Computing offsets of trimmed NURBS surfaces

Offsetting of trimmed NURBS surfaces is one of the widely used functionalities in the design and manufacture simulations of composite laminates. This paper presents an approach for the offsetting of a trimmed NURBS surface. The approach has been developed mainly to meet the stringent accuracy requirements in the simulation of composite laminate design and manufacturing processes. However, the approach is applicable for the offset of a general trimmed NURBS surface. Though the method is based on known techniques in literature, the practical approach and the treatment of the subject presented is unique and has not been reported earlier. The basic approach consists of offsetting the underlying surface, offsetting of all the trimming loops and the creation of offset trimmed surface using the offset surface and the offset trimming loops. This is a unified offset approach for trimmed surfaces where in the offset of underlying surface and the offset of trimming loops are obtained using the same approach. The approach has better error control and results in less number of control points. Further the approach can be extended to obtain offsets of a general B-Rep. The approach has been used in the creation of offset surfaces of various aircraft components.     

Trimmed NURBS曲面的展开研究

本文分析复杂曲面中的TrimmedNURBS(裁剪面)曲面表达,讨论曲面曲线的展开算法,在此基础上详细描述TrimmedNURBS曲面展开算法的实现步骤,并通过实例介绍展开算法在IGES格式的TrimmedNURBS曲面展开的具体应用。本研究主要用于解决三维柱面设计中经常会遇到螺纹的设计、齿轮的设计、螺旋槽的等设计问题。     

Feature-based decomposition of trimmed surface

A trimmed surface is usually represented by a parametric surface and a set of trimming curves. Because of the complexity in manipulating trimmed surfaces, many CAD processes and algorithms cannot be applied to trimmed surfaces directly. It is thus desirable to represent a trimmed surface by a group of regular surfaces. In this paper, an algorithm for decomposing a trimmed surface is presented. First, bisectors of the Voronoï diagram developed in the parametric space are used to define an isolated region for every trimming curve. Feature points on the trimming curves are extracted by considering curvatures of the curves. Correspondence between feature points and vertices on the bisectors are established by considering the similarity between the trimming curves and the bisectors. Regions of parametric patches are then identified. Finally, a group of regular surfaces are constructed by interpolating a set of sampled surface points on each of the identified regions.     

Trimmed NURBS曲面参数域的快速三角化算法

本文介绍对裁剪后的ＮＵＲＢＳ曲面参数域的一个简单、快速的三角划分算法．该算法首先对参数域进行初始划分，然后对初始划分中的每个三角形进行取舍判断或裁剪，保留参数域内的部分，丢弃参数域外的部分．为了提高速度，本算法采用了近似参数域边界线、避免无效计算及避免重复计算等措施．测试所得的数据表明，三角划分的时间与划分数成线性关系．     

Computing constant offsets of a NURBS B-Rep

An approach for the automatic offset of a NURBS B-Rep has been presented which can be used for a class of manifold B-Reps. The approach offsets each of the trimmed surfaces (faces) of the B-Rep and then removes the gaps and intersections between offset faces automatically, if any. The offset B-Rep is then created by sewing all the updated offset faces. The practical approach and the treatment of the subject presented are unique and have not been reported earlier. The approach works under the assumption that the number of faces in both base and offset B-Reps is the same. It further assumes that the faces are at least G₁ continuous and non-self intersecting after constant offset. The present approach has given accurate and robust offsets of many lay-up surfaces (B-Reps) in the composite laminate modeling. The approach has better error control. Some of the offsets of lay-up surfaces that are generated using this approach have been presented.     

Achieving developability of a polygonal surface by minimum deformation: a study of global and local optimization approaches

Surface developability is required in a variety of applications in product design, such as clothing, ship hulls, automobile parts, etc. However, most current geometric modeling systems using polygonal surfaces ignore this important intrinsic geometric property. This paper investigates the problem of how to minimally deform a polygonal surface to attain developability, or the so-called developability-by-deformation problem. In our study, this problem is first formulated as a global constrained optimization problem and a penalty-function-based numerical solution is proposed for solving this global optimization problem. Next, as an alternative to the global optimization approach, which usually requires lengthy computing time, we present an iterative solution based on a local optimization criterion that achieves near real-time computing speed.     

NURBS边界曲面直接生成法

由于非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲面的复杂性,传统NURBS边界曲面的生成是先构造孔斯曲面,再由孔斯曲面向NURBS曲面转换得到,其操作过程比较烦琐。针对此问题,提出了NURBS边界曲面直接生成算法,该算法根据给定的四条NURBS边界曲线,结合孔斯曲面生成方法直接插值生成NURBS曲面,从而避免了通过孔斯曲面向NURBS曲面转换所带来的计算代价,因此同传统方法相比,具有较低的计算代价。实验结果表明:该算法简化了曲面生成步骤,减少了曲面转换过程的计算量,生成的曲面边界信息明确,且连续性好。     

Approximate development of trimmed patches for surface tessellation

This paper presents a method for constructing an auxiliary planar domain of triangulation for tessellating trimmed parametric surface patches. By minimizing a mapping error function, an approximate locally isometric mapping between a given trimmed parametric surface patch and its triangulation domain is constructed. In this way the shape of triangular elements on the triangulation domain is approximately preserved when mapped into three-dimensional space. We also provide an efficient method to achieve a good initial guess for the minimization of the mapping error function. Furthermore, our proposed method guarantees a homeomorphism between a triangulation domain and parametric space/given surface patch by robustly removing the possibility of self-intersection on the developed surface net. Practical application of the proposed algorithm can include the formation of ship hulls, ducts, shoes, clothing and automobile parts as well as the surface meshing procedure.     

NURBS 曲面光顺方法综述

NURBS 曲线、曲面的光顺处理是CAD/CAM 中非常重要的问题。在研 究了NURBS 曲面光顺中的几种常用方法的基础上,针对现有光顺算法在多尺度特征并存曲 面光顺中的不足,提出利用各向异性小波在表达高维信息的优势,将各向异性小波融入曲面 的多分辨率分析中的思想,应用于NURBS 曲面光顺,以达到对曲面特征的保存。     

二次NURBS曲线及曲面权重系数的研究

针对二次NURBS曲线及双二次NURBS曲面的权重系数计算方法进行了研究,提出了一种新的二次NURBS曲线、曲面的权重系数计算方法.该方法改进了现有方法中数据规范化、相关矢量和相关矩阵的计算方法,去掉了在计算过程中对相关矩阵的求逆,并且增加了一项顶点系数.与现有方法相比,该方法能够更快地计算出每一个控制顶点的权重系数.采用几个经典的数值算例对该方法进行了验证,结果表明用该方法计算的权重系数去进行曲线、曲面的拟合,能够得到比现有方法更高的拟合精度.     

基于高光线模型修改NURBS曲面不光顺性

高光线模型是一种评估曲面光顺性的强有力工具．提出一种基于高光线模型修改NURBS曲面不光顺性的新方法，将高光线模型对应的非线性方程组转化成线性方程组，从而大大简化了问题的复杂性，修改后的控制点通过解一组线性方程求得．新NURBS曲面的某些点具有指定的法方向．该方法直观、适用于实时交互设计，通过简单的操作就能修改NURBS强曲面，从而使其具有良好的光顺性．还给出了测试文中方法有效性的实例．     

Neural Network Methods for NURBS Curve and Surface Interpolation

New algorithms based on artificial neural network models are presented for cubic NURBS curve and surface interpolation.When all th knot spans are identical,the NURBS curve interpolation procedure degenerates into that of uniform rational B-spline curves.If all the weights of data points are identical,then the NURBS curve interpolation procedure degenerates into the integral B-spline curve interpolation.     

改变B样条曲面与NURBS曲面的节点

通过改变k×h阶B样条曲面和NURBS(Non UniformRationalB spline)曲面的若干节点,分别产生一个B样条曲面族和NURBS曲面族,并指出:曲面族的包络是用相同控制顶点定义的(k -a)×(h -b)阶B样条曲面和NURBS曲面,其中a ,b分别是两个方向上所改变的节点的重数 对于B样条曲面来说,曲面族与其包络的任意阶相同偏微分之间只相差一个因子,文中所得结果可以作为计算机辅助设计系统中曲面造型和形状修改的理论参考     

NURBS曲面上积分曲率线的B样条表示

对NURBS曲面的曲率线的积分进行了系统的公式推导,并利用NURBS曲面的离散法向量有效地简化了曲面第二基本量的计算,加速了Euler法迭代求解曲率线微分方程的过程;在求得曲率线上的离散点集以后,应用奇异混合插值技术,在可控精度内把曲率线用显式直接表示为位于NURBS曲面上的B样条曲线．文中的思想与算法有助于曲率线技术在计算机辅助几何设计及曲面造型中的使用与推广．     

G2 quasi-developable Bezier surface interpolation of two space curves

Surface development is used in many manufacturing planning operations, e.g., for garments, ships and automobiles. However, most freeform surfaces used in design are not developable, and therefore the developed patterns are not isometric to the original design surface. In some domains, the CAD model is created by interpolating two given space curves. In this paper, we propose a method to obtain a G² quasi-developable Bezier surface interpolating two arbitrary space curves. The given curves are first split into a number of piecewise Bezier curves and elemental Bezier patches each of which passes through four splitting points are constructed. All neighboring elemental patches are G² connected and they are assembled optimally in terms of the degree of developability (the integral Gaussian curvature). Experiments show that the final composite Bezier surface is superior to a lofted one which is defined regardless of the final surface developability.     

心血管三维表面的NURBS重建方法

针对心血管三维表面重建的问题,采用NURBS(非均匀有理B样条)重构三维血管表面,研究了NURBS曲面的拟合算法和利用"权值"修改NURBS曲面的方法,并运用OpenGL技术实现了三维血管的虚拟显示。利用临床冠状动脉造影图像进行心血管三维重建实验,结果表明该重建方法比传统方法在重建精度和光顺性上都有明显的改善。     

双三次NURBS曲面矩阵块表示及在曲面设计中的应用

研究了NURBS三次与二次曲面的矩阵块表示及在曲面设计中的应用。给出了NURBS三次与二次基函数系数矩阵表示和NURBS三次曲面矩阵块表示。从矩阵块表示中可很清楚地看出参数区间、曲面片与控制顶点对应关系,这点对NURBS曲面自由变形与求解都很重要。通过在Java2．0与Java3D环境下检验证明该算法高效可靠。     

平面图形在NURBS曲面上的映射

针对现有曲面图形映射方法实用性不强的缺陷,提出了一种NURBS曲面图形映射方法。基于曲面外形设计或选取适当的平面图形,求出平面图形在坐标平面内的极限位置,根据曲面上映射图形的位置和大小对NURBS曲面的节点向量和首末参数进行调整,将平面图形嵌入NURBS曲面参数域的相应位置,利用NURBS理论将平面图形从曲面参数域映射到曲面。验证实例表明,算法原理简单、性能稳定,具有较强的适应性和实用性。     

Interactive rendering of NURBS surfaces

NURBS (Non-uniform rational B-splines) surfaces are one of the most useful primitives employed for high quality modeling in CAD/CAM tools and graphics software. Since direct evaluation of NURBS surfaces on the GPU is a highly complex task, the usual approach for rendering NURBS is to perform the conversion into Bézier surfaces on the CPU, and then evaluate and tessellate them on the GPU. In this paper we present a new proposal for rendering NURBS surfaces directly on the GPU in order to achieve interactive and real-time rendering. Our proposal, Rendering Pipeline for NURBS Surfaces (RPNS), is based on a new primitive KSQuad that uses a regular and flexible processing of NURBS surfaces, while maintaining their main geometric properties to achieve real-time rendering. RPNS performs an efficient adaptive discretization to fine tune the density of primitives needed to avoid cracks and holes in the final image, applying an efficient non-recursive evaluation of the basis function on the GPU. An implementation of RPNS using current GPUs is presented, achieving real-time rendering rates of complex parametric models. Our experimental tests show a performance several orders of magnitude higher than traditional approximations based on NURBS to Bézier conversion.     

等距曲面的NURBS放样插值方法

本文给出了等距曲面的一种NURBS放样插值生成方法，该方法主要是在原始NURBS曲面上取得一个能较好反映曲面特征的型值点阵，再交这个型值点阵按某种算法矢方向外推，从而得到原始曲面的等距曲面上的型值点阵，然后，再用NURBS放样插值曲面来逼近等距曲面，本文给出的算法几何意义明显，易于编程实现，且得到的等距曲面其u向和v向参数曲线仍是NURBS曲线，且具有C^2连续性，最后，给出了一个实例。