-conductivity concept. The composition dependence of the thermal conductivity at a constant temperature is represented with the aid of the Wassiljewa equation.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado. U.S.A.     

Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium of HFC-32/134a And HFC-125/134a Systems

A vapor-liquid equilibrium apparatus has been developed and used to obtain data for the binary HFC-32/134a and HFC-125/134a systems. Twenty-two equilibrium data are obtained for the HFC-32/134a system over the temperature range from 258.15 to 283.15 K at 5 K intervals and the composition range from 0.2 to 0.8 liquid mole fraction. Twenty-five equilibrium data are obtained for the HFC-125/134a system over the temperature range from 263.15 to 303.15 K at 10 K intervals and the composition range from 0.18 to 0.81 liquid mole friction. These data have been tested and found to be thermodynamically consistent. Based upon the present data, the binary interaction parameters of the Carnahan-Starling-De Santis (CSD) and Redlich–Kwong–Soave (RKS) equations of state are calculated for five isotherms for the HFC-125/134a mixture and six isotherms for the HFC-32/134a mixture. The calculated results from the CSD equation are compared with data in the open literature.     

Thermal conductivity of alternative refrigerants in the liquid phase

Measurements ofthe thermal conductivity of five alternative refrigerants. namely, difluoromethane HFC-321. pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), and dichloropentafluoropropanes (HCFC-225ca and HCFC-225cb). are carried out in the liquid phase, The range of temperature is 253–324 K for HFC-32, 257–305 K for HFC-125, 268–314 K for HFC-134a. 267–325 K for HCFC-225ca, and 286–345 K for HCFC-225cb, The pressure rank is from saturation to 30 MPa, The reproducibility of the data is better than 0.5% and the accuracy of the data is estimated to be of the order of 1%. The experimental results for the thermal conductivity ofeach substance are correlated by an equation which is a function of temperature and pressure. A short discussion is given to the comparison of the present results with literature values for HFC-125, The saturated liquid thermal conductivity values of HFC-32. HFC-125, and HFC-143a are compared with those of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) and tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) and it is shown that the value of HFC-32 is highest, while that of HFC-125 is lowest, among these substances, The dependence of thermal conductivity on number of fluorine atoms among the refrigerants with the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms is discussed.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994. Boulder, Colorado. U.S.A.     

Thermal Conductivity of Ternary Refrigerant Mixtures of HFC-32/125/134a in the Liquid Phase

The liquid thermal conductivity of two ternary mixtures of HFC-32/125/134a (23.0/25.0/52.0 and 19.0/43.8/37.2 wt%) was measured using a transient hot-wire instrument in the temperature ranges from 193 to 293 K and from 213 to 293 K, respectively, and in the pressure range from 2 to 30 MPa. The thermal conductivity has an estimated uncertainty of ±0.7%. For engineering purposes, the thermal conductivity data were correlated using a polynomial in temperature and pressure for each mixture with a standard deviation of 0.6%.     

Thermal conductivity of halogenated ethanes,HFC-134a,HCFC-123, and HCFC-141b

The gaseous thermal conductivity of three CFC alternatives, HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), HCFC-123 (1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane), and HCFC-141b (1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane), has been measured in the temperature ranges 273–363 K (HFC-134a) and 313–373 K (HCFC-123, HCFC-141b) at pressures up to saturation. The measurements were performed with a new improved transient hot-wire apparatus. The uncertainty of the experimental data is estimated to be within 1%. The gaseous thermal conductivity obtained in this work together with the liquid thermal-conductivity data from the literature were correlated with temperature and density by an empirical equation based on the excess thermal-conductivity concept. The equation is found to represent the experimental results with average deviations of 2.5 % for HFC-134a, 0.75% for HCFC-123, and 0.55% for HCFC-141b, respectively.     

Measurements of the Thermal Conductivity of HFC-134a in the Temperature Range from 300 to 530 K and at Pressures up to 50 MPa

Measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-134a made in a coaxial cylinder cell operating in steady state are reported. The measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-134a were performed along several quasi-isotherms between 300 and 530 K in the gas phase and the liquid phase. The pressure ranged from 0.1 to 50 MPa. Based on the experimental data, a background equation is provided to calculate the thermal conductivity outside the critical region as a function of temperature and pressure. A careful analysis of the various sources of errors leads to an estimated uncertainty of ±1.5%.     

Vapor+Liquid Equilibrium Measurements and Correlation of the Binary Refrigerant Mixtures Difluoromethane (HFC-32)+1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea) and Pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)+1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea) at 288.6, 303.2, and 318.2 K

Isothermal vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) for the binary systems of difluoromethane (HFC-32)+1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea) and pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)+1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea) were measured at 288.6, 303.2, and 318.2 K using an apparatus in which the vapor phase was recirculated through the liquid. The phase composition at equilibrium was measured by gas chromatography, based on calibration using gravimetrically prepared mixtures. Both systems show a slight deviation from Raoult's law. The uncertainties in pressure, temperature, and vapor- and liquid-phase composition measurements were estimated to be no more than ±1 kPa, ±0.02 K, and ±0.002 mol fraction, respectively. The data were analyzed using the Carnahan–Starling–DeSantis equation of state.     

Measurements of the Thermal Conductivity of HFC-125 in the Temperature Range from 300 to 515 K at Pressures up to 53 Mpa

Measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-125 that have been made by a coaxial cylinder cell operating in steady state are reported. The measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-125 were performed along several quasi-isotherms between 300 and 515 K in the gas phase and the liquid phase. The pressure range covered varies from 0.1 to 53 MPa. Based on the measurement of more than 600 points, an empirical equation is provided to describe the thermal conductivity outside the critical region as a function of temperature and density. A careful analysis of the various sources of error leads to an estimated uncertainty of approximately ± 1.5%.     

Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Measurements for Binary Mixtures Containing 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea)1

Isothermal vapor–liquid equilibrium data for two binary mixtures of alternative refrigerants were determined by using an apparatus applying recirculating vapor and liquid. The difluoromethane (HFC-32)+1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea) and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a)+1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea) systems were studied at 298.15 and 312.65 K. The pressure and vapor and liquid compositions were measured at each temperature. The experimental data were correlated with the Peng–Robinson equation of state using the van der Waals one-fluid mixing rule. Calculated results show that this equation yields good agreement with the experimental data.     

Viscosity of Gaseous Mixtures of HFC-125+HFC-32

This paper reports experimental results for the viscosity of gaseous mixtures of HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane)+HFC-32 (difluoromethane). The measurements were carried out with an oscillating-disk viscometer of the Maxwell type at temperatures from 298.15 to 423.15K. The viscosity was measured for three mixtures (mole fraction of HFC-125 is 0.7498, 0.4998, or 0.2475). The viscosity at normal pressure was analyzed with the extended law of corresponding states developed by Kestin et al. and the scaling parameters were obtained for unlike-pair interactions between HFC-125 and HFC-32. The modified Enskog theory developed by Vesovic and Wakeham was applied to predict the viscosity for the binary gaseous mixtures under pressure. For the calculation of the pseudo-radial distribution function in mixtures, a method based on the Carnahan–Starling equation for the radial distribution function of hard sphere mixtures is proposed.     

Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Liquid HFC-227ea

The thermal conductivity and heat capacity of liquid 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-hepta-fluoropropane (HFC-227ea) have been studied by a high-frequency thermal-wave method over the temperature range of 294 to 345 K at pressures up to 2.8 MPa. The purity of the samples used throughout the measurements is 99.99 mol%. The experimental uncertainties of the thermal conductivity and heat capacity measurements were estimated to be within ±1.5 and ±2%, respectively. The thermal conductivity of HFC-227ea in the liquid phase decreases as temperature increases, while the pressure has an opposite effect.     

Phase Equilibria of CFC Alternative Refrigerant Mixtures: 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea)+Difluoromethane (HFC-32), +1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), and +1,1-Difluoroethane (HFC-152a)

Isothermal vapor–liquid equilibria were measured for the binary systems difluoromethane (HFC-32)+1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-22ea) and 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a)+1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane at 283.15 and 303.15 K and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a)+1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane at 303.15 and 323.15 K in an apparatus in which both phases were recirculated. The experimental data were correlated with the Peng–Robinson equation of state using the Wong–Sandler mixing rules. Azeotropic behavior has not been found in any of the three mixtures.     

Viscosity of Gaseous Mixtures of HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane)+HFC-32 (Difluoromethane)

This paper reports experimental results for the viscosity of gaseous mixtures of HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane)+HFC-32 (difluoromethane). The measurements were carried out with an oscillating-disk viscometer of the Maxwell type at temperatures from 298.15 to 423.15 K. The viscosity was measured for three mixtures containing 25.00, 52.40, and 74.98 mole% HFC-134a in HFC-32. Experimental results for the viscosity at normal pressures show a minimum as plotted against mole fraction in the higher temperature region, which may be the first experimental observation of the minima for dilute binary gaseous mixtures of HFCs. The viscosity at normal pressures was analyzed with the extended law of corresponding states developed by Kestin et al., and the scaling parameters were obtained for unlike-pair interactions between HFC-32 and HFC-134a. The modified Enskog theory developed by Vesovic and Wakeham was applied to predict the viscosity for the binary gaseous mixtures under pressure. As for the calculation of pseudo-radial distribution functions in mixtures, a method based on the equation of state for hard-sphere fluid mixtures proposed by Carnahan–Starling was applied.     

The thermal conductivity of CFC alternatives HFC-125 and HCFC-141b in the liquid phase

The liquid thermal conductivities of the CFC alternatives, HFC-125, and HCFC-141b measured by a transient hot-wire apparatus with one bare platinum wire are reported in the temperature ranges from 193 to 333 K (HFC-125, CHF₂, CF₃) and from 193 to 393 K (HCFC-141b,CCI₂F-CF₃), in the pressure ranges from 2 to 30 MPa (HFC-125) and from 0.1 to 30 MPa (HCFC-141b), respectively. The results have been estimated to have an accurancy of ±0.5%. The liquid thermal conductives obtained have been correlated by a polynomial of temperature and pressure which can represent the experimental results within the standard deviations of 0.49% for HFC-125 and 0.46% for HCFC-141b, respectively.     

Prediction of the Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Binary and Ternary HFC Refrigerant Mixtures

A recently developed scheme, based on considerations of hard-sphere theory, is used for the simultaneous prediction of the thermal conductivity and the viscosity of binary and ternary HFC refrigerant mixtures, consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a. In this prediction scheme, the hypothetical molecular parameters of HFC refrigerant mixtures were assumed to be the molar average of the pure component values. The close agreement between the predicted values and the experimental results of thermal conductivity and viscosity demonstrate the predictive power of this scheme.     

Measurements ofPVTx properties of refrigerant mixture HFC-32+HFC-125 in the gaseous phase

The experimental 156PVTx properties of an important binary refrigerant mixture, HFC-32 (difluoromethane)+HFC-125 (pentafluorethane), have been measured for three compositions, i.e., 50, 60, and 80 wt% HFC-32, by a constant-mass-method coupled with expansion procedure in an extensive range of temperaturesT from 320 to 440 K, of pressuresP from 1.8 to 5.3 M Pa, and of densities p from 50 to 124 kg · m^–3. The experimental uncertainties of the present measurements are estimated to be within ±7 mK in temperature, ±2 kPa in pressure, ±0.2% in density and ±0.02 wt% of HFC-32. The sample purities are 99.998 wt% for HFC-32 and 99.99 wt% for HFC-125. Seventy-eight second and third virial coeflicients for temperatures from 320 to 440 K have been determined by the present measurements.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

Experimental surface tensions for HFC-32, HCFC-124, HFC-125, HCFC-141b,HCFC-142b,and HFC-152a

The surface tension of six alternative refrigerants, i.e., HFC-32 (CH, F, ). HCFC-124 (CHClFCF,), HFC-125 (CHF₂CF₃). HCFC-14lb ICH,CCI,F). HCFC-142b (CH₃CCIF₂), and HFC-152a (CH₃CHF₂), has been measured in the present study. The measurements were conducted under equilibrium conditions between the liquid and its saturated vapor. The differential capillary-rise method (DORM) used two glass capillaries, with inner radii of 0.3034 ± 0.0002 and 0.5717 ±0.0002 mm, respectively. Temperatures in the range from 270 to 340 K were considered. The accuracy of surface tension measurements is estimated to be within ±0.2 mN · m^–1. The temperatures are accurate to within ±20 mK. The temperature dependence of the resultant data were successfully represented by van der Waals' correlations to within ±(1.1 mN m^–1 for each substance. Available surface tension data are compared with the present data.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

Formation Conditions of Clathrates Between HFC Alternative Refrigerants and Water

There are two promising candidates as alternative refrigerants for air-conditioners and heat pumps. The first is R407C, which is composed of HFC-32 (23 mass%), HFC-125 (25 mass%), and HFC-134a (52 mass%). The second is R410A, which is composed of HFC-32 (50 mass%) and HFC-125 (50 mass%). In this study, formation conditions of clathrate compounds between water and HFC alternative refrigerants such as HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and their mixtures, R407C and R410A, were investigated. Phase diagrams of clathrates of these HFC alternative refrigerants and their mixtures were determined. From the phase diagrams, the critical decomposition temperature and the critical decomposition pressure were determined. The relationship between the critical decomposition points for the clathrates of HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, R410A, and R407C were studied. It is found that R407C and R410A form clathrate compounds with water under the evaporating temperature condition in the refrigeration cycle of air-conditioners and heat pumps.     

Measurements of the Thermal Conductivity of HFC-32 (Difluoromethane) in the Temperature Range from 300 to 465 K at Pressures up to 50 MPa

New measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-32, made in a coaxial cylinder cell operating in steady state, are reported. The measurements were performed along several quasi-isotherms between 300 and 465 K in both the liquid and the vapor phases. The pressure ranged from 0.1 to 50 MPa. Based on the experimental data, a background equation is provided to calculate the thermal conductivity outside the critical region as a function of temperature and density. A careful analysis of the various sources of experimental errors leads to an estimated uncertainty of ±1.5%. Comparisons between calculated and experimental values from the literature are presented.