“公众理解科学”之嬗变：从“素养”到“社会之科学”

"公众理解科学"一词涉及科学与社会的关系,有两个方面的含义.一方面是指有公众参与的各种各样的科普活动.其表现往往带有社会行为的特征,有主导人物、资源和不断扩大的活动储备.另一方面是指一个不断发展的经验性社会研究领域.本文重在论述后者的演变,它分为3个阶段,即科学素养(迄于20世纪80年代)、公众理解科学(20世纪80年代到90年代)和科学与社会(20世纪90年代后).这里称谓的变化不容忽视.各阶段的陈述均包含针对科学与社会之关系的症结所做出的专门判断,特别要研究的问题以及优先考虑的介入策略;同时可以看出,各阶段之更替在修辞上表现出的是一种"进步".比较此3个"范式"之后,作者不禁发问此领域中的研究工作真的有什么进步吗?     

“公众理解科学”之嬗变：从“素养”到“社会之科学”（二）

"公众理解科学"一词涉及科学与社会的关系,有两个方面的含义.一方面是指有公众参与的各种各样的科普活动.其表现往往带有社会行为的特征,有主导人物、资源和不断扩大的活动储备.另一方面是指一个不断发展的经验性社会研究领域.本文重在论述后者的演变,它分为3个阶段,即科学素养(迄于20世纪80年代)、公众理解科学(20世纪80年代到90年代)和科学与社会(20世纪90年代后).这里称谓的变化不容忽视.各阶段的陈述均包含针对科学与社会之关系的症结所做出的专门判断,特别要研究的问题以及优先考虑的介入策略;同时可以看出,各阶段之更替在修辞上表现出的是一种"进步".比较此3个"范式"之后,作者不禁发问此领域中的研究工作真的有什么进步吗?     

The Vicissitudes of‘Public Understanding of Science’:from‘Literacy’to‘Science in Society’

“公众理解科学”一词涉及科学与社会的关系,有两个方面的含义。一方面是指有公众参与的各种各样的科普活动。其表现往往带有社会行为的特征,有主导人物、资源和不断扩大的活动储备。另一方面是指一个不断发展的经验性社会研究领域。本文重在论述后者的演变,它分为3个阶段,即科学素养(迄于20世纪80年代)、公众理解科学(20世纪80年代到90年代)和科学与社会(20世纪90年代后)。这里称谓的变化不容忽视。各阶段的陈述均包含针对科学与社会之关系的症结所做出的专门判断,特别要研究的问题以及优先考虑的介入策略;同时可以看出,各阶段之更替在修辞上表现出的是一种“进步”。比较此3个“范式”之后,作者不禁发问:此领域中的研究工作真的有什么进步吗?     

The Vicissitudes of 'Public Understanding of Science': from 'Literacy' to 'Science in Society'

“公众理解科学”一词涉及科学与社会的关系, 有两个方面的含义。一方面是指有公众参与的各种各样的科普活动。其表现往往带有社会行为的特征, 有主导人物、资源和不断扩大的活动储备。另一方面是指一个不断发展的经验性社会研究领域。本文重在论述后者的演变, 它分为 3 个阶段, 即科学素养 ( 迄于20世纪80 年代) 、公众理解科学 (20世纪80年代到90年代) 和科学与社会 (20世纪90年代后) 。这里称谓的变化不容忽视。各阶段的陈述均包含针对科学与社会之关系的症结所做出的专门判断, 特别要研究的问题以及优先考虑的介入策略; 同时可以看出, 各阶段之更替在修辞上表现出的是一种“进步”。比较此 3 个“范式”之后, 作者不禁发问: 此领域中的研究工作真的有什么进步吗?     

“大众创业、万众创新”语境下社会公众参与科学文化建设的路径研究

国家“大众创业、万众创新”的号召正在激发国内新一轮的科技创新活动,也为全民参与科学文化建设创造 了新的路径。未来,中国科学文化应该从“科学共同体”的“圈子文化”走向全民共建共享的“社会文化”。治理社 会不良风气是全民参与科学文化建设的基础。构建科学文化国民教育体系,鼓励社会市场力量参与科学文化建设与运 营,开展多样化的全民科学文化感知活动,促进国际合作与交流,是公众参与科学文化建设的主要路径。     

科普必须呼应民生关切问题

公民科学文化素养的高低是衡量一个国家综合国力的重要标志,关乎社会经济发展的人文环境,关乎公众参与公共事务和实现理想愿望的能力。因此,开展科普工作,加强全民科学教育越来越为各国所重视,而科普的目的即在于提高公众的科学素养,让公众掌握基本的科学方法,崇尚科学精神,并且具有一定的应用它们处理实际问题、参与公共事务的能力。     

科技政策制定中的公众和谐参与模式研究

和谐社会构建必然要求有序的和谐的公众参与。科技政策制定中的公众和谐参与表现为促进科技政策过程的和谐、加强公众与政府和科学家之间的互动;培育理性并具有更高参与能力的社会公众等。加强科技政策制．定中的公众和谐参与,需要强化公众全面理解科学的教育;健全公众和谐参与的法律与制度体系;构建参与型科技政策文化;拓宽公众和谐参与的公共领域等。     

微博不微——微博在环境管理中的运用初论

微博,即微型博客,以其"短、捷、快"的先天优势,迅速成为推动突发事件、公共议题乃至社会运动的重要力量。囿于我国环境制度自身的完善程度,当前公众参与环境保护制度建设相对落后,由此决定了"微博问政"成为我国公众参与环境管理的重要的新途径之一。本文通过对微博和微博问政的分析,阐述了微博在环境管理中应用的发展方向和需要注意的问题,为微博参与到环境管理中提出建议。     

欧盟“科技框架计划”的公众参与制度及其对我国的启示

本文对欧盟"科技框架计划"(Framework Programme)中科技项目的实施过程进行了解析性研究,系统而客观地介绍了"科技框架计划"实施中公众参与制度的主要内容,概括性提炼了"科技框架计划"公众参与制度的特征,以期推动我国公众参与科技项目保障制度的制定。     

新媒体传播与受众参与式文化的发展价值研究

在阐述新媒体传播和受众参与文化内涵的基础上,结合新媒体传播发展特点和新媒体环境下参与式文化特点,分析在新媒体环境下受众参与文化的主要表现,并以弹幕文化的发展为研究对象,就新媒体环境下受众参与式文化的发展价值进行探究,旨在更好地激发公众的文化参与热情。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.