纯电动汽车外饰造型影响因素及特征设计趋势研究

目的通过分析现有的电动汽车外观造型特征,对未来纯电动汽车外观造型的设计发展趋势进行探讨。方法以影响纯电动汽车外观造型的主要因素为基础,对纯电动量产汽车与传统汽车外饰造型进行对比,研究两者外观造型之间的特征差异,并分析当前纯电动汽车造型的局限性。同时,结合近年各大主机厂发布的纯电动概念车型,探讨这些影响因素所带来的造型空间,以及纯电动汽车造型特征设计的发展趋势。结论以电动机为驱动的纯电动汽车,其车身结构大大简化,且结构形式更加多样,零部件布置更为灵活,加之新技术和新材料的应用,以及用户需求细化、使用场景聚焦等所形成的汽车消费升级,使纯电动汽车的外饰造型变得更为感性和自由,为未来纯电动汽车区别于传统燃油汽车,展现多样化的造型设计提供了可能性。     

我国电动汽车用锂离子动力电池标准情况

本文介绍了我国电动汽车用锂离子动力电池的标准情况.在对标准研究的基础上,分析了现有标准中存在的问题并提出建议,为国内电动汽车用锂离子动力电池的标准制修订提供参考,以促进电动汽车用动力电池产品质量的提高和技术的发展.     

Evaluating the role of innovation in hybrid electric vehicle-related technologies to promote environmental sustainability in knowledge-based economies

Knowledge-based economies (KBEs) are the most technologically-advanced industrialized economies in the world. Despite impressive renewable energy consumption (RNEC), economic development, and high gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) records, weather patterns in these economies have worsened, causing serious concerns among the government and masses. Recognizing innovation in hybrid electrical vehicle-related technologies (IHEVRTs) as an essential tool for combating surging environmental damage, the KBEs have dedicated enormous financial resources towards novel ecological technologies associated with hybrid electric vehicles over the past two decades. The existing literature reflects a lack of theoretical and empirical information on whether IHEVRTs reduce carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂e) in these economies. This work empirically explores the influence of expansionary monetary policy (EPMP), IHEVRTs, trade openness (TRDOPS), natural resources (NRs), contractionary monetary policy (CNMP), RNEC, GDPPC, contractionary commercial policy (CNCP), and CO₂e in the KBEs for the period between 1990 and 2020. The findings signified that IHEVRTs, RNEC, CNMP, and CNCP reduced CO₂e levels, while EPMP, NRs, TRDOPS, EPCP, and GDPPC raised CO₂e levels. Ultimately, we suggest that KBEs should promote the utilization of hybrid electric vehicles, enhance green R&D spending, employ clean technology in natural resource extraction, and enact green monetary and commercial policies.     

Battery recycling policies for boosting electric vehicle adoption: evidence from a choice experimental survey

Electric vehicles must be widely accepted because of environmental concerns and carbon restrictions. Previous research has looked at consumer policy preferences and their influence on electric vehicle adoption. However, none have investigated the impact of policies linked to battery recycling on electric vehicle adoption. This study used a discrete choice model (the panel-data mixed logit model) to evaluate 552 actual consumer choice data from Southwest China collected via an online questionnaire. Our results indicate that (1) 75% of respondents feel that electric vehicles enhance the environment and are eager to embrace them. However, the lack of strong recycling policies may hinder their adoption of electric vehicles. Specifically, the four battery recycling policies significantly impact electric vehicle adoption. (2) Consumers appreciate producer-oriented incentives more than consumer-oriented incentives to a lesser extent, such as mandated battery recycling policies and electric vehicle battery flow tracing policies. (3) Consumers place a larger willingness to pay on charging station density than vehicle attributes. (4) Regarding consumer heterogeneity, the usual young group in higher-rated cities prefers electric vehicles, while customers who own a car are more inclined to buy electric vehicles. Finally, more management insights and policy recommendations are provided based on these findings to help government and producer policymakers.

Graphical abstract

     

大容量直流充电桩集群的调峰研究

在新能源政策倡导的发展趋势下,我国新能源汽车的发展已取得了长足的进步,随之增加的是电动汽车的电池能量密度。相应的电动汽车动力电池充电的直流充电桩的功率越来越高,使得直流充电桩的充电功率在配电层总负荷功率中的占比越来越大,这对配电网的规划建设带来新的挑战。根据电动汽车充电过程的随时可中断性,提出在电动汽车的总规模达到一定数量时,可以通过灵活控制电动汽车的总体充电功率,从而达到为电网调峰的目的。通过对电动汽车充电桩的功率和控制模式的分析,得出当直流充电桩的数量及其总功率在配电网负荷中的占比达到一定规模时,在集群控制模式下,更加适合参与配电网层的调峰。     

Improved estimation of residual capacity of batteries for electric vehicles

Abstract

This paper proposes an improved means of estimation for the residual capacity of lead‐acid batteries used in electric vehicles. The residual capacity of batteries in commercial products is usually indicated by the state of charge (SOC) of the battery set, in terms of the measurement of amp‐hours, or roughly an instant voltage. More practical and accurate SOC in the operation of electric vehicles must consider the original capacity when the battery is first installed, capacity deficiency due to high discharge rate, capacity dissipated in internal resistance, and correcting parameters for the battery aging process. The proposed estimation techniques include the amp‐hours measurement weighted by a correction function of various discharge rates, the transient open‐circuit voltage measurement to compensate for the energy dissipation from internal resistance, and the reset of parameters in the linear function of SOC and open‐circuit voltage for the aging effect. A monitoring circuit with a programmable logic chip is implemented, and the experimental results show that a more accurate indication of SOC is achieved using the modified estimation techniques, namely a weighted ampere‐hour measurement with transient open‐circuit voltage combined with the aging effect.     

基于形状文法的电动汽车品牌继承性设计方法

目的 电动汽车造型设计既要满足电动特征的造型创新,又要保证品牌基因的识别性继承,在双重驱动和限制下,对电动汽车的品牌继承性设计方法进行研究。方法 基于形状文法理论,通过将提取出的既有品牌造型特征应用一定的变化规则进行推演,可产生大量满足品牌继承性要求的全新电动汽车造型。结果 电动汽车的造型变化规则包括品牌总结、技术要求和用户期望意象,三者共同约束和指导电动汽车的造型设计。结论 以宝马电动汽车设计为例验证了方法的可行性,方法可以在保证品牌识别的同时有效指导电动汽车的造型创新。     

相变储能材料在电池热管理系统中的应用研究进展

分析了动力型电池组在运行中的热问题对电动车在各种环境下的服役性能的重要影响.在简单归纳采用风冷、液冷方式的热管理系统的优缺点的前提下,着重总结了采用相变材料(PCM)的热管理系统原理、设计所需电池和PCM的主要参数,以及该研究领域进展和效果评价.指出基于PCM的热管理方法是开发结构紧凑的高性能锂离子动力电池系统的重要发展方向,值得引起更多的关注.     

高能密封镍氢动力电池及其电动汽车试运行

采用泡沫镍电极制备工艺,研制开发了２０－１１５Ａｈ系列电动车用方型密封镍氢动力电池,单体电池比能量达６０－７０Ｗｈ／ｋｇ,电池比功率大于１６０Ｗ／ｋｇ,１２Ｖ电池组比能量达５４Ｗｈ／ｋｇ,电池可在－２０－５０℃下工作;电澉寿命仍在测试之中,该电池具有良好的过充、过放电能力。     

基于形态特征线的电动汽车造型设计

目的基于电动汽车发展的3个设计研究平台,通过对不同发展平台上现有电动汽车的造型进行分析,来总结未来电动汽车造型设计的发展方向,为以后设计师进行电动汽车的设计提供一定的理论指导。方法首先通过对不同造型设计平台电动汽车形态特征线的提取实验,来提取出电动汽车造型设计中关键的造型特征线并对其进行认知分类。其次还要对电动汽车造型设计进行横向的分析和总结。结论不同造型设计平台电动汽车的造型拥有不同的发展趋势,但未来电动汽车的造型都应通过形态特征线这一最简洁直接的设计语言,来对其进行不同意象造型的设计表达,通过形态特征线的不同变化来追求其环保、和谐、高效的设计理念,并通过对一些细节进行重要的造型表达来体现电动汽车的特性。     

持有成本对竞争市场中电动汽车长期扩散的影响分析

具有能源和环境优势的电动汽车正快速进入市场,其在竞争市场中的长期扩散规律是利益相关者制定政策的重要依据。基于创新扩散理论和生物种群竞争理论,结合电动汽车与内燃机汽车各自的技术经济特性,构建了竞争市场中两种汽车相互竞争的长期扩散模型。分别用数值模拟方法和均衡理论分析了电动汽车相对内燃机汽车的持有成本比较优势对竞争扩散趋势和最终市场状态的影响。结果表明:持有成本比较优势的大小是决定电动汽车能否替代内燃机汽车并最终占领市场的关键因素,其优势越大,越有可能较快替代内燃机汽车,并且只要其优势大于它们的市场容量之比,电动汽车将最终占领市场。     

电动汽车电磁兼容技术及其发展趋势(英文)

The electromagnetic compatibility of electric vehicles is not only the important technology issue in researches,development and industrialization of electric vehicles,but also the key research area of ...     

面向空气动力学优化的电动汽车造型设计研究

从汽车造型设计的比例、容积、曲面、细节4个层级出发,逐层分析了未来具有优秀空气动力学性能的电动汽车在比例、容积、曲面、细节中应该具有的特点。提出了要设计未来具有优秀空气动力学性能的电动汽车应该打破过去的"汽车式"的比例容积安排,改变过去"大功率高能耗"的曲面语言,转而探索符合电动汽车设计理念的环保、高效、自然的曲面语言,并且在细节上辅以与电动汽车比例、容积和曲面统一的、合理体现电动汽车技术特点的细节。     

纯电动汽车车内结构路噪识别

纯电动汽车的噪声源和内部结构与内燃机汽车有着明显差异,由于电机总成噪声较低,使得纯电动汽车的车内路噪变得更加突出。对某款纯电动汽车在不同工况下的车内噪声进行频谱分析,在中低频范围内,结构路噪是车内噪声的主要原因。结合纯电动汽车车身及其板件的动态结构特性分析,识别出车内结构路噪的主要振动源和影响途径。研究结果可对纯电动汽车车内结构噪声的优化控制提供参考。     

Effect of Gap Size on Coating Extrusion of Pb-GF Composite Wire by Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Investigation

1.IntroductionContinuous fiber composite wire has been of great im-portance for its high market potential in recent decade.Lead-clad glass fiber(Pb-GF)composite wire can bewidely used in various fields,including grid plates in bat-teries for electric vehicles(EVs)and hybrid electric vehi-cles(HEVs),radiation protective grid plates and soundinsulation,due to its high tensile strength,good resis-tance to acid corrosion,sound electric conductivity,highdamping and radiation protection of lead[1…     

Topology analysis of electric vehicles,with a focus on the traction battery

Over recent years, the number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has drastically increased due to new European Union (EU) regulations. These regulations force vehicle manufacturers to adjust their product range in order to fulfill the imposed carbon dioxide limits. Such an adjustment enforces the usage of battery electric vehicles. However, research into the optimal BEV architectures and topologies is still in progress. Therefore, the aim of this paper is an analysis of all the current electric vehicle topologies. From this analysis, the authors identify different basic battery shapes. Subsequently, these shapes are used to describe the impact of the battery on the passenger compartment. As an initial result of this analysis, the authors create a new denomination method, via which it is possible to cluster the battery topologies. In a second step, the collected data is clustered using the novel denomination method. Finally, this paper presents the benchmark topologies for the analyzed segments.

     

纯电动汽车冬季冷启动阶段热管理策略影响续驶里程分析

针对纯电动汽车冬季续驶里程严重衰减的问题,本文通过建立以电池产热、空调负荷为参数的汽车续驶里程数学模型,仿真分析冬季冷启动时,美国高速公路燃料经济性测试工况(HWFET)、新欧洲行驶工况(NEDC)、中国乘用车行驶工况(CLTC-P)三种行驶工况下热泵供暖及环境温度(AT)、舱内温度(CT)对整车续驶里程和车载电池的影响。经与实测数据进行对比,仿真与实验匹配度较好。研究结果表明:三种工况下,AT下降、CT上升均使续驶里程逐渐衰减;AT为0℃,CT为15、20、25℃时,CLTC-P工况续驶里程分别衰减21.46%、27.74%、33.19%;纯电动汽车冷启动时,三种热量分配策略对续驶里程影响不同,当热泵热量全部用于加热电池时能适当恢复电池电量,在NEDC和CLTC-P工况下,电池最大荷电状态(SOC)相比初始SOC增加了1.52%、2.03%,使用热泵能增加一定的续航里程。     

电动汽车集约型换电设施的设计研究

为解决电动汽车换电站施工周期长、换电效率低、存在安全隐患等问题,提出了一种集约型换电设施的设计思路及方案。通过对集装箱合理改造,并集成电池缓存、自动取放、充电控制、安全防护等系统,从而构成一种具备电池取放自动化、均衡充电及自动保护功能的集约型换电设施。详述了该集约型换电设施各系统的功能及设计方案,实践证明该换电设施可提高土地利用率、降低换电站建设成本,并可提高换电效率及服务质量,达到预期效果,同时具有较高的市场潜力。     

Design optimization and optimal control for hybrid vehicles

In the context of growing environmental concerns, hybrid-electric vehicles appear to be one of the most promising technologies for reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. This paper presents a parametric study focused on variations of the size of the powertrain components, and optimization of the power split between the engine and electric motor with respect to fuel consumption. To take into account the ability of the engine to be turned off, and the energy consumed to start the engine, we consider a second state to represent the engine: this state permits to obtain a more realistic engine model than it is usually done. Results are obtained for a prescribed vehicle cycle thanks to a dynamic programming algorithm based on a reduced model, and furnish the optimal power repartition at each time step regarding fuel consumption under constraints on the battery state of charge, and may then be used to determine the best components of a given powertrain. To control the energy sources in real driving conditions, when the future is unknown, a real-time control strategy is used: the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). In this strategy, the battery is being considered as an auxiliary reversible fuel reservoir, using a scaling parameter which can be deduced from dynamic programming results. Offline optimization results and ECMS are compared for a realistic hybrid vehicle application.     

电动汽车和相关电源材料的现状与前景

论述了电动汽车（EV）、电动汽车用镍氢电池、锂离子电池、质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）、固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）及相关材料的研发现状、产业化前景，指出以电动汽车代替燃油内燃机汽车，以氢能代替碳基燃料，是当前运输业的主要发展方向。