天然气输送能量的利用

阐述利用天然气输送能量的必要性和效益,详细介绍气态天然气和液化天然气输送能量利用的方法和流程,最后提出跨行业利用天然气输送能量的设想。     

天然气能量计量不确定度评定方法

在研究ISO 15112:2007、GB/T 22723—2008《天然气能量的测定》和其它相关标准的基础上,根据国内某长输管道天然气能量计量的实际情况,对天然气能量计量中的流量测量、温度测量、压力测量、压缩因子测量等参数不确定度进行了研究,提出了不确定度评定计算方法.并使用文中的方法对国内某长输管线上5个有代表性的实验站点的流量测量、温度测量等的不确定度进行了评定,验证了计算方法的正确性和合理性.     

以天然气为一次能源的冷热电联产方式及其能源利用

论述以天然气为一次能源的几种冷热电联产系统的组成、技术特点以及能源利用状况,认为当前大力发展和推广该联产系统,是在我国的空调和电力行业中,实现节能减排、能源综合利用、缓解电力供应紧张及促进环境保护等方面的重要措施。     

Analysis and countermeasures of natural gas development in China

Natural gas has become a transitional bridge from fossil to green and clean energy worldwide. The importance of natural gas utilization in energy structure optimization and green development is no exception for China. However, the supply of China’s natural gas limits the country’s demand with three factors. (1) China’s natural gas resource is relatively rich, but its quality is poor with deep burial depth. Therefore, the annual plateau yield of natural gas cannot be high, with an estimated value of approximately 260–270 ×10⁹ m³. (2) The demand for natural gas in China’s economic development is growing rapidly. The peak demand is estimated to be approximately 550–650 ×10⁹ m³ per year or even higher. The import volume of natural gas will soon exceed that of domestic self-produced gas. (3) Natural gas is a necessity closely related to livelihood. Particularly, a shortage in natural gas supply affects social stability. Therefore, its external dependency should be under 50% and not exceed 60%. In this study, the future situation of China’s natural gas is forecasted, and relevant countermeasures and suggestions are proposed in accordance with research on China’s natural gas resource potential, production trend, supply-demand link, and gas supply safety factors.     

用于燃气调峰和城市调压站的天然气液化装置设计

介绍苏州华峰70000m3/d天然气液化装置的设计参数和工艺流程,并分析液化装置的流程特点。     

天然气是能源低碳化发展的重要阶段和趋势

随着经济和科技的发展,化石能源发展由低效走向高效,由高碳走向低碳。能源替代将是长期以化石能源为主体和新能源快速发展的过渡。天然气以其常规和非常规巨大资源和高储采比成为低碳化石能源发展的重要阶段,并将成为第一能源。利用化石能源中相对低碳的天然气已引起世界范围的热议和重视,天然气将成为走向能源低碳化的桥梁。天然气在中国也是"新"能源,具有很大的发展潜力。     

中国气体分离技术发展方向探讨

从特大型空分设备的研发、天然气液化及冷能利用、稀有气体全提取技术的推广和气体分离技术煤层气液化等领域的应用4个方面,论述了我国气体分离技术发展的主要方向和面临的技术问题。     

The role of LNG in energy supply

This paper reviews the current status of base-load LNG plants involved in international trade. In the historical review of the development of of the LNG industry brief references are made to peak-shaving LNG plants. The paper also describes the complex co-operative effort required to organize international LNG projects, and presents technical information concerning the refrigeration aspects of base-load LNG projects. The information includes brief reviews of liquefaction cycles, storage tanks, types of ships, receiving terminals, and the potential for utilizing the refrigeration available in revaporized LNG.     

天然气流量标准装置量值比对实验研究

为考察中国天然气流量实验室的计量标准装置和国际相关实验室标准装置测量量值的一致性,开展中国天然气大流量实验室和欧洲权威天然气流量校准实验室间的天然气流量标准装置比对,考察实验室间计量标准的可靠程度,为中国天然气大流量实验室将来加入天然气流量国际关键比对、实现实验室检测数据互认奠定基础。     

我国致密砂岩气和页岩气的发展前景和战略意义

根据资源、技术和现状全面分析了我国致密气和页岩气发展的关键因素。从资源品质、类型和政策等出发,提出我国致密气和页岩气发展路线和三步走的发展前景。系统论述了我国致密气和页岩气发展对于改善能源结构和保障国家能源安全具有重要战略意义。     

Study of pressure drop pulsations in a standard orifice device of measurement systems for natural gas

In order to analyze the properties of pulsating flows in natural gas measurement systems, using standard restricting devices, studies are performed for amplitude-frequency spectra of pressure drop pulsations at an orifice device under operating conditions. __________ Translated From Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 6, Pp. 44–49, June, 2006.     

两种撬装型天然气液化流程的参数比较

设计了两套典型的撬装型天然气液化流程,对流程进行了模拟计算,比较了两者的关键参数,并分析了各换热器中管路换热负荷-温度的分布情况.结果表明:在没有丙烷预冷的前提下,采用N2-CH4膨胀机液化流程优于混合制冷剂液化流程;较大的温差和换热负荷是造成换热器(火用)损失的主要原因;压缩机功耗对比功耗影响很大,应采用多级压缩、级间冷却方式.     

Investigation on the heat transfer characteristics during flow boiling of liquefied natural gas in a vertical micro-fin tube

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the heat transfer characteristics of liquefied natural gas flow boiling in a vertical micro-fin tube. The effect of heat flux, mass flux and inlet pressure on the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients was analyzed. The Kim, Koyama, and two kinds of Wellsandt correlations with different F_tp coefficients were used to predict the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients. The predicted results showed that the Koyama correlation was the most accurate over the range of experimental conditions.     

小型氮膨胀天然气液化流程的设计及优化分析

根据气源条件,设计了3套氮膨胀天然气液化流程,选择PR(Peng-Robinson)方程进行混合物的相平衡计算,采用大型数值模拟软件Aspen Plus进行了数值模拟计算;分析比较了不同液化流程的关键热力学参数,并进行了关键设备的可行性分析.结果表明:丙烷预冷氮膨胀液化天然气流程的比功耗比无预冷的单级氮膨胀天然气液化流程的低,比无预冷的两级氮膨胀天然气液化流程的稍高,两级氮膨胀天然气液化流程较难实现.综合分析结果,选用了丙烷预冷氮膨胀液化天然气流程.     

浙江省多气源混合天然气管网稳态仿真研究

为了获得浙江省多气源混合天然气管网中未安装气质测定设备的那些地方的有关气质信息,以各管道供气入口测定的气质数据为基础,利用流体仿真软件Fluent,以浙江省天然气一期主干线线路管网规划图为依据,建立大规模长输管道管网仿真模型,采用二维单精度解算器、标准k-ε湍流模拟方程、压力基密度求解器和组分输运(species transport)模型,对管网中天然气混合情况进行稳态模拟计算,获得管网出口天然气各组分的质量分数,取仿真结果与实测采集到的数据进行比对,为安装气质测定设备———气相色谱仪的布点提供了依据.     

天然气管道全尺寸止裂实验中的引燃实验

为了在天然气输气管道全尺寸止裂实验中,有效收集天然气管道爆燃后的热辐射、冲击波和管道止裂尺寸等数据,采用电子雷管及其芯片技术,对管道天然气泄漏扩散并发生爆燃进行了模拟实验。运用线型聚能切割器在内装天然气的管道上爆破切开1条初始裂缝,在管道周围布置引燃弹点燃泄漏天然气与空气的混合物,利用电子雷管及其芯片控制起爆及引燃弹的发射时间,实现了精确点火。输气管道失效爆破实验取得了预期效果,为天然气泄漏危害范围的研究和输气管道钢材质量的判断提供了科学依据。在天然气输气管道全尺寸止裂实验的爆破工程中成功运用了电子雷管及其芯片技术,对类似爆破工程具有一定的参考意义。     

Engineering Philosophy-based Reflections on Efficient Development of Shale Gas in China

The Shale Gas Revolution began to have a significant impact on global supply and demand of natural gas; also the price trend of natural gas has been greatly affected. This phenomenon raised concerns among natural gas producers and consumers. China has abundant shale gas resources, but the development scale is small while facing problems including weak exploration and evaluation basis, overlapping royalties, complex terrestrial environment, lack of technical practices and accumulation, inadequate management and regulatory mechanisms, etc. To overcome these challenges for large-scale shale gas development, we believe that shale gas development is not only a single technical problem, but a systematic engineering demanding multidisciplinary research that will be bound to spread to humans, nature, and society. Therefore, to ensure the healthy development of China’s shale gas, it is required to coordinate global and local relationships, engineering and community relations, as well as to break up the conflicts between engineering and nature, engineering and economy, along with engineering and society.     

Analysis of temperature and pressure changes in liquefied natural gas (LNG) cryogenic tanks

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is being developed as a transportation fuel for heavy vehicles such as trucks and transit buses, to lessen the dependency on oil and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The LNG stations are properly designed to prevent the venting of natural gas (NG) from LNG tanks, which can cause evaporative greenhouse gas emissions and result in fluctuations of fuel flow and changes of fuel composition. Boil-off is caused by the heat added into the LNG fuel during the storage and fueling. Heat can leak into the LNG fuel through the shell of tank during the storage and through hoses and dispensers during the fueling. Gas from tanks onboard vehicles, when returned to LNG tanks, can add additional heat into the LNG fuel. A thermodynamic and heat transfer model has been developed to analyze different mechanisms of heat leak into the LNG fuel. The evolving of properties and compositions of LNG fuel inside LNG tanks is simulated. The effect of a number of buses fueled each day on the possible total fuel loss rate has been analyzed. It is found that by increasing the number of buses, fueled each day, the total fuel loss rate can be reduced significantly. It is proposed that an electric generator be used to consume the boil-off gas or a liquefier be used to re-liquefy the boil-off gas to reduce the tank pressure and eliminate fuel losses. These approaches can prevent boil-off of natural gas emissions, and reduce the costs of LNG as transportation fuel.     

我国天然气资源潜力及其在未来低碳经济发展中的重要地位

以天然气发展趋势分析为基础,对我国天然气的资源潜力、加快发展的有利条件、2030年以后可能达到的规模以及在未来低碳经济发展中的地位进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,我国常规与非常规天然气资源都很丰富,而且天然气工业发展比石油大约晚30年,目前刚刚进入大发展的初期,未来具有十分良好的发展前景,预计到2030年我国天然气年产量有望达到3 000亿m3,并有望保持到2050年。同时,研究发现我国毗邻中亚—俄罗斯、中东和亚太三大富气区,具有多元化利用国外资源的区位优势。通过自产与引进并重,2030—2050年天然气在我国一次能源结构中比例有望达到10%以上,对改善能源结构和推动低碳经济发展将发挥重要作用。