铝合金交流TIG焊接熔池动态控制图像传感方法的研究

在光谱分析的基础上，设计了全新的光学传感器，利用普通工业CCD摄像机获得了清晰的铝合金焊接熔池区域图像，为进一步控制铝合金焊接熔池动态打下了良好的基础。     

焊接现场脉冲GTAW熔池图像动态检测

通过熔池的动态观测可以获得焊接过程的稳定性和连续性等信息.熔池的动态观测目前基本上停留在试验室阶段,焊接现场对熔池进行观测在改进工艺和指导生产等方面更具意义.针对焊接现场焊接电源不能修改,非计算机可控,电流电压波形未知等问题,在焊接现场建立了一套焊接熔池图像动态检测系统.根据焊接现场脉冲GTAW的特点,采用"外同步取像"方式确定了焊接现场取像的关键制约因素--取像时刻;并利用电弧光谱分析建立了减小弧光干扰的复合滤光系统;在适合的取像时刻,CCD摄像系统配合复合滤光系统,在焊接现场检测到了清晰的熔池图像.     

Effect of Ultrasound on Heterogeneous Nucleation in TIG Welding of Al–Li Alloy

The effect of ultrasound on heterogeneous nucleation in a tungsten inert gas(TIG) weld pool of 2195 Al–Li alloy has been investigated by a series of experiments. An ultrasonic vibration was imposed on the surface of base material before turning off the welding arc during the TIG welding implemented at a fixed point. The results suggest that ultrasound could promote heterogeneous nucleation in the TIG weld pool of 2195 Al–Li alloy. The grain around the fusion zone is changed from a column grain to an equiaxed grain after applying the ultrasonic treatment. To study the influencing mechanism of ultrasound on heterogeneous nucleation, further investigations were implemented where the welding arc was turned off after turning off the ultrasonic power. The results show that the equiaxed grain around the fusion zone disappeared gradually with an increase in heat input after turning off the ultrasonic power. It suggests that ultrasound could promote the heterogeneous nucleation particle to nucleate in advance before turning off the welding arc and the crystal nucleus could again be melted with an increase in heat input after turning off the ultrasonic power. Moreover, the effects of the welding current and ultrasonic amplitude on heterogeneous nucleation in the weld pool of 2195 Al–Li alloy were also investigated. Possible influencing mechanism of the welding current and ultrasonic amplitude on heterogeneous nucleation was discussed.     

脉冲熔化极气体保护焊熔池图像的检测与处理

利用CCD摄像机和复合滤光技术建立了一套熔池图像实时采集系统。利用光谱分析,提出了适合于脉冲熔化极气体保护焊(P-GMAW)熔池成像的滤光光谱窗口,并对中心波长分别为665nm和1064nm滤光系统的成像质量进行了分析。分析了P-GMAW单个脉冲内的不同时刻的熔池图像,研究表明脉冲基值结束期间为最佳的取像时刻。使用中心波长为665nm的滤光系统,从熔池正后方取像,获取了清晰的熔池图像。针对所获取的典型的P-GMAW熔池图像,详细研究了其成像机理。开发了一套熔池图像处理程序,利用该程序提取了完整的熔池轮廓。     

基于红外透过滤光片的P-GMAW熔池图像传感

被动视觉熔池传感技术常采用窄带滤光片使熔池辐射较强而弧光较弱的某波长范围内的光进入摄像机,以抑制弧光干扰获得较清晰的熔池图像.在分析熔池辐射光谱分布、电弧光谱分布和摄像机光谱敏感曲线等影响熔池成像因素基础上,文中提出采用红外透过滤光片拍摄熔池图像,最大程度利用近红外波段熔池辐射能量高而电弧辐射弱的特点,同时透光波长范围的增加也避免了摄像机敏感性不足而导致的成像质量下降问题.P-GMAW熔池传感试验结果表明,红外透过滤光片能够较好的抑制弧光,在脉冲电流峰值和脉冲电流基值期间均可获得清晰和细节丰富的熔池图像.     

CO2焊接熔池直接视觉图像传感研究

应用被动式视觉传感方法进行CO2焊焊接熔池的形状检测。为了消除弧光干扰并获得清晰的熔池图像,设计了由窄带滤光片、中性密度滤光片和普通焊接滤光片构成的复合滤光系统。基于CO2焊焊接弧光的光谱分布特征,首先确定了窄带滤光窗口机心波长为632．8nm。然后,通过实验确定了中性密度滤光片和普通焊接滤光片的规格,以及它们与窄带滤光片的最佳组合方式。图像检测实验结果表明,该复合滤光系统有效地消除了弧光干扰,获得了高质量的熔池图像。同时,对CO2焊焊接熔池的图像特征进行了初步分析,为进一步进行熔池图像处理和焊缝成型控制的研究奠定了基础。     

Optimizing pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding parameters of AA6061 aluminium alloy using Hooke and Jeeves algorithm

Though the preferred welding process to weld aluminium alloy is frequently constant current gas tungsten arc welding （CCGTAW）, it resulted in grain coarsening at the fusion zone and heat affected zone（HAZ）. Hence, pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding（PCGTAW） was performed, to yield finer fusion zone grains, which leads to higher strength of AA6061 （Al-Mg-Si） aluminium alloy joints. In order to determine the most influential control factors which will yield minimum fusion zone grain size and maximum tensile strength of the joints, the traditional Hooke and Jeeves pattern search method was used. The experiments were carried out based on central composite design with 31 runs and an algorithm was developed to optimize the fusion zone grain size and the tensile strength of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded AA6061 aluminium alloy joints. The results indicate that the peak current （Ip） and base current （IB） are the most significant parameters, to decide the fusion zone grain size and the tensile strength of the AA6061 aluminum alloy joints.     

Modeling the radiometric imaging process of weld pool

In the vision monitoring or controlling the arc welding process, it is a prerequisite to get a clear image of weld pool. However, the disturbance of arc radiation makes imaging of weld pool difficult and optical filters are usually used to improve the image quality. In this paper, a radiometric imaging model is established to investigate the influence of the filter on the image quality of the weld pool, in which the spectral distribution of weld pool radiation, the spectral transmittance of the filter, the spectral sensitivity of the camera are all considered. With the proposed model, the influence of the factors on weld pool imaging can be inferred and the selection of optical filters is discussed.     

Numerical analysis of heat transfer process for double sided tungsten inert gas – metal inert gas weld pool

Abstract

Double sided arc welding is a new type of technology developed in recent years. Many experiments show that this technology has great advantages over single arc welding for the joining of intermediate thickness stainless steel and aluminium alloy base metals. In the present work, a three-dimensional transient numerical model is created to reveal the heat transfer process for a double sided tungsten inert gas (TIG) - metal inert gas (MIG) weld pool from the viewpoint of heat transfer literature and hydrodynamics. Considering of the features of the model, effective calculation software using finite element technology is adopted. The temperature fields in the weld pool for double sided TIG - MIG welding are successfully calculated; in addition, the configuration of the weld pool is also calculated.Comparisons show that thecalculatedresults agree approximately with the experimentally measured results. STWJ/310     

同步方波交流电源负半波时间随总电流增加而增加的原因

对同步方波交流电源（ＳＹＮＣＲＯＷＡＶＥ－３００（Ｓ）方波交流电源）的负半波时间随总电流增加而增加的原因进行了详细的试验研究和理论分析。结果表明：这种陡降特性的可控硅－电抗器式的交流电源的总电流的增加必须通过增加负半波的时间才能实现。这将会造成铝合金交流ＴＩＧ焊和等离子弧焊在大电流焊接时钨极严重烧损，降低电弧和焊缝成型的稳定性。该结论不但对更好地理解可控制硅－电抗器式方波交流电源的工作原理有重要的     

脉冲电流对气体保护焊铝合金焊接接头的温度、焊缝和性能的影响

比较了在恒电流和脉冲电流条件下,气体保护焊铝合金接头的温度分布和焊缝外形,研究了脉冲电流对铝合金接头的拉伸性能、硬度分布、微观组织特征和残余应力分布的影响。与恒电流焊接相比,由于在熔池发生了晶粒细化,使用脉冲电流焊接可以提高焊缝的拉伸性能。     

激光辅助TIG电弧焊接高强铝合金的研究

采用激光辅助TIG电弧的焊接方法对2014高强铝合金进行了焊接。通过分析焊接过程所采集的电流、电压信号和焊接接头的抗应力腐蚀试验数据,研究了低功率激光对TIG电弧功率和焊接接头性能的影响。结果表明,加入500 W激光后,EN时段电弧两极间的电压下降明显,而EP时段的电压未发生明显改变;TIG电弧的脉冲峰值功率和脉冲基值功率均有较大程度的下降。与TIG焊相比,激光辅助TIG焊的焊缝熔深变大,熔宽变小,焊缝表面更加平整,热影响区变窄,焊缝中心区晶粒有一定的细化,提高了抗应力腐蚀性能。     

Arc power and efficiency in gas tungsten arc welding of aluminium

Abstract

A calorimetric study of gas tungsten arc welding of aluminium is described. The present study comprised experiments in which autogenous welding runs were each made on a block of electrical conductor grade aluminium. The blocks were all approximately cubic in shape which, when combined with the high thermal conductivity of aluminium, ensured that their temperature equalised soon after the completion of a run. Each sample was immersed in insulating material before welding so that heat losses to the surroundings were minimised. Thermocouples were attached to the block in each experiment and the bulk temperature rise was related to the energy input associated with the welding run. The effects of arc polarity, alternating current balance, shielding gas composition, arc length and welding current on the arc power and arc efficiency were investigated. The results obtained with alternating current are compared to those for direct current, and the differences are explained.     

变极性穿孔等离子弧焊接系统的研制

介绍了铝合金变极性穿孔等离子弧焊接控制系统，利用80C196单片机作为控制系统的核心，研制了包括变极性电源、步进电机控制系统等部分在内的变极性焊接系统。该系统主要应用于铝合金变极性穿孔等离子弧焊接工艺。     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔焊过程控制

分析了铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺特点,提出了通过对焊接参数的精确控制,实现变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺的方法,并将焊接电流、离子气流量和焊接速度确定为变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊过程的被调节参数.保持穿孔熔池上"热"和"力"的动态平衡是调节焊接参数的根本依据,是实现变断面试件自动焊接的关键所在.采用单片机为核心的控制器对焊接参数进行实时调节,动态保持穿孔熔池上热和力平衡,实现了变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺.     

镁合金低脉冲激光-气体混合焊的熔池形貌演变和多级调控

利用基于COMSOL Multiphysics的脉冲激光-气体钨极电弧（GTA）混合焊接新型双热源模型,分析了焊缝沿线选定点的温度分布,研究了激光脉冲参数和电弧电流对熔池形貌的影响。工艺参数对熔池深度的影响由大到小为：激光激励电流>电弧电流>激光脉冲宽度>激光脉冲频率;工艺参数对熔池宽度的影响由大到小为：电弧电流>激光脉冲宽度或激光激励电流>激光脉冲频率。在此基础上,构建了激光诱导电弧焊接镁合金熔池形貌数据库体系,通过复合热源参数的分级调控,以实现对熔池形貌的精准控制。利用T形焊接熔池来验证熔池形貌的调控效果,结果表明控形的准确度高至95.1%。     

Detecting and tracking of welding line in visual plasma robotic welding

The formation of stable back beads in joining of the thick materials is important in order to achieve high-quality welded metal joints. Plasma welding uses the high welding current density, which is suitable for thick materials. The keyhole in the plasma welding depends on the pilot gas and the welding current. The voltage behaviour depends on the keyhole situation. If the torch is moved away from the welding line in conventional GMA welding, the welding voltage and the welding current are changed due to variations of the arc length. But the welding voltage does not change with the arc length in plasma welding, because the welding voltage depends on the situation of the keyhole. The authors tried to observe the weld pool on the top side by using a CCD camera. The timing of the shutter in the CCD camera is investigated to take clear images of the weld pool. As a result, the clear images of the weld pool were taken when the welding current was reduced to 30 A and an interference filter of 950 nm was attached to the CCD camera. The weld pool shape was changed with the torch position in the groove. The image-processing method was developed to detect the top of the weld pool. The torch position was estimated by processing the weld pool images. The digital control was designed to trace the welding line. The performance of the controller was verified by carrying out tracking experiments.     

铝/钢异种金属Nd:YAG激光-MIG复合热源熔-钎焊接工艺

铝与钢异种金属的优质高效焊接一直是焊接领域的一项技术难题.针对铝与钢焊接的技术困难和特点,提出了可实现铝与钢熔-钎连接的大光斑激光-电弧复合热源焊接方法,用该焊接方法实现了5A02铝合金板与镀锌钢板的优质高效连接.试验结果分析表明,接头钢母材未发生熔化,焊缝与钢母材为钎焊连接,拉伸试样的破坏位置发生在接头铝母材热影响区,接头的抗拉强度与铝合金电弧熔化焊接头强度相当.     

交流脉冲TIG焊波成形过程数值分析

考虑到电弧驱动力的影响,建立了在交流脉冲钨隋性气体（TIG）焊过程中焊波成形的三维瞬态数值分析模型。为避免焊丝熔化成熔滴后对电弧熔池表面波动的影响,当电弧在2024铝合金基板上扫描时,送丝机不送丝。结果表明,当电流在基值与峰值之间切换时,熔池表面呈周期性的波动,且随着电弧的移动,熔池后沿逐渐凝固。在大温度梯度下冷却的熔池表面在恢复平整前就已经凝固,从而形成焊波。焊波形成频率与电流脉冲频率相同,且相邻焊波间距约等于电弧扫描速度与电流脉冲频率的乘积。     

Analytical thermal model of conduction mode double sided arc welding

Abstract

An analytical thermal model of conduction mode double sided arc welding (DSAW) has been derived and used to predict the weld pool dimensions and shapes and temperatures within 2˙5 and 1˙15 mm thick AA5182 Al alloy sheets as functions of the primary DSAW parameters. Separate Gaussian distributed arc heat sources from a plasma arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding torch were assumed to act on the top and bottom surfaces of the sheets. There was excellent correlation between observed and predicted DSAW weld pool dimensions and shapes provided that suitable values for arc efficiencies and distribution coefficients for the two separate arcs were used in the model. The model is capable of predicting weld pool dimensions and shapes of both full and partial penetration conduction mode DSAW welds made in Al alloy sheet, the welding speed at which there is a transition from full to partial penetration welding and the speed above which no melting occurs.