深基坑支护设计与施工应用实例

结合具体的工程实践，探讨了支护设计方案，对具体的施工组织作了分析，并阐述了相应的质量保证措施和安全保证措施，经实践证明，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

某工程的基坑支护探讨

结合具体的工程概况，对该工程的护坡方式作了探讨，对大开挖、放边坡、放坡土钉墙的施工、直立土钉墙的施工作了阐述，并对其经济作了分析，从而确保了工程的基坑支护。     

深层搅拌桩用于深基坑支护的工程实践

结合具体的工程概况，对工程地质情况作了分析，探讨了支护方案，阐述了深层搅拌桩按重力式挡土墙设计，对其支护桩设计及施工作了介绍，确保了工程质量，取得了较好的经济效益。     

拱形支护结构在深基坑开挖中的应用

结合具体的工程实践，阐述了支护方案的选择及坑底管涌的计算，介绍了拱形支护结构在深基坑开挖中的应用，并对拱形支护结构存在的问题作了分析，从而确保其整体稳定性。     

神盘隧道穿越砂层施工技术

结合具体的工程概况，对其施工原则及方案作了研究，阐述了超前支护施工技术和锚喷初期支护施工技术，并对开挖方法进行了详细介绍，以供同类工程借鉴。     

马鞍池大厦基坑支护工程的施工

以温州马鞍池大厦基坑支护工程为例，对其施工要点作了阐述，详细介绍了具体的施工流程，并提出一些加固措施，从而确保基坑支护工程的合理、安全。     

内拱梁在软土深基坑支护中的应用

结合工程实例,通过对三种深基坑支护方案的比较,选出了最优方案,并对具体设计计算作了探讨,从而证实了内拱梁在软土深基坑支护中的成功应用,为进一步推广奠定了基础。     

喷锚网支护在深基坑工程的施工实践

结合具体的工程实例，介绍了深基坑喷锚网支护的施工工艺及施工中存在的问题，并提出了相应的处理对策，对其实施效果作了分析，指出喷锚网支护安全可靠、经济节时。     

某基坑工程的失误及补救

结合具体的工程概况，从基坑支护选型问题、深层搅拌桩施工质量问题等方面，对基坑工程中失误的原因作了分析．探讨了在特定环境下进行基坑施工妥善解决止水的问题．以确保工程建设安全。     

某软土地区深基坑支护设计与施工及管理

以位于软土地区的综合枢纽地下室深基坑设计为例,就具体的基坑支护设计方案及措施作了探讨,并对基坑支护施工中出现的问题及对策进行了论述,同时对边坡稳定进行了监测,深基坑施工取得了圆满成功。     

The effects of changing water flow velocity on the formation of biofilms and water quality in pilot distribution system consisting of copper or polyethylene pipes

We studied the effects of flow velocity on the formation of biofilms and the concentration of bacteria in water in copper and plastic (polyethylene, PE) pipes. The formation of biofilms increased with the flow velocity of water. The increase in microbial numbers and contents of ATP was clearer in the PE pipes than in the copper pipes. This was also seen as increased consumption of microbial nutrients in the pipeline system. This indicates that the mass transfer of nutrients is in major role in the growth of biofilms. However, the increased biomass of biofilms did not affect microbial numbers in the water. Rapid changes in water flow rate resuspended biofilms and sediments which increased the concentrations of bacteria and copper in water. The disturbance caused by the changing water flow was also seen as an increase in the particle counts and water turbidity recorded with online instrumentation.     

Ecological succession in mountain lake ecosystems of Southern Siberia after the introduction of the peled – Coregonus peled (Gmeli, 1778)

Abstract

This article summarizes a long-standing study of the process of introduction of the peled to the Southern Siberian mountain lake ecosystems. The peled has adapted to changes in food supply. Pressure of the euryphagous peled caused the substitution of larger forms of zooplankton by smaller ones. Similar changes occurred in the content of phytoplankton. Succession of zoobenthos in the littoral part of the lakes manifested itself as the decrease in the total biomass, in its part of zoobenthos (Gammarus) and as the increase in the biomass of other groups. The opposite changes were encountered in the profundal zone of zoobenthos (the decrease in the total biomass owing to the existence of larger forms of alpha-polysaprobes). The restructuring observed in various communities signifies the substantial changes in the whole process of generation and transformation of organic substance in the mountain ecosystems with the dominance of the introduced peled.     

Alteration of arsenopyrite in soils under different vegetation covers

The weathering of arsenopyrite (FeAsS) has been monitored in soils using an in situ experimental approach. Arsenopyrite in nylon experimental bags was placed in individual horizons in soils in spruce (litter, horizons A, B, and C), beech (litter, horizons A, B, and C) and unforested (horizons A, B, and C) areas and left in contact with the soil for a period of 1 year. The individual areas on the ridge of the Krušné hory Mts., Czech Republic, had the same lithology, climatic and environmental conditions. Scorodite (FeAsO₄·2H₂O) was identified as a principal secondary mineral of arsenic (As) formed directly on the surface of the arsenopyrite. Scorodite was formed in all the areas in all soil horizons. The amount of scorodite formed decreased in the series beech, spruce and unforested areas. In forested areas, there was a larger amount of scorodite on arsenopyrites exposed in organic horizons (litter, A horizon). The greater rate of arsenopyrite alteration in organic horizons in the beech stand compared to spruce stand is probably a result of faster mineralization of organic material with resulting production of nitrate and better seepage conditions of soil in this area. Speciation of As determined using the sequential extraction technique demonstrated that As was bonded in the soils primarily in the residual fractions prior to the experiment. The As content in the mobile fractions increased in the organic horizon in the forested areas after the experiments.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil and vegetables from Tianjin

Several types of vegetables were collected from two contaminated sites in Tianjin, China. The bulk soil and the rhizosphere soil samples were also collected from the same plots. Sixteen PAHs in the samples were measured. The total concentrations of PAH16 in the bulk soil from the two sites were 1.08 and 6.25 microg/g, respectively, with similar pattern. The concentrations of PAH16 and individual compounds in the rhizosphere were significantly higher than those in the bulk soil with mean values of 2.25 and 7.82 microg/g for the two sites, respectively. The contents of both total and dissolved organic matter in the rhizosphere were also higher than those in the bulk soil. Almost all PAH compounds studied were detected in both roots and aerial parts of the vegetables studied. Abundance of higher molecular weight PAHs in vegetable, however, was lower than that in soil. Concentrations of PAH16 in vegetable were higher than those reported in the literature for other areas. It appears that agricultural soils and vegetables in Tianjin, especially those from the site located immediately next to an urban district and irrigated with wastewater for several decades, are severely contaminated by PAHs. Among the eight types of vegetable studied, the highest concentration of PAHs was found in cauliflower. By average, the concentration of PAH16 in the aerial part of vegetables was 6.5 times higher as that in vegetable root, suggesting that foliar uptake is the primary transfer pathway of PAHs from environment to vegetables.     

Biomonitoring of mercury in polluted coastal area using transplanted mussels

The Kastela Bay is heavily polluted with inorganic mercury originated from direct discharges from the chlor-alkali plant, which operated in the period from 1950 to 1990. Even though the plant was closed 15 years ago, elevated levels of total mercury are still evident in surface sediments of the bay. In order to assess the availability of remobilized mercury to marine organisms, cultured mussels (M. galloprovincialis) were transplanted from pristine area to Kastela Bay, in the period from September 2000 to March 2001. Mussel samples were collected for the analysis of THg and MeHg in whole soft tissue, gills and digestive gland. Surface sediments and suspended matter were collected for the analysis of THg. Digestive gland was the target organ for the accumulation of THg, while concentrations of MeHg were similar in all analyzed tissues. The percentage of MeHg in mussel tissues (4-27%) was characteristic for the areas contaminated with inorganic mercury. A significant negative correlation was observed between the THg concentration in the tissues and the percentage of MeHg. Concentrations of THg in mussel tissues, which were decreasing from the source of contamination in an anticlockwise direction towards the exit of the bay, were significantly positively correlated to THg content in sediment and suspended particles. Spatial distribution of mercury species (THg and MeHg) in different environmental compartments was in accordance with the prevailing circulation in the bay. Data obtained through 6 months of biomonitoring experiment indicated that digestive gland was more sensitive indicator of THg concentrations in the environment than the whole organism or gills. As for MeHg, all tissues were equally suitable as biomonitors of MeHg concentrations in the environment.     

未来高校图书馆建筑空间构成及设计特点初探

从高校图书馆发展的外部动因,使用主体的心理、行为特征和现代化设备对图书馆的影响三个方面来分析研究图书馆建筑发展的趋势和特点,归纳出未来高校图书馆建筑的功能布局及空间组织结构特点,总结出设计中要考虑的诸多因素,以期更好地指导高校图书馆的设计与建设。     

钢结构的应用前景及教学思考

本文根据钢结构的特点 ,重点介绍了钢结构在欧洲、美国和日本等广泛应用的情况。我国改革开放以来 ,钢产量持续增加 ,已经达到了约 1.6亿吨 ,钢结构产业政策 ,也从上世纪中叶的“节约用钢” ,发展到本世纪初的“推广用钢” ,这是我国钢结构政策的重大转变。结合我国部分高校中对钢结构教学认识滞后的情况 ,提出了在土木工程专业的技术基础课中设置钢结构设计原理的参考教学内容和在对应专业方向中设置相应钢结构设计的教学思路。     

氡在破碎花岗岩巷道及围岩中的运移机制解析

依托某破碎花岗岩巷道工程,以多孔介质中气体的渗流理论为基础,综合考虑影响氡在破碎花岗岩山体及巷道中运移和析出的多种因素,构建了氡的数值计算模型,给出了山体和通风巷道中的氡浓度计算公式,模拟并比较了自然状态和微正压通风状态下山体中氡浓度分布的变化情况,并对微正压通风状态下巷道中氡浓度的变化情况进行模拟和验证。研究结果表明:扩散作用和渗流作用是巷道围岩中氡运移的主要机制;微正压通风条件下巷道中氡的运移主要受通风作用、围岩的射气作用和氡的衰变作用共同影响;微正压通风能够改变围岩中氡的渗流方向,是巷道降氡的有效手段。     

Experiences and lessons from the use of TBM in the Himalaya – A review

Tunnel boring machine (TBM), with its many advanced features, is being regularly planned now for the excavation of long tunnels in the difficult geology of the Himalayan region. The experience, so far, with the TBMs in three tunnels of Himalayas in India has not been encouraging. However, efforts are being made to overcome the problems and make the TBM a successful venture in the difficult grounds of Himalaya in India. The recent successful completion of 14.75 km long TBM portion of head race tunnel in Kishanganga hydroelectric project in J&K state has shown that the TBM can be used in the Himalayan tunnels as well.In the paper the experiences of TBM in four Himalayan tunnels are briefly highlighted. In case of Tapovan-Vishnugad head race tunnel, the variation of ground in terms of difficulty in managing the TBM thrust and penetration rate has also been highlighted. At the end, some issues have been presented which seems to be important for the success of TBM in the difficult grounds.     

Bacteriological, virological and chemical evaluation of a wastewater-aquaculture system

Levels of fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS), Salmonella spp and enteric viruses were monitored in the water, sediment and fish in experimental wastewater-fish ponds near Benton, Arkansas, U.S.A. Concentrations of five heavy metals were also monitored in the fish and wastewater. Concentrations of indicator bacteria were reduced by as much as 99.7% through the series of six ponds which had a calculated total retention time of 72 days. Two filter-feeding species of Chinese carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp) and Aristichthys nobilis (bighead carp), grown in the last three ponds accumulated FC and FS in their digestive tracts and skin at levels as great or greater than in the surrounding water and sediment. Only low levels of FC and FS were found in the fish muscle tissue (maximum of 25 FS per 100 g) even when concentrations of bacteria in the gut exceeded 10⁵ per 100 g. Concentrations of bacteria in the water and sediment were not good predictors of concentrations in the fish. No Salmonella and no enteric viruses were isolated from the fish, but this lack of isolates was attributed to the extremely low levels which were present in the influent wastewater. Higher levels of copper and mercury were found in the fish flesh than in the surrounding water, with three of eleven fish samples containing higher than acceptable levels of mercury in the edible portion. Based on the efficiency of wastewater treatment, an aquaculture system using silver and bighead carp was judged to be a viable treatment system for domestic sewage resulting in a product suitable for animal or human consumption if proper precautions are taken in harvesting and processing the fish.