High stress abrasive wear behavior of some hardfaced surfaces produced by thermal spraying

Steel surfaces were thermally sprayed with nickel chromium boron (NCB) powder (with and without tungsten carbide) using an oxy-acetylene torch. The sprayed (hard) surfaces and substrate were characterized for abrasive wear properties. Test parameters such as load and sliding distance were varied. A significant improvement in the abrasive wear resistance (inverse of wear rate) was noted for the thermally sprayed surfaces as compared to that of the substrate. Wear surfaces, subsurface regions, and debris were examined in order to ascertain the operating wear mechanisms. Substrate (mild steel), because of its low hardness, suffered severe wear through the cutting, ploughing, and wedging action of the hard abrasive (silicon carbide). Deep cuts on the worn surface, a bulky transfer layer, subsurface cracks, and large-size debris were observed. However, wear was reduced due to high hardness of the layer of NCB powder on the substrate, which resisted the penetration of abrasive into the surface. Presence of tungsten carbide in the layer of NCB powder further reduced the wear of the corresponding specimen because of very high hardness of the tungsten carbide. Shallow wear grooves and finer debris were observed for the NCB coating with and without tungsten carbide. Cutting was the predominating wear mechanism in the case of coatings.     

A comparison of material removal mechanism under low stress abrasive condition of steel and hardfacing alloys

The low stress abrasive wear behavior of two types of steels commonly used for making a number of commonly used engineering components has been compared with the composition of a few hardfacing alloys that can be overlayed on the steels to impart a wear-resistant surface. The mechanism of material removal as studied by the scanning electron micrographs of the worn and transverse sections is different for the steels and hardfacing alloys. An attempt has been made to explain the mechanism of material removal for the steels and hardfacing alloys.     

Cr-Mn-W-Mo-V耐磨堆焊合金的时效硬化研究

采用堆焊方法制备了Cr-Mn-W-Mo-V时效硬化合金,研究了合金元素含量对其时效硬度的影响.显微组织分析表明,该合金焊态时Cr、W、Mo、V等碳化物形成元素大部分固溶于基体,时效后碳化物大量析出,使奥氏体因贫碳降低了稳定性而转变为马氏体.Cr-Mn-W-Mo-V合金焊态硬度为28～32 HRC,可进行车削加工,经640 ℃×8 h时效处理后硬度升高到57～58 HRC,其时效后的相对耐磨性是实芯焊丝H25Cr3Mo2MnV堆焊合金的2.56倍,克服了现行堆焊材料不能兼顾耐磨性和机械加工性的缺点.     

奥氏体中锰钢的磨料磨损性能

在ML-100型销-盘式磨料磨损试验机上,通过不同钢种之间的对比试验,研究了奥氏体中锰钢（BTW钢）石英砂磨料及煤矸石磨料下的磨损性能,并采用SEM分析了其磨损机制。结果表明,在高硬度的石英砂磨料中,BTW钢加工硬化明显,有效硬化层深度达900 μm,耐磨性能优于其他钢种,而在质地较软的煤矸石磨料中,其耐磨性降低;BTW钢在不同磨料下的磨损机制均为犁削,但形貌差异较大,石英砂磨料下磨损表面较为均匀,犁沟深度较浅、宽度较窄,脊缘部分较薄,脊缘在反复磨损中断裂成屑的数量较多,而煤矸石磨料中,犁沟存在于整个磨损表面且变形较小,几乎没有发现切削存在。     

Fe-C-Mo-V堆焊合金的滚动三体磨粒磨损行为研究

通过熔化极气体保护焊技术制备了Fe-C-Mo-V堆焊合金磨损试样,基于滚动三体磨粒环境下进行了干砂橡胶轮磨损试验,利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析、维氏硬度计等显微分析和性能测试方法,对Fe-C-Mo-V堆焊合金熔敷金属的磨损失重和磨痕形貌进行检测与表征,研究了不同法向载荷条件下该熔敷金属的磨损行为变化规律.结果表明:随法...     

Improvement in high stress abrasive wear property of steel by hardfacing

High stress abrasive wear behavior of mild steel, medium carbon steel, and hardfacing alloy has been studied to ascertain the extent of improvement in the wear properties after hardfacing of steel. High stress abrasive wear tests were carried out by sliding the specimen against the abrasive media consisting of silicon carbide particles, rigidly bonded on paper base and mounted on disk. Maximum wear was found in the case of mild steel followed by a medium carbon alloy steel and a hardfacing alloy. Different compositions of steels and constituent phases present led to different wear rates of the specimen. The extent of improvement in wear performance of steel due to hardfacing is quite appreciable (twice compared to mild steel). Microstructural examination of the wear surface has been carried out to understand the wear mechanism.     

Effect of microstructure and chemical composition of hardfacing alloy on abrasive wear behavior

Hardfacing, a surface modification technique, is used to rebuild the surface of a workpiece. The economic success of the process depends on selective application of hardfacing material and its chemical composition for a particular application. In this context, three hardfacing electrodes having different chemical compositions have been selected and their abrasive wear responses was compared with that of mild steel. The emphasis has been made to realize the effect of microstructure and chemical composition on the wear response of the hardfacing material with respect to mild steel. It has been observed that the wear rate of hardfacing alloys is lower than that of mild steel. The hardfacing alloy having the highest chromium content exhibits the lowest wear rate.     

低合金耐磨钢板NM600组织及其磨损性能研究

对一种新型高级别低合金高强度耐磨钢NM600进行热处理实验,研究了淬火温度和回火温度对实验钢组织和力学性能的影响,并分析了最优工艺条件下实验钢的磨损性能。结果表明：当淬火温度为880 ℃,回火温度为180 ℃时,实验钢力学性能最优,其中维氏硬度、抗拉强度、伸长率和-40 ℃冲击功分别为628 HV、2 000 MPa、7.3%、27.8 J,实验钢组织为典型的板条马氏体结构,马氏体板条内部及其板条界面上分布着细小均匀的碳化物。三体冲击磨损实验结果表明：工艺优化后的实验钢的耐磨性能与瑞典SSAB公司生产的HARDOX600相近,是NM400钢的1.376倍,抗磨损性能良好。     

Fe-Cr-C耐磨堆焊合金磨粒磨损行为

采用埋弧堆焊方法,在Q235钢表面制备Fe-Cr-C耐磨合金,在MLS—225型湿式橡胶轮磨粒磨损试验机上进行磨粒磨损试验,通过对磨损试样表面的扫描电子显微镜观察分析并结合能谱成分分析研究磨损形成机制.结果表明,Fe-Cr-C耐磨堆焊合金在试验的湿石英砂磨料磨损条件下,磨损机制以微裂纹引起的剥落去除机制为主,也存在一定数量的犁沟或犁皱造成的微切削去除机制.剥落的发生与碳化物密切相关,能谱成分分析表明剥落坑内Cr元素含量对应在(Cr,Fe)7C3铬含量范围内,说明剥落坑是碳化物断裂造成的.     

工艺参数对NM500耐磨钢力学性能和三体冲击磨损性能的影响

对一种含0.27%C的工程机械用低合金高强度耐磨钢NM500进行轧制及两相区热处理试验,研究了普通高温轧制+空冷、高温控制轧制+空冷、高温控制轧制+层流冷却以及低温控制轧制+层流冷却工艺参数对实验钢两相区热处理后力学性能和三体冲击磨料磨损性能的影响。结果表明,轧制及轧后冷却工艺参数对试验钢两相区热处理后的性能影响较大,低温控制轧制+层流冷却较好的细化了原始铁素体晶粒,在经过适当的两相区热处理后得到保留,有利于提高实验钢的低温冲击韧性和耐磨性能。     

一种新型热冲压模具钢的高温摩擦磨损性能

将开发的新型热冲压模具钢作为试验钢,常用的热作模具钢H13作为对照钢,采用Bruker UMT-3型高温摩擦磨损设备,同时对试验钢和H13钢分别在400、500、600和700℃进行高温摩擦磨损试验。针对摩擦因数和磨损率两方面的试验结果,从微观角度、磨损机理、化学成分和碳化物类型等方面进行了分析和探讨。研究表明：试验钢的高温摩擦磨损性能优于H13钢,温度是影响热冲压模具钢摩擦磨损性能的重要因素,具体体现在氧化层厚度和基体硬度两方面。试验钢的磨损机制主要以氧化磨损和粘着磨损为主,而H13钢同时存在氧化磨损、粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。     

低合金高强度耐磨钢的冲蚀磨损性能研究

研究了3种低合金高强度耐磨钢(NM400、NM500和高碳钢65Mn)淬火后组织、性能和析出物情况,以及在不同角度和压力下的冲蚀磨损性能和磨损机理。结果表明:3种耐磨钢的组织均为马氏体,其中NM400和NM500为板条马氏体组织,而高碳钢65Mn则主要为片状马氏体组织。冲蚀磨损试验表明:在较小的冲蚀角度下,3种耐磨钢的冲蚀磨损性能主要与材料的硬度有关,但是在较大的冲蚀角度下,3种耐磨钢的冲蚀磨损性能除了与硬度有一定关系外,还与材料的塑韧性有较大关系。     

Abrasive slurry wear behavior of stainless steel surface produced by plasma transferred arc hardfacing process

Abrasive slurry wear is generally defined as a mechanical interaction in which material is lost from a surface which is in contact with a moving particle-laden liquid. Slurry wear abrasion occurs in extruders, slurry pumps, and pipes carrying slurry of minerals and ores in mineral processing industries. The life of components used under slurry abrasion conditions is governed by the process parameters, properties of the abrasive particles in the slurry and the material properties. This paper analyzes in detail the effects of operating variables such as abrasive particle size, slurry concentration, speed of rotation and slurry bath temperature on the abrasive slurry wear behavior of a stainless steel surface produced by Plasma transferred arc (PTA) hardfacing process. Of the four variables considered in this investigation, it is found that the slurry concentration has a predominant effect on wear rate of hardfaced surfaces compared to other variables. Microstructural analyses of the worn surfaces were carried out using SEM. Both experimental and mathematical investigations show that the wear resistance of the PTA hardfaced stainless steel surface is four times better than that of the carbon steel substrate.     

中锰高碳钢的冲击磨损性能及磨损机制

采用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、MLD-10冲击实验机和硬度实验机等检测手段,对不同处理制度条件下的中锰高碳钢在中低冲击载荷条件下的耐磨性能与其磨损机制进行了研究。结果表明:低冲击载荷条件下,热轧态中锰高碳钢具有最优异的冲击磨损性能,远高于冷轧态与其他热处理制度下的中锰高碳钢,其磨损机制为剥削磨损与凿削磨损;在中等冲击载荷条件下,450℃保温15 min样品的冲击磨损性能最优越,且磨损机制为剥削磨损、凿削磨损与塑性变形。     

Sliding wear behavior of salt bath nitrocarburized medium carbon steel

Salt bath nitrocarburizing is a well-known thermochemical diffusion process for enhancing the tribological and corrosion properties of ferrous components. The current work describes the role of a compound layer developed during nitrocarburizing, both in the ferritic and austenitic regimes of Fe-N-C system, on the sliding wear behavior of a medium carbon steel. The wear behavior of the nitrocarburized steel discs was assessed by the pin-on-disc tests (ASTM G 99-99) under different normal loads running against a hardened SAE52100 pin. It was observed that the compound layer on the surface not only controlled the wear rate but also resisted the adhesive wear/transfer of material from pin to disc, aside from providing low-friction coefficients.     

硼化物强化铁基堆焊合金显微组织与耐磨性

为了提高在严峻工况条件下工作的机械零件的耐磨性,采用等离子弧堆焊技术,制备硼化物强化铁基堆焊合金。借助OM,SEM和XRD等分析手段对合金组织和硼化物相形貌进行分析,并与未加入硼的Fe-Cr-C的堆焊合金进行对比。结果表明:堆焊合金中加入w(B)4.5%可改变基体的组织组成及硼化物的数量和分布形态,从而改善耐磨性。硼化物由大量菊花状M23(C,B)6和少量块状M7(C,B)3相组成,BC4与Cr2B的数量较少。耐磨粒磨损试验结果表明:堆焊合金的耐磨性随着硼含量的增加而先增大后下降,加入w(B)4.5%的堆焊层中形成的大量高硬度硼化物分布在具有较高强韧性的马氏体和奥氏体基体上,使其具有最佳的耐磨性,其磨损量仅为未加入硼时的1/6。     

Effect of experimental parameters on the high-stress abrasive wear behavior of steels and a software package for its prediction

The effect of different experimental factors on the high-stress abrasive wear properties of steels has been studied. A correlation among the factors has been established by linear regression analysis. A computer software in Microsoft Basic language utilizing linear regression analysis has been developed with the capability of predicting the wear response of steels from the experimental factors.     

Influence of material characteristics on the abrasive wear response of some hardfacing alloys

This study examines the abrasive wear behavior of two iron-base hardfacing materials with different combinations of carbon and chromium after deposition on a steel substrate. Effects of applied load and sliding distance on the wear behavior of the specimens were studied. Operating material removal mechanisms also were analyzed through the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of typical wear surfaces, subsurface regions, and debris particles. The results suggest a significant improvement in the wear resistance of the hardfaced layers over that of the substrate. Further, the specimens overlaid with the material with low carbon and high chromium contents attained better wear resistance than the one consisting of more carbon but less chromium. The former specimens also attained superior hardness. Smoother abrasion grooves on the wear surfaces and finer debris formation during the abrasion of the hardfaced samples were consistent with wear resistance superior to that of the substrate.     

35CrMo钢全滑移区微动磨损行为

采用自制微动磨损试验装置,研究了法向载荷F、位移幅值δd和循环次数N对35CrMo钢全滑移区室温微动磨损性能的影响,并对其磨损形式和损伤机理进行了探讨。结果表明,F、δd、N三参数共同影响35CrMo钢全滑移区微动磨损,磨损随一个参数的增加而加重;摩擦因数变化反应出试验初期磨损比较严重,随后磨损趋于平缓;经磨痕形貌分析,可见黏着磨损、磨粒磨损;磨损机制为剥层和第三体磨损机制。     

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the wear resistance of hardfacing martensitic steel deposits

The effect of different post-weld heat treatments on the microstructure and wear resistance of martensitic deposits were studied. The deposit was welded using a metal-cored tubular wire, in the flat welding position, on a 375 × 75 × 19 mm SAE 1010 plate, using 98% Ar–2% CO₂ shielding gas mixture and with an average heat input of 2.8 kJ/mm. The samples were heat treated at temperatures between 500 and 680°C for 2 h. Chemical composition, Vicker's microhardness and wear properties with AMSLER tests in a sliding condition were determined. In the as welded condition, the microstructure was principally composed of martensite and retained austenite. Significant variations in wear resistance and hardness were measured for different tempering temperatures. For the different heat-treated conditions, it was observed that the decomposition of retained austenite to martensite and carbide precipitation was associated with the tempering of martensite. A secondary hardness effect was detected with maximum hardness of 710 HV for 550°C heat treatment temperature. The best performance in wear test was obtained for this condition. Wear rates for the different conditions were obtained and mathematical expressions were developed. For each case, wear mechanisms were analyzed.